„RFID - Systematische Versuche für den zuverlässigen Einsatz in der Logistik“

Mit zunehmender Komplexität und Vielfalt der Logistikprozesse steigt der Stellenwert der eingesetzten Informationstechnologien. Die den Warenfluss begleitenden bzw. vorhereilenden Informationen sind erforderlich, um Waren identifizieren und Unternehmensressourcen optimal einsetzen zu können. Als Beispiel ist der klassische Wareneingang zu nennen. Durch die Avisierung von Menge und Art eingehender Waren können der Einsatz des Personals zur Entladung und Vereinnahmung sowie die erforderlichen Ressourcen (Ladehilfsmittel, Flurförderzeuge, usw.) im Vorfeld geplant und bereitgestellt werden. Der Informationsfluss ist demnach als Qualitätsmerkmal und als Wirtschaftlichkeitsfaktor zu verstehen. Die Schnittstelle zwischen dem physischen Warenfluss und dem Informationsfluss auf EDV-Basis bildet die Identifikationstechnologien. In der Industrie verbreitete Identifikationstechnologien bestehen in der Regel aus einem Datenträger und einem Erfassungsgerät. Der Datenträger ist am physischen Objekt fixiert. Das Erfassungsgerät liest die auf dem Datenträger befindlichen Objektinformationen und wandelt sie in einen Binär-Code um, der durch nachgelagerte EDV weiterverarbeitet wird. Die momentan in der Industrie und im Handel am häufigsten verwendete Identifikationstechnologie ist der Barcode. In den letzten Jahren tritt die RFID-Technologie in den Fokus der Industrie und des Handels im Bereich Materialfluss und Logistik. Unter „Radio Frequency IDentification“ wird die Kommunikation per Funkwellen zwischen Datenträger (Transponder) und Lesegerät verstanden. Mittels der RFID-Technologie ist der Anwender, im Gegensatz zum Barcode, in der Lage, Informationen auf dem Transponder ohne Sichtkontakt zu erfassen. Eine Ausrichtung der einzelnen Artikel ist nicht erforderlich. Zudem können auf bestimmten Transpondertypen weitaus größere Datenmengen als auf einem Barcode hinterlegt werden. Transponder mit hoher Speicherkapazität eignen sich in der Regel, um die auf ihnen hinterlegten Daten bei Bedarf aktualisieren zu k��nnen. Eine dezentrale Datenorganisation ist realisierbar. Ein weiterer Vorteil der RFID-Technologie ist die Möglichkeit, mehrere Datenträger im Bruchteil einer Sekunde zu erfassen. In diesem Fall spricht man von einer Pulkerfassung. Diese Eigenschaft ist besonders im Bereich Warenein- und -ausgang von Interesse. Durch RFID ist es möglich, Ladeeinheiten, z. B. Paletten mit Waren, durch einen Antennenbereich zu fördern, und die mit Transpondern versehenen Artikel zu identifizieren und in die EDV zu übertragen. Neben der Funktionalität einer solchen Technologie steht in der Industrie vor allem die Wirtschaftlichkeit im Vordergrund. Transponder sind heute teuerer als Barcodes. Zudem müssen Investitionen in die für den Betrieb von RFID erforderliche Hard- und Software einkalkuliert werden. Daher muss der Einsatz der RFID-Technologie Einsparungen durch die Reorganisation der Unternehmensprozesse nach sich ziehen. Ein Schwachpunkt der RFID-Technologie ist momentan je nach Anwendung die mangelnde Zuverlässigkeit und Wiederholgenauigkeit bei Pulklesungen. Die Industrie und der Handel brauchen Identifikationstechnologien, deren Erfassungsrate im Bereich nahe 100 % liegt. Die Gefahr besteht darin, dass durch ein unzuverlässiges RFID-System unvollständige bzw. fehlerhafte Datensätze erzeugt werden können. Die Korrektur der Daten kann teurer sein als die durch die Reorganisation der Prozesse mittels RFID erzielten Einsparungen. Die Erfassungsrate der Transponder bei Pulkerfassungen wird durch mehrere Faktoren beeinflusst, die im Folgenden detailliert dargestellt werden. Das Institut für Fördertechnik und Logistik (IFT) in Stuttgart untersucht m��gliche Einflussgrößen auf die Erkennungsraten bei Pulkerfassungen. Mit den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen sollen mögliche Schwachstellen bei der Erkennung mehrerer Transponder im Vorfeld einer Implementierung in die Logistikprozesse eines Unternehmens eliminiert werden. With increasing complexity and variety of the logistics processes the significance of the used information technologies increases. The information accompanying the material flow is necessary in order to be able to identify goods and to be able to use corporate resources optimally. The classical goods entrance is to be mentioned as an example. The notification of amount and kind of incoming goods can be used for previously planning and providing of the personnel and necessary resources. The flow of information is to be understood accordingly as a high-quality feature and as an economic efficiency factor. With increasing complexity and variety of the logistics processes the significance of the used information technologies increases. The information accompanying the material flow is necessary in order to be able to identify goods and to be able to use corporate resources optimally. The classical goods entrance is to be mentioned as an example. The notification of amount and kind of incoming goods can be used for previously planning and providing of the personnel and necessary resources. The flow of information is to be understood accordingly as a high-quality feature and as an economic efficiency factor.

Contingencies for Intercultural Dialogue in Virtual Space: An Empirical Research on the Role of Internet in Fostering Intercultural Competences from the Perspective of Migrant Youth

Against the background of the emerging multicultural migration society, acquisition of intercultural competences is getting vitally important for youngsters to actively and effectively engage with intercultural dialogue in a co-existent life context. Contingencies for such intercultural dialogue and to foster intercultural competences of youngsters are opened in virtual space when youth with different ethnic, social and cultural background go online. However, differences in Internet use and competences acquisition as “digital inequality” also exist among youth with different socio-cultural background. This article reports on a quantitative survey of 300 Turkish migrant youth in Germany as empirical sample about how Internet use generally fosters their intercultural competences, what differences exist among them and which indicators can explain the differences. Preliminary findings show that the contingencies of Internet in fostering intercultural competences are still not much employed and realised by Turkish migrant youth. Four online groups connected with bonding, bridging, both (bonding and bridging) and none socio-cultural networks are found out based on the cluster analysis with SPSS. These different networks, from the perspective of social cultural capital, can explain the differences concerning development of intercultural competences among them. It is indicated in this research that many Turkish migrant youth still lack recognition and capabilities to construct their intercultural social networks or relations through using Internet and further to employ the relations as intercultural social capital or social support in their life context. This therefore poses a critical implication for youth work to help migrant youth construct and reconstruct their socio-cultural networks through using Internet so as to extend social support for competences acquisition.

Assessing the Relevance of Anomie Theory for Explaining Spatial Variation in Lethal Criminal Violence: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of Homicide within the United States

One of the most influential statements in the anomie theory tradition has been Merton’s argument that the volume of instrumental property crime should be higher where there is a greater imbalance between the degree of commitment to monetary success goals and the degree of commitment to legitimate means of pursing such goals. Contemporary anomie theories stimulated by Merton’s perspective, most notably Messner and Rosenfeld’s institutional anomie theory, have expanded the scope conditions by emphasizing lethal criminal violence as an outcome to which anomie theory is highly relevant, and virtually all contemporary empirical studies have focused on applying the perspective to explaining spatial variation in homicide rates. In the present paper, we argue that current explications of Merton’s theory and IAT have not adequately conveyed the relevance of the core features of the anomie perspective to lethal violence. We propose an expanded anomie model in which an unbalanced pecuniary value system – the core causal variable in Merton’s theory and IAT – translates into higher levels of homicide primarily in indirect ways by increasing levels of firearm prevalence, drug market activity, and property crime, and by enhancing the degree to which these factors stimulate lethal outcomes. Using aggregate-level data collected during the mid-to-late 1970s for a sample of relatively large social aggregates within the U.S., we find a significant effect on homicide rates of an interaction term reflecting high levels of commitment to monetary success goals and low levels of commitment to legitimate means. Virtually all of this effect is accounted for by higher levels of property crime and drug market activity that occur in areas with an unbalanced pecuniary value system. Our analysis also reveals that property crime is more apt to lead to homicide under conditions of high levels of structural disadvantage. These and other findings underscore the potential value of elaborating the anomie perspective to explicitly account for lethal violence.

Spanish Supreme Court Rules in Favour of Google Search Engine... and a Flexible Reading of Copyright Statutes?

On 3 April 2012, the Spanish Supreme Court issued a major ruling in favour of the Google search engine, including its ‘cache copy’ service: Sentencia n.172/2012, of 3 April 2012, Supreme Court, Civil Chamber.* The importance of this ruling lies not so much in the circumstances of the case (the Supreme Court was clearly disgusted by the claimant’s ‘maximalist’ petitum to shut down the whole operation of the search engine), but rather on the court going beyond the text of the Copyright Act into the general principles of the law and case law, and especially on the reading of the three-step test (in Art. 40bis TRLPI) in a positive sense so as to include all these principles. After accepting that none of the limitations listed in the Spanish Copyright statute (TRLPI) exempted the unauthorized use of fragments of the contents of a personal website through the Google search engine and cache copy service, the Supreme Court concluded against infringement, based on the grounds that the three-step test (in Art. 40bis TRLPI) is to be read not only in a negative manner but also in a positive sense so as to take into account that intellectual property – as any other kind of property – is limited in nature and must endure any ius usus inocui (harmless uses by third parties) and must abide to the general principles of the law, such as good faith and prohibition of an abusive exercise of rights (Art. 7 Spanish Civil Code).The ruling is a major success in favour of a flexible interpretation and application of the copyright statutes, especially in the scenarios raised by new technologies and market agents, and in favour of using the three-step test as a key tool to allow for it.

Information as Property

Information is widely regarded as one of the key concepts of modern society. The production, distribution and use of information are some of the key aspects of modern economies. Driven by technological progress information has become a good in its own right. This established an information economy and challenged the law to provide an apt framework suitable to promote the production of information, enable its distribution and efficient allocation, and deal with the risks inherent in information technology. Property rights are a major component of such a framework. However, information as an object of property rights is not limited to intellectual property but may also occur as personality aspects or even tangible property. Accordingly, information as property can be found in the area of intellectual property, personality protection and other property rights. This essay attempts to categorize three different types of information that can be understood as a good in the economic sense and an object in the legal sense: semantic information, syntactic information and structural information. It shows how legal ownership of such information is established by different subjective rights. In addition the widespread debate regarding the justification of intellectual property rights is demonstrated from the wider perspective of informational property in general. Finally, in light of current debates, this essay explores whether “data producers” shall have a new kind of property right in data.