203 resultados para Radiação Solar


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da adição de filtros de alumínio (1 mm) e cobre (0,4 mm) na redução das doses efetivas de radiação e na qualidade das imagens em exames videofluoroscópicos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ao tubo de raios X adicionou-se câmara de ionização conectada a um eletrômetro para medir o produto kerma-área, com técnica de 65 kVp e 0,7 mA, sem e com adição dos filtros. Foi medida resolução espacial, a de baixo contraste e tons de cinza, utilizando os objetos de teste de Leeds. Quinze voluntários tiveram o produto kerma-área/minuto do estudo faríngeo comparados, dez com filtração e base e cinco com adição dos filtros associados. RESULTADOS: A adição dos filtros separados ou associados produziu expressiva redução do produto kerma-área, com ganho na qualidade das imagens videofluoroscópicas determinado pela maior separação dos tons de cinza e aumento da relação brilho/contraste da curva de cinza. CONCLUSÃO: A interposição adicional de filtros de alumínio e cobre, em especial quando associados, melhora a qualidade das imagens, com expressiva redução das doses de radiação necessárias à sua geração.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre o paladar, em pacientes que foram submetidos a radioterapia na região de cabeça e pescoço. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes que possuíam diagnóstico de tumor na região de cabeça e pescoço, que iniciaram tratamento no Setor de Radioterapia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Para testes do paladar, foram manipuladas quatro soluções (salgada - NaCl; doce - sacarose; azeda - ácido cítrico; amarga - ureia) em três concentrações diferentes (fraca, média e forte), administradas por meio de conta-gotas, três gotas de cada solução de maneira aleatória, respeitando a ordem das concentrações fracas, médias e fortes. Após a aplicação de cada solução, o paciente relatava o sabor que sentia. O procedimento foi realizado semanalmente durante as três primeiras semanas de radioterapia. RESULTADOS: Foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante na perda do paladar dos pacientes em tratamento radioterápico, quando se compararam a 1ª e 4ª semanas de tratamento na solução salgada, nas três concentrações, na solução doce nas concentrações fracas e médias e nas soluções azedas e amargas, apenas quando se testaram as concentrações fracas. CONCLUSÃO: A radiação ionizante altera o paladar de pacientes submetidos a radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Objetivo:Avaliar o conhecimento dos médicos não radiologistas sobre a utilização da radiação ionizante em exames de imagem.Materiais e Métodos:Estudo transversal, utilizando questionário anônimo, aplicado a médicos de especialidades clínicas e cirúrgicas, dividido em duas partes: uma com questões sobre as características dos médicos, frequência de solicitação de exames e de participação em eventos de atualização profissional, e outra com questões de múltipla escolha, abordando conhecimentos gerais sobre radiação, princípios de otimização e radioproteção.Resultados:De 309 questionários distribuídos, 120 (38,8%) foram respondidos, 50% por médicos de especialidades cirúrgicas e 50% clínicas; 45% e 2,5% dos médicos responderam, respectivamente, que a ressonância magnética e a ultrassonografia utilizam radiação ionizante. No geral, a média das notas foi maior nas especialidades cirúrgicas, sem diferenças significativas, exceto na questão sobre exposição em grávidas (p = 0,047). Os médicos que se atualizam profissionalmente mostraram conhecimento sobre radiação ionizante estatisticamente superior aos demais, principalmente os que frequentam reuniões clínicas (p = 0,050) e participam de atividades de ensino (p = 0,047).Conclusão:O conhecimento dos médicos não radiologistas sobre radiação ionizante é heterogêneo e em alguns pontos precisa ser melhorado. Reuniões clínicas multidisciplinares e atividades de ensino são importantes formas de disseminar informações sobre o tema.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Protonic offretite samples were modified by gamma-irradiation under different conditions of humidity. The results of infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal that the presence of water is essential to promote dealumination, as the samples irradiated in vacuum only show crystallinity loss. The degree of dealumination is, mainly, controlled by the gamma-irradiation dose while the textural modifications depend also on the percentage of water.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The use of pesticides in agriculture presents some problems to ecosytems as a consequence of their remaining in the environment. Conventional methods for environmental decontamination sometimes just transfer these residues from one place to another. The use of gamma radiation from cobalt-60 to induce 2,4-D degradation in aqueous solution containing humic acid was studied. Results show that the herbicide is completely degraded after treatment with a 30 kGy dose. There were decreases in the degradation of the 2,4-D when humic acid was added at all doses. Some radiolytic products are proposed. The 2,4-D radiolytic yields (G) from 2,4-D were calculated.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The basic principles of UV irradiation as sample pre-treatment step and its potential for inorganic analysis are illustrated and discussed through significant examples from the literature. Not only does this overview cover the classical applications of this technique in the decomposition of organic matter in electroanalysis, but it also presents recent trends, including the increasing interest in employing UV irradiation in flow analytical systems, successful attempts to enhance its effectiveness and the coupling with chromatographic and spectroscopic methodologies. Furthermore, a number of relevant cases of UV-driven derivatization reactions involving photo-sensitive inorganic species are presented, showing some convenient options to perform fast and reliable determination of inorganic and organic analytes.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Theoretical and practical aspects of the use of microwave-assisted strategies in chemistry are introduced for students using simple and safe experiments employing a domestic oven. Three procedures are proposed for evaluating the distribution of microwave radiation inside the microwave oven cavity: (1) variation of the volume of marshmallows; (2) drying of filter paper wetted with Co(II) solution, and (3) variation of water temperature, after microwave-assisted heating. These experiments establish the position with the highest incidence of microwave radiation in the oven cavity, which was chosen for the synthesis of salicylic acid acetate. This synthesis was performed in 5 min of heating and the yield was around 85%. All experiments can be carried out in a 4 h lab-session using low-cost instrumentation.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The use of factorial design was evaluated for optimization of focused-microwave-assisted digestion of bean samples. Calcium, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn percentual recoveries were determined in digestates after focused-microwave-assisted digestion according to factorial design procedures. A cavity microwave digestion was carried out to certify the elemental compositions obtained. The accuracy was checked using a standard reference material, the NIST SRM 8433 - Corn Bran. Results are in agreement with certified values at the 95% confidence limit when the Student t-test was used. Volumes of nitric and sulfuric acid, temperature, and the interplay between HNO3 and H2SO4 initial volumes were significant variables according to P-values in the analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The applicability of the recently proposed procedure based on gradual sample addition to microwave-assisted pre-heated concentrated acid is limited by the sample viscosity. In this work, lubricating oil samples with high viscosity were encapsulated and manually added to the microwave-assisted pre-heated concentrated digestion mixture. The procedure was applied for determination of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, V, W, and Zn in lubricating oil by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Determined and certified values for Ca, Mg, P, and Zn in lubricating oil were in agreement at a 95% confidence level.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Dairy wastewater is characterized by frequent episodes of drastic increases of organic content, giving rise to bulking filamentous bacteria and compromising the biological treatment process. This study reports the reduction of organic content of such wastewater by the application of the solar photo-Fenton process. For a wastewater containing 335, 2627 or 5400 mg C L-1 between 90% and 50% of the organic carbon content were removed after 3.5 h irradiation. The results show that the solar photo-Fenton process can be a good alternative for the abatement of organic content of dairy wastewater, especially in cases of organic content fluctuation, allowing an efficient biological treatment.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Destruction of Padron® (dye and picloram) was evaluated using a photoreactor and a solar reactor. Photolysis was observed using only a germicide lamp (GL). Black light (BL) and H2O2 (172 mmol L-1) promoted a conversion of 49% and 6% of dye and picloram, respectively. Photocatalytic processes were more efficient using TiO2/GL (96%-dye; 60%-picloram) than TiO2/BL (44%-dye; 40%-picloram). Photolysis using sunlight was not observed during PadronÒ recirculation in the reactor constructed with four borosilicate tubes. Meanwhile, adding H2O2 resulted in 12% conversion of dissolved organic compounds. Finally, the most efficient mineralization (60%) was obtained using the Fenton reaction ( H2O2-176 mmol L-1; FeSO4x6H2O-90 mmol L-1) and sunlight.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This work describes the optimization of pretreatment steps for the destruction of organic matter in samples of waters and biological fluids, by using an UV irradiation system with a high power UV radiation source (400 W). The efficiency of the system constructed for the photo-decomposition of samples of model waters, natural waters and biological fluids was investigated by performing recovery experiments of the metallic species Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Al(III) and Fe(III). The use of UV irradiation allowed the liberation of metals bound to the organic matrix and the determination of the total content of elements in the samples.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In this work, TiO2 photocatalysis was used to disinfect domestic wastewaters previously treated by different biological treatment systems: Upward-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), facultative pond, and duckweed pond. The microorganisms monitored were E. coli, total coliforms, Shigella species, and Salmonella species. Photocatalytic experiments were carried out using two light sources: a solar simulator (UV intensity: 68-70 W m-2) and black-light lamps (BLL UV intensity: 17-20 W m-2). Samples were taken after each treatment stage. Results indicate that bacterial photocatalytic inactivation is affected by characteristics of the effluent, including turbidity, concentration of organic matter, and bacterial concentration, which depend of the type of biological pretreatment previously used.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This work aimed at the synthesis and characterization of particles of modified silica containing the organic filter dibenzoylmethane (DBM) by the hydrolytic sol-gel method, with modifications to the Stöber route. The structures of the resulting Xerogels were characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy in the solid state, infrared absorption spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and 29Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (29Si NRM). The results showed favorable formation of hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles with efficient absorption/reflectance of radiation in the UV / VIS range, which enables their potential use as sunscreen.