JUSTIFYING LIBERAL RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE: PUNISHMENT, CRIMINALIZATION, AND HOLISTIC RETRIBUTIVISM

ABSTRACT In this article I explore whether liberal retributive justice should be conceived of either individualistically or holistically. I critically examine the individualistic account of retributive justice and suggest that the question of retribution – i.e., whether and when punishment of an individual is compatible with just treatment of that individual – must be answered holistically. By resorting to the ideal of sensitive reasons, a model of legitimacy at the basis of our best normative models of democracy, the article argues that in modern liberal democracies, punishment of an offender A for f is compatible with just treatment of A only if punishment of an individual for f can be legitimate in A's and A's fellow citizens' eyes. Only once retributive justice is understood in this holistic fashion the imposition of punishment can be made compatible with just treatment of individuals.

Reacción a Moniliophthora roreri en Theobroma spp. en Caquetá, Colombia

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar in situ la reacción de 50 materiales genéticos de tres especies de Theobroma(T. cacao, T. grandiflorum y T. bicolor) a la inoculación controlada de tres aislados autóctonos de Moniliophthora roreri (agente causal de la moniliasis del cacao) en el Departamento de Caquetá (Amazonia colombiana). Las variables incidencia de la enfermedad (IMr), severidad externa (SE) y severidad interna (SI), se evaluaron nueve semanas después de la inoculación de mazorcas de 2 a 3 meses de edad con una suspensión de esporas de 1,2 x 105 esporas/mL. La enfermedad se evidenció en las tres especies de Theobroma, sin embargo, ésta no se presentó en 13 de los 50 materiales genéticos evaluados, representados así: seis T. grandiflorum, cinco T. bicolor y dos T. cacao. Los materiales genéticos de T. bicolor y T. grandiflorum fueron los menos afectados comparados con los de T. cacao. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para IMr, SE y SI entre las tres especies de Theobroma y entre los 50 materiales genéticos. Diferencias significativas entre los aislados solo ocurrieron para SE. La incidencia y la severidad de la enfermedad entre materiales genéticos, fueron influenciadas por el patógeno aislado. Los materiales genéticos con menor reacción a M. roreri pueden ser utilizados en programas de mejoramiento por resistencia a la moniliasis.

GANANCIA GENÉTICA ESPERADA EN MELINA ( Gmelina arborea Roxb.) EN CÓRDOBA (COLOMBIA)1

RESUMEN El Departamento de Córdoba (Colombia) planea plantar 200000 ha para el 2025 yGmelina arborea es una de las opciones dada su alta producción de biomasa en turnos cortos. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar el potencial de mejoramiento genético basado en la selección fenotípica de árboles plus en Córdoba y Magdalena. La selección se basó en la evaluación y comparación de cada árbol candidato con sus cuatro mejores vecinos en un radio de 20m, con base en su DAP, altura comercial, volumen comercial y, calidad del fuste basada en la calificación de sus primeras cuatro trozas de 2,5 m de largo. Los árboles plus se clasificaron como A cuando superaron tanto en volumen como en calidad a todos sus vecinos y, como B cuando solamente superaron en volumen o en calidad a sus vecinos. La ganancia genética se estimó para cada caracter mediante el producto de su diferencial de selección por un valor de heredabilidad esperable para G. arborea según literatura, tanto si se clonan (H2), como si se toma su semilla para plantar (h2). Se construyó un índice de selección que integró el volumen (60%) con la calidad (40%). De 57 árboles seleccionados, 35 fueron clasificados como plus A, que si se clonaran se estima se obtendrían ganancias genéticas de 5, 15, 36 y 34%, para el diámetro, altura comercial, volumen comercial y calidad del fuste, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren un progreso genético importante con G. arborea en Córdoba, Colombia. Es necesario ampliar la base genética y comprobar estas estimaciones mediante ensayos genéticos.

Experiencia en dos hospitales de tercer nivel de atención del suroccidente de Colombia en la aplicación del Registro Internacional de Trauma de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma

OBJETIVO: Describir la experiencia en la implementación de un Sistema de Registro de Trauma (SRT) en dos hospitales en Cali, Colombia. MÉTODOS: El SRT incluye información prehospitalaria, hospitalaria y estatus de egreso del paciente. Cada hospital tiene una estrategia para la captura electrónica de datos. Se presenta un análisis descriptivo exploratorio durante un piloto de tres meses. RESULTADOS: Se han registrado 3293 pacientes, 1626(49.4%) del Hospital Público y 1613(50.6%) en el Privado. 67.2% fueron hombres; edad promedio 30,5±20 años, 30,5% menores de 18 años. Mortalidad global 3,52 %. Causa más frecuente de consulta fueron las caídas (33,7%); 11.6% fueron heridas por arma de fuego, la mortalidad en este grupo fue del 44.7%. CONCLUSIÓN: Se determinaron las necesidades para la implementación del SRT y los mecanismos para darle continuidad. El registro se convierte en una fuente de información para el desarrollo de la investigación. Se identificaron las causas de consulta, morbilidad y muerte por trauma que permitirá una mejor planeación de los servicios de urgencias y del sistema regional de trauma con el fin de optimizar y de reducir los costos de atención. A partir de este sistema de información de trauma se podrán plantear los ajustes indispensables para rediseñar el sistema de trauma y emergencias del suroccidente colombiano.

Assessing bovine babesiosis in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks and 3 to 9-month-old cattle in the middle Magdalena region, Colombia

Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.

Effect of zone and crops rotation on Ischaemum rugosum and resistance to bispyribac-sodium in Ariari, Colombia

The objectives of this research were to evaluate (1) weed species presented in rice fields in relation to the geographical zone and crop rotation and (2) the resistance level of Ischaemum rugosum to the herbicide bispyribac-sodium. For the first objective, were sampled 79 commercial fields of rice to establish weed density, coverage, and rotation system in the evaluated fields with record of bispyribac-sodium application of at least five years. To reach the second objective, the seeds were collected from plants in commercial fields with different control levels of bispyribac-sodium herbicide. Seeds were germinated in trays under controlled conditions. When plants presented three leaves these were treated with bispyribac-sodium at different doses. Percentages of control and dry weight of plants were evaluated 12 days after treatments (dat). Dominant species in evaluated fields was I. rugosum, with a frequency of 100%, presenting escapes to different chemical commercial treatments. No significant differences were recorded between rotation systems, nevertheless, the most of I. rugosum population was found in the system rice-fallow-rice. The response of applications at different concentrations allows concluding that 65% of samples had resistance at different degrees reported as indexes from 2 to 42 which are related to rotation systems.

EFFECT OF POST-EMERGENCE HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS ON RICE CROP WEED COMMUNITIES IN TOLIMA, COLOMBIA

ABSTRACTThe weed communities of agricultural systems are dynamic and respond to changes in agronomic practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of post-emergence herbicide control programs made by farmers on weed communities and commercial lots of rice. The evaluations were carried out in 96 commercial lots located in the Centro, Meseta and Norte zones of the department of Tolima. In each lot, 1 ha was marked off, in which the evaluations were carried out by randomly throwing a 0.2 x 0.2 m sampling-square 5 times. Samples were taken before the first post-emergence application, after the first post-emergence application, after the second post-emergence application, and once the post-emergence applications were finished. The evaluated variables included density and cover of the weeds and the crops. The IVI of each species was calculated and the control program was analyzed in terms of decreases in the number of individuals for the 15 more encountered species. Before the applications, higher density values were found. The first and second post-emergence applications reduced the average density by 41% and 12%, respectively, throughout the department. Between the first and fourth evaluations, the density of the weeds and crops decreased throughout the department by 51.7% and 39%, respectively. The weed density variable proved to be the most influential in the populations after the herbicide programs were carried out.

La política por los espiritus: escenarios multiculturales en "zonas de contacto" (Valle de Cauca, Colombia)

Basado en una reciente investigacion etnografica entre los Embera-Chami de la région plurietnica del Valle del Cauca (Colombia) el examen de escenarios de encuentros interénicos encuadrados por la legislacion multicultural permite vislumbrar la paradojica interdependencia entre la institucionalizacion de un concepto culturalista singularizante de "la" cultura y la homogeneizacion politica de los grupos etnicos. La "estatizacion" de las relaciones inter-étnicas, concomitante a la competicion por la visibilidad, entre grupos de igual estatus en la legislacion nacional e internacional aparecen como dimensiones emergentes del campo interétnico, mientras que se confirma el papel performativo de la ritualizacion en la circulacion y la apropriacion de discursos y practicas. Los escenarios descritos que corresponden a múltiples situaciones semejantes evidencian también que la apropiación multidireccional y uso contextual de conceptos genéricos provenientes del espacio académico, nacional e internacional - como "médico tradicional", "derecho ancestral", "reforzamiento cultural", o "chamanismo" - construyen campos de paradojas. Permiten a los actores étnicos de construir y visibilizar una singularidad cultural aislacionista conforme al concepto oficializado de "cultura" pero al mismo tiempo empujan a una mayor apertura de las "zonas de contacto" interétnicas donde circulan una mayor variedad de prácticas y discursos que antes de la institucionalización del multiculturalismo.

Neutralization of the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of Bothrops asper venom by extracts of plants used by healers in Colombia

We determined the neutralizing activity of 12 ethanolic extracts of plants against the edema-forming, defibrinating and coagulant effects of Bothrops asper venom in Swiss Webster mice. The material used consisted of the leaves and branches of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae), Ficus nymphaeifolia (Moraceae), Struthanthus orbicularis (Loranthaceae) and Gonzalagunia panamensis (Rubiaceae); the stem barks of Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae); the whole plant of Pleopeltis percussa (Polypodiaceae) and Trichomanes elegans (Hymenophyllaceae); rhizomes of Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae), Heliconia curtispatha (Heliconiaceae) and Dracontium croatii (Araceae), and the ripe fruit of Citrus limon (Rutaceae). After preincubation of varying amounts of each extract with either 1.0 µg venom for the edema-forming effect or 2.0 µg venom for the defibrinating effect, the mixture was injected subcutaneously (sc) into the right foot pad or intravenously into the tail, respectively, to groups of four mice (18-20 g). All extracts (6.2-200 µg/mouse) partially neutralized the edema-forming activity of venom in a dose-dependent manner (58-76% inhibition), with B. orellana, S. orbicularis, G. panamensis, B. rosademonte, and D. croatii showing the highest effect. Ten extracts (3.9-2000 µg/mouse) also showed 100% neutralizing ability against the defibrinating effect of venom, and nine prolonged the coagulation time induced by the venom. When the extracts were administered either before or after venom injection, the neutralization of the edema-forming effect was lower than 40% for all extracts, and none of them neutralized the defibrinating effect of venom. When they were administered in situ (sc at the same site 5 min after venom injection), the neutralization of edema increased for six extracts, reaching levels up to 64% for C. limon.

Tuberculosis in renal transplant patients: The experience of a single center in Medellín-Colombia, 2005-2013

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common opportunistic infection in renal transplant patients. Objective: To obtain a clinical and laboratory description of transplant patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and their response to treatment during a period ranging from 2005 to 2013 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Results: In 641 renal transplants, tuberculosis was confirmed in 12 cases. Of these, 25% had a history of acute rejection, and 50% had creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dl prior to infection. The disease typically presented as pulmonary (50%) and disseminated (33.3%). The first phase of treatment consisted of 3 months of HZRE (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol) in 75% of the cases and HZME (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and ethambutol) in 25% of the cases. During the second phase of the treatment, 75% of the cases received isoniazid and rifampicin, and 25% of the cases received isoniazid and ethambutol. The length of treatment varied between 6 and 18 months. In 41.7% of patients, hepatotoxicity was associated with the beginning of anti-tuberculosis therapy. During a year-long follow-up, renal function remained stable, and the mortality rate was 16.7%. Conclusion: Tuberculosis in the renal transplant population studied caused diverse nonspecific symptoms. Pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis were the most frequent forms and required prolonged treatment. Antituberculosis medications had a high toxicity and mortality. This infection must be considered when patients present with a febrile syndrome of unknown origin, especially during the first year after renal transplant.

Liberal versus neo-developmental convention to growth: why has Brazil shown a poor performance since the 1980s?

The main goal of our paper is to provide analytical arguments to explain why Brazil has not been able to restore its long-term capacity for economic growth, especially compared with its economy in the 1950-1979 period (7.3 per cent per year on average) or even with a select number of emerging economies in the 1980-2010 period(6.7 per cent per year on average, against 2.3 per cent per year on average in Brazil in the same period). We build our idea of convention to growth based on the Keynesian concept of convention. For our purposes, this concept could be briefly summarized as the way in which the set of public and private economic decisions related to different objectives, such as how much to produce and invest, how much to charge for products and services, how to finance public and private debt, how to finance research and development, and so on, are indefinitely - or at least until there is no change- carried out by the political, economic and social institutions. This analytical reference can be connected to the Neo-Schumpeterian National Innovation System (NIS) concept, which emphasizes not only institutions associated with science and technology per se, but also the complex interaction among them and other institutions. In this paper we identify two conventions to long-term growth in the last three decades in Brazil: the liberal and the neo-developmental. We show that the poor performance in the Brazilian economy in terms of real GDP growth from the 1980s on can be explained by a weak coordination between short-term macroeconomic policies and long-term industrial and technological policies. This weak coordination, in turn, can be associated with the prevalence of the liberal convention from the 1990s on, which has emphasized price stabilization to the detriment of a neo-developmental strategy whose primary goal is to sustain higher rates of growth and full employment in Brazil.

O modelo liberal e republicano de liberdade: uma escolha disjuntiva?

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar duas maneiras de compreender a liberdade: a liberdade negativa do liberalismo, definida como a esfera do livre agir do indivíduo pela ausência de impedimentos externos, e que se norteia pelo paradigma jurídico dos direitos individuais; e a liberdade política do republicanismo, que se define como não-dominação e se orienta pelo paradigma das virtudes cívicas da cidadania. Um outro propósito consiste em mostrar que a oposição entre o ponto de vista jurídico-liberal e o republicanismo não está na aceitação ou na recusa da liberdade e dos direitos individuais. A divergência repousa, antes, sobre a maneira pela qual essa liberdade e direitos podem ser fundamentados: se pela via do individualismo e subjetivismo, que subordina a sociedade e o direito como instrumentos para a realização e proteção dos direitos individuais, ou pela via comunitarista e cívica. Desse modo, o conceito republicanismo de liberdade, sem abandonar a conquista liberal do pluralismo e da liberdade negativa, pode contribuir para uma efetiva ampliação e garantia dos princípios democráticos de uma sociedade moderna.

Civilização e cultura: paradigmas da nacionalidade

O pensamento republicano paulista, analisado neste artigo sob o aspecto da educação escolar necessária à constituição do Estado Nacional no Brasil do final do século XIX, elegeu como base fundamental para a formação do cidadão a disseminação de valores morais cujos vértices centravam-se nas categorias civilização e cultura como forma de assimilação de um ethos liberal que levaria o país ao nível de desenvolvimento da sociedade européia. Essas categorias seriam os paradigmas pelos quais se estabeleceria a identificação do indivíduo comocidadão apto a participar do Estado e portanto a constituir a nação. A veiculação desse ethos liberal, por meio dos paradigmas civilização e cultura, seria, portanto, o papel reservado à formação escolar primária, segundo os expoentes do pensamento republicano paulista entre 1870 e 1889.