ATITUDES COM REFERÊNCIA ÀS LÍNGUAS CASTELHANO E GUARANI

Abstract: This paper reports part of a research made in a school in the city of Presidente Franco (Alto Paraguay), with seven teachers who use two languages daily – Spanish and Guarani. The goal of the work was analyzing interaction situations in which the speakers - focus of the study - use different linguistic codes, taking turns with them during speaking events. In order to develop the analyses, questions were made to check the speakers attitudes regarding the use of their languages. The theory that has based the study comes from contributions of Grosjean (1982), Erikson (1989), Pereira (1999), André (1995), among others. Results have shown that these teachers use their languages in different contexts and diglossic situations which are inherent to the community they live. It was also noticed that in spite of Guarani language is part of their linguistic common use, situations of its use usually depend on the context and the subject´s hegemonic view toward his own language. Keywords: bilingualism, linguistic attitudes, Spanish/Guarani.

BELIEF AND THE LINGUISTIC ATTITUDE OF CAPANEMENSE

Despite not using the Spanish language, Brazil borders with several countries that speak this language. The State of Paraná, for instance, has nineteen districts bordering with Paraguay and Argentina. In this geographical context is inserted Capanema city, whose multi-ethnic environment not only promotes the exchange of goods but also culture, beliefs, customs, and especially the language. This work takes as its investigation object the speech of Capanemenses with the aim of verifying the positive and negative views of these subjects regarding the multiple languages ​​and varieties with which they live on today. Following the mentalist methodology (LÓPEZ MORALEZ, 1993), the collected data analysis through interviews in locus showed that, compared to Argentines, most Capanemenses presents a positive attitude, both in relation to the Argentine people properly said, as their mother tongue, seen in a prestigious way by the interviewees. As for Paraguayan, a significant amount of informants showed not see them in a positive way, presenting a justification for this refusal the difference in culture, indigenous origin, low technology and education, as well as the language issue - Guarani, Jopará. On the other hand, the German people’s seen as introverted by their lack of emotion, but responsible in everything they do. The German language has not been evaluated positively by the Capanemenses, as it’s considered difficult and awkward. Finally, we note that, believing that Italian culture and language are close to the one existing in Brazil, due to Latin ascendancy, respondents react favorably on the Italians, people judged by Capanemenses as joyful and spontaneous. Keywords: beliefs and linguistic attitudes, language prejudice, languages in contact, Capanema.   

AMBIVALENCE OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HYBRID LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT OF BOUNDARY

Faced with the perceived paradox between the scenario as sociolinguistically complex boundary and the pedagogical and educational policies that prioritize linguistic and cultural homogeneity, the objective of this article is to focus on the ambivalence of the concepts of language, culture, bilingualism and identity as concepts that guide different views toward writing hybrid "brasiguaio" students. The student, often taking as their mother tongue the Portuguese – as part of their family also uses the language of inheritance, for example, German and/or Italian - whose schooling in Paraguay focused on Spanish and Guarani languages, presents a hybrid language often stigmatized at Brazilian school, which usually leads low-esteem and school failure. The concepts presented open space to deviate attention from the idealized conception of the subject bilingual and consider that due to the characteristic muldimensional of bilingualism, the subject presents bilingual discourse practices in a constant process of mutation, and therefore also their cultural identities, which can facilitate identification with school success and distance to consider from prejudice.

Alfabetização e Aprendizagem da Língua Materna Como Lingua Estrangeira em Escolas Indígenas no Paraná

Há estudos sobre os índios Kaingang no Paraná que contribuem para o entendimento da sua história, cultura, organização social e linguística. Entretanto, sobre a escolarização e a apropriação da linguagem escrita, tanto da língua kaingang, como da língua portuguesa, são raras as publicações e pesquisas sobre um tema que é muito relevante, haja vista o ritmo acelerado da perda de línguas minoritárias no mundo e no Brasil, a partir de uma política neoliberal de estado mínimo e pouco investimento em formação de professores para atuarem em áreas socialmente relevantes como as línguas, dentre elas as línguas indígenas que requer investimento na formação de professores e linguistas indígenas. Neste artigo apresentamos aspectos históricos sobre registros desta língua indígena, o projeto de alfabetização bilíngue implementado no Brasil e como esta vem ocorrendo com os povos Kaingang na região do Vale do Ivaí, no Paraná, com crianças do ensino fundamental.  Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e empírica foi possível perceber que o ensino da língua materna indígena, mesmo entre crianças monolíngues em kaingang, entra no currículo como ensino de língua estrangeira, o que pode comprometer seriamente a aprendizagem, a alfabetização, tanto da língua indígena como da língua portuguesa. Evidencia-se que o investimento na formação continuada de professores indígenas é uma das estratégias para a superação de tal situação.