Maps of Waxeggkees glacier 1950-2000

Photogrammetric surveys have been made and maps drawn of a number of glaciers in the eastern Alps, among them the Waxeggkees in the Zillertal Alps of Tyrol, at approximately ten-year intervals since 1950. Terrestrial photogrammetry was used for the pictures taken in 1950, 1960, 1980, 1989 and 2000, while aerial photogrammetry was employed for the 1969 photo. These maps were subsequently used to calculate the changes in area, elevation and volume for elevational zones of 50 m. The numeric values are given in two tables. The illustration of surface changes in Waxeggkees is continued cartographically on 5 map sheets at the scale of 1 : 15.000 and a vertical interval of the contour lines of 50 m. Changes in glacier area are marked in light red to indicate a decrease in area, and in light blue for an increase. Changes in elevation can only be indicated indirectly, namely in the form of vertical interval bands, referring to the surface areas that arise due to the relocation of the contour lines, resulting from an elevational change. Decrease in elevation is indicated in red, increase in blue, on 100 m contour lines.

Optical depth of Atlantic dust as netCDF files

African dust outbreaks are the result of complex interactions between the land, atmosphere, and oceans, and only recently has a large body of work begun to emerge that aims to understand the controls on-and impacts of-African dust. At the same time, long-term records of dust outbreaks are either inferred from visibility data from weather stations or confined to a few in situ observational sites. Satellites provide the best opportunity for studying the large-scale characteristics of dust storms, but reliable records of dust are generally on the scale of a decade or less. Here the authors develop a simple model for using modern and historical data from meteorological satellites, in conjunction with a proxy record for atmospheric dust, to extend satellite-retrieved dust optical depth over the northern tropical Atlantic Ocean from 1955 to 2008. The resultant 54-yr record of dust has a spatial resolution of 1° and a monthly temporal resolution. From analysis of the historical dust data, monthly tropical northern Atlantic dust cover is bimodal, has a strong annual cycle, peaked in the early 1980s, and shows minimums in dustiness during the beginning and end of the record. These dust optical depth estimates are used to calculate radiative forcing and heating rates from the surface through the top of the atmosphere over the last half century. Radiative transfer simulations show a large net negative dust forcing from the surface through the top of the atmosphere, also with a distinct annual cycle, and mean tropical Atlantic monthly values of the surface forcing range from -3 to -9 W/m**2. Since the surface forcing is roughly a factor of 3 larger in magnitude than the top-of-the-atmosphere forcing, there is also a positive heating rate of the midtroposphere by dust.

Latest Miocene-Pleistocene benthic foraminiferal record of DSDP Hole 23-219

Knowledge of the biology of deep-sea benthic foraminifera was used to interpret the results of multivariate analyses (factor and cluster) on relative abundance data of benthic foraminifera at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 219 (southeastern Arabian Sea; 1764 m depth) in combination with carbon and oxygen isotope data. Faunal data document major changes in deep-sea ventilation and productivity over the past 5.5 Ma, including the end of the Miocene-Pliocene Indo-Pacific 'biogenic bloom' period at ~4.0 Ma. Interestingly, there is no simple correlation between high productivity and low oxygenation. Productivity fluctuated but became overall more pulsed, whereas overall oxygenation increased. We interpret the records as a combination of local to regional fluctuations in productivity probably caused by changes in monsoonal development, particularly its seasonality, and changes in oxygenation of intermediate depth waters in the Indian Ocean caused by global changes in climate and ocean circulation.

Abundance of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts and geochemical analysis of sediment core GeoB5546-2

NW African climate shows orbital and millenial-scale variations, which are tightly connected to changes in marine productivity. We present an organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) record from a sediment core off Cape Yubi at about 27°N in the Canary Basin covering the time period from 47 to 3ka before present (BP). The dinocyst record reflects differences in upwelling intensity and seasonality as well as the influence of fluvial input. Sea-level changes play an important role for the upwelling pattern and productivity signals at the core site. Within the studied time interval, four main phases were distinguished. (1) From 45 to 24ka BP, when sea-level was mostly about 75m lower than today, high relative abundances of cysts of heterotrophic taxa point to enhanced upwelling activity, especially during Heinrich Events, while relatively low dinocyst accumulation rates indicate that filament activity at the core location was strongly reduced. (2) At sea-level lowstand during the LGM to H1, dinocyst accumulation rates suggest that local filament formation was even more inhibited. (3) From the early Holocene to about 8ka BP, extraordinary high accumulation rates of most dinocyst species, especially of Lingulodinium machaerophorum, suggest that nutrient supply via fluvial input increased and rising sea-level promoted filament formation. At the same time, the upwelling season prolongated. (4) A relative increase in cysts of photoautotrophic taxa from about 8ka BP on indicates more stratified conditions while fluvial input decreased. Our study shows that productivity records can be very sensitive to regional features. From the dinocyst data we infer that marine surface productivity off Cape Yubi during glacial times was within the scale of modern times but extremely enhanced during deglaciation.

Palynological record of Lake Nero in Russia

This collection prepared to IX Congress of INQUA containes 25 articles concerning general and regional problems of Pleistocene. The chronological scale of the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene, climatical cycles and methods of the absolute dating are considered. Some data obtained by means ef paleomagnetic, thermoluminescence and radiocarbon methods at several point sections (Likhvin, Rostov-Jarosiavsky, Priasovje, Ob-garm, Chagan, Pryobskoje Plateau, Lower Volga) are given.

Locations of geochemical samples and tephra from ODP Site 181-1123

Approximately one thousand sediment samples from ODP Site 1123 on the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand, have been examined for inorganic elemental concentrations. ODP 1123 provides a record of sediment drift deposition under the Deep Western Boundary Current, the main inflow of deep water to the Pacific Ocean since the Early Oligocene, though a major hiatus spans the late Early Oligocene to the Early Miocene. Normalisation of the elemental concentrations by aluminium was used to allow for the effects of variable carbonate dilution. The elemental ratios were used as proxies for sediment composition and as palaeoceanographic indices. The samples were collected at a resolution designed to sample adequately any variation in elemental ratios at the scale of the Milankovitch orbital cycles. The sampled intervals span the Early Oligocene, Early Miocene, mid-Miocene and Late Pleistocene to Recent. Anomalous Si/Al, K/Al, Ti/Al values in the upper Pleistocene section, often associated with horizons of low carbonate, are attributed to tephras derived from North Island. Not all of the tephras detected geochemically had been detected visually in the cores. A total of 37 tephra events between 1.17 Ma BP and the present are recognised based on this and the shipboard investigations. The tephra events cluster at intervals of approximately 326 000 years (326 ka) perhaps due to variations in eruption frequency on North Island and/or to variations in the regional palaeowind intensity and direction. In the Late Pleistocene to Recent P/Al (inferred nutrient availability), percent calcium carbonate (%CaCO3) and Ba/Al (inferred productivity) varied regularly at a period of 40 000 years with these factors lagging minimum global ice volumes (interglacials). During the mid-Miocene CaCO3, Ba/Al, P/Al and Si/Al all gradually increased with %CaCO3 and P/Al showing regular 138 000-yr cyclicity and Ba/Al showing 44-ka cyclicity. Inferred productivity (Ba/Al) may have been rising in association with increasing nutrient availability (P/Al) at the same time as increased vigour of the Deep Western Boundary Current that was connected to a period of rapid ice-sheet growth in Antarctica. In the Early Miocene P/Al and Si/Al were much higher than subsequently and both %CaCO3 and P/Al exhibited 131 000-yr cycles. By far the highest nutrient levels and inferred productivity at this site apparently occurred during the Early Oligocene as revealed by long-term changes in P/Al and Si/Al. A progressive rise in K/Al, but stable Ti/Al from the Early Oligocene to the Recent probably indicates increased proportions of illite in the clay mineral fraction of the drift sediments caused by increased flux of debris from the Southern Alps.

Bottom sediment of the Western Baltic Sea - sheet Darß

The sheet "Darß" of the Western Baltic sediment distribution map displays several features of the late- and postglacial sediments in the area between 54°00? and 54°30? northern latitude and 12°00? and 13°00? eastern longitude on a scale of 1: 100,000. The main map shows the surface deposits in this area. Special attention is given to a detailed presentation of the granulometric characteristics of the sandy sedimens which are prevailing here. For this purpose a new way of visualization of grain size data was developed. Six insets provide information on water depth, positions of the sampling sites, areal distribution of median and sorting of sands, depth of the till surface thickness of the late- and postglacial sediments on top of the uppermost till and the bathymetry.

Strontium isotope ratios of middle Eocene to Oligocene sediments from Maud Rise, Antarctica

A 87Sr/86Sr isotope curve of the middle Eocene to Oligocene was produced from analysis of foraminifera in Ocean Drilling Program Hole 689B, Maud Rise, near the coast of Antarctica. Sediments from the hole are well preserved with no evidence of diagenetic alteration. The sequence is nearly complete from 46.3 to 24.8 Ma, with an average sampling interval of 166 kyr. Excellent magnetostratigraphy in Hole 689B allows calibration to the geomagnetic polarity time scale of Cande and Kent (1992). Marine strontium isotopic ratios were nearly stable from 46.3 to 35.5 Ma, averaging near 0.70773, after which they began to increase. A slow increase began after 40.4 Ma, rising at a rate of only about 8*10**-6/m.y. from base values of 0.707707. From 35.5 Ma to 24.8 Ma the average slope increased to 40*10**-6/m.y. The slope remained constant at least until 24.8 Ma, when the record becomes discontinuous owing to unconformities. We evaluate several possible controls on the marine strontium isotope curve that could have led to the observed growth in 87Sr/86Sr ratios near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Three mechanisms are considered, including the onset of Antarctic glaciation, increased mountain building in the Himalayan-Tibetan region, and decreased hydrothermal activity. None of the mechanisms alone seems to adequately explain the increased 87Sr/86Sr ratios during the Oligocene. Glaciation as a weathering agent was too episodic and probably began too late to explain the upturn in marine 87Sr/86Sr ratios. There is evidence that uplift in the Himalayan-Tibetan region began in the Miocene, much too late to control Oligocene strontium isotope ratios. Lastly, hydrothermal flux changes since the Eocene were apparently not great enough alone to account for the rise in marine 87Sr/86Sr ratios. We suggest that a combination of causes, such as decreased hydrothermal activity perhaps followed by increased glaciation and mountain building, might best explain the growth of the marine 87Sr/86Sr curve during the Oligocene.

Maestrichtian planktonic foraminifera of the Maud Rise

The southernmost record of Maestrichtian pelagic carbonate sedimentation was recovered from ODP Leg 113 Holes 689B and 690C, drilled on the Maud Rise in the eastern Weddell Sea sector of the Southern Ocean (65°S). Well preserved and abundant planktonic foraminifers occur throughout Maestrichtian cores from both holes, providing a nearly complete biogeographic and biostratigraphic history of this region. Diversity is low compared to tropical and subtropical assemblages, with a maximum within sample diversity of 16 planktonic foraminifer species and a diversity total for the Maestrichtian of 24 species. The assemblages are dominated throughout by Heterohelix, Globigerinelloides, and a new species of Archaeoglobigerina, whereas keeled taxa are completely absent from the lower Maestrichtian and rare in the middle through upper Maestrichtian sediments. Three planktonic foraminifer species are described as new and are recognized as being endemic to the Austral Province. These include Archaeoglobigerina australis n. sp., Hedbergella sliteri n. sp., and Archaeoglobigerina mateola n. sp. The former two species were previously illustrated in reports on Late Cretaceous foraminifers from the Falkland Plateau and the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Two keeled and five non-keeled planktonic foraminifers, previously not found in high latitude Maestrichtian sediments, first appeared at the Maud Rise during the late early and late Maestrichtian. Correlation with their stratigraphic ranges in low latitude sequences shows that their first appearance datums are considerably younger at the Maud Rise than in the lower latitudes. The most likely explanation for this observation is that there was a warming in the south polar region during the late early and late Maestrichtian and a concomitant poleward migration of stenothermal taxa. However, oxygen isotopic paleotemperature results from Sites 689 and 690 (Barrera and Huber, 1990, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.137.1990) show a long-term cooling trend throughout the Maestrichtian, indicating that other factors may have played a more important role than temperature in the distribution of Maestrichtian planktonic foraminifers. A new biostratigraphic scheme is proposed for the Antarctic because of the absence of thermophilic planktonic foraminifers used to identify existing low to middle latitude zones. The Globigerinelloides impensus Partial Range Zone is defined for the late Campanian-Maestrichtian, the Globotruncanita havanensis Partial Range Zone is redefined for the early to late early Maestrichtian, and the Abathomphalus mayaroensis Total Range Zone is recognized. Good quality magnetic polarity data obtained from both Maud Rise sites (Hamilton, 1990, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.179.1990) enables magnetobiostratigraphic correlation of twelve foraminifer datums with the geomagnetic polarity time scale of Haq et al. (1987). The geochronology thus obtained is crucial for accurate cross-latitudinal correlation and interpretation of the paleoceanographic history of the Antarctic region during the Maestrichtian time period.

Uranium contents and isotope ratios of uranium and strontium in sediments, leachates and pore fluids from ODP Hole 162-984A

Bulk dissolution rates for sediment from ODP Site 984A in the North Atlantic are determined using the 234U/238U activity ratios of pore water, bulk sediment, and leachates. Site 984A is one of only several sites where closely spaced pore water samples were obtained from the upper 60 meters of the core; the sedimentation rate is high (11-15 cm/ka), hence the sediments in the upper 60 meters are less than 500 ka old. The sediment is clayey silt and composed mostly of detritus derived from Iceland with a significant component of biogenic carbonate (up to 30%). The pore water 234U/238U activity ratios are higher than seawater values, in the range of 1.2 to 1.6, while the bulk sediment 234U/238U activity ratios are close to 1.0. The 234U/238U of the pore water reflects a balance between the mineral dissolution rate and the supply rate of excess 234U to the pore fluid by a-recoil injection of 234Th. The fraction of 238U decays that result in a-recoil injection of 234U to pore fluid is estimated to be 0.10 to 0.20 based on the 234U/238U of insoluble residue fractions. The calculated bulk dissolution rates, in units of g/g/yr are in the range of 0.0000004 to 0.000002 1/yr. There is significant down-hole variability in pore water 234U/238U activity ratios (and hence dissolution rates) on a scale of ca. 10 m. The inferred bulk dissolution rate constants are 100 to 1000 times slower than laboratory-determined rates, 100 times faster than rates inferred for older sediments based on Sr isotopes, and similar to weathering rates determined for terrestrial soils of similar age. The results of this study suggest that U isotopes can be used to measure in situ dissolution rates in fine-grained clastic materials. The rate estimates for sediments from ODP Site 984 confirm the strong dependence of reactivity on the age of the solid material: the bulk dissolution rate (R_d) of soils and deep-sea sediments can be approximately described by the expression R_d ~ 0.1 1/age for ages spanning 1000 to 500,000,000 yr. The age of the material, which encompasses the grain size, surface area, and other chemical factors that contribute to the rate of dissolution, appears to be a much stronger determinant of dissolution rate than any single physical or chemical property of the system.

Coarse-fraction composition in sediments of ODP Leg 104

Coarse-fraction studies of sediments recovered during ODP Leg 104 are used to reconstruct paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic environments on a time scale of 0.1 to 0.5 m.y. for the past 20 Ma. These investigations suggest that relatively warm climates and isolated deep water conditions prevailed prior to 13.6 Ma and between 5.6-4.8 Ma. The first major deep water outflow from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea into the North Atlantic took place at about 13.6 Ma. Progressive cooling linked to increased deep water renewal in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea appears to have occurred between 13.6-5.6 Ma and 4.8-3.1 Ma. A major onset of ice-rafted debris is recorded at 2.56 Ma. Terrigenous coarsefraction components show important fluctuations with two major peaks during the past 0.8 Ma.

Documentation of sediment cores

The presence of a complex bedform arrangement on the sea-floor of the continental shelf in the western Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, indicates a multi-temporal record of flow related to the activity of one or more ice streams in the past. Mapping and division of the bedforms into distinct landform assemblages reveals their time-transgressive history, which implies that bedforms can neither be considered part of a single down-flow continuum nor a direct proxy for palaeo-ice velocity, as suggested previously. A main control on the bedform imprint is the geology of the shelf, which is divided broadly between rough bedrock on the inner shelf, and smooth, dipping sedimentary strata on the mid-to-outer shelf. Inner shelf bedform variability is well preserved, revealing information about local, complex basal-ice conditions, meltwater flow, and ice dynamics over time. These details, which are not apparent at the scale of regional morphological studies, indicate that past ice streams flowed across the entire shelf, at times, and often had onset zones that lay within the interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet today. In contrast, highly elongated subglacial bedforms on sedimentary strata of the middle to outer shelf represent a timeslice snapshot of the last activity of ice-stream flow, and may be a truer representation of fast palaeo-ice flow in these locations. A revised model for ice streams on the shelf captures complicated multi-temporal bedform patterns associated with an Antarctic palaeo-ice stream for the first time, and confirms a strong substrate control on this ice stream system that drained the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Late Quaternary.