S-0 and S-1 State Structure, Methyl Torsional Barrier Heights, and Fast Intersystem Crossing Dynamics of 5-Methyl-2-hydroxypyrimidine

We report the analysis of the SI So rotational band contours of jet-cooled 5-methyl-2-hydroxypyrimidine (5M2HP), the enol form of deoxythymine. Unlike thymine, which exhibits a structureless spectrum, the vibronic spectrum of 5M2HP is well structured, allowing us to determine the rotational constants and the methyl group torsional barriers in the S-0 and S-1 states. The 0(0)(0), 6a(0)(1), 6b(0)(1), and 14(0)(1) band contours were measured at 900 MHz (0.03 cm(-1)) resolution using mass-specific two-color resonant two-photon ionization (2C-R2PI) spectroscopy. All four bands are polarized perpendicular to the pyrimidine plane (>90% c type), identifying the S-1 <- S-0 excitation of 5M2HP as a 1n pi* transition. All contours exhibit two methyl rotor subbands that arise from the lowest 5-methyl torsional states 0A '' and 1E ''. The S-0 and S-1 state torsional barriers were extracted from fits to the torsional subbands. The 3-fold barriers are V-3 '' = 13 cm(-1) and V3' = SI cm(-1); the 6-fold barrier contributions V-6 '' and V-6' are in the range of 2-3 cm(-1) and are positive in both states. The changes of A, B, and C rotational constants upon S-1 <- S-0 excitation were extracted from the contours and reflect an "anti-quinoidal" distortion. The 0(0)(0) contour can only be simulated if a 3 GHz Lorentzian line shape is included, which implies that the S-1(1n pi*) lifetime is similar to 55 ps. For the 6a(0)(1) and 6b(0)(1) bands, the Lorentzian component increases to 5.5 GHz, reflecting a lifetime decrease to similar to 30 ps. The short lifetimes are consistent with the absence of fluorescence from the 1n pi* state. Combining these measurements with the previous observation of efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) from the Si state to a long-lived T-1((3)n pi*) state that lies similar to 2200 cm(-1) below [S. Lobsiger, S. et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 5032] implies that the broadening arises from fast intersystem crossing with k(ISC) approximate to 2 x 10(10) s(-1). In comparison to 5-methylpyrimidine, the ISC rate is enhanced by at least 10 000 by the additional hydroxy group in position 2.

From Broadstone to Zackenberg

Ecological networks are typically complex constructions of species and their interactions. During the last decade, the study of networks has moved from static to dynamic analyses, and has attained a deeper insight into their internal structure, heterogeneity, and temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we review, discuss and suggest research lines in the study of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of networks and their hierarchical nature. We use case study data from two well-characterized model systems (the food web in Broadstone Stream in England and the pollination network at Zackenberg in Greenland), which are complemented with additional information from other studies. We focus upon eight topics: temporal dynamic space-for-time substitutions linkage constraints habitat borders network modularity individual-based networks invasions of networks and super networks that integrate different network types. Few studies have explicitly examined temporal change in networks, and we present examples that span from daily to decadal change: a common pattern that we see is a stable core surrounded by a group of dynamic, peripheral species, which, in pollinator networks enter the web via preferential linkage to the most generalist species. To some extent, temporal and spatial scales are interchangeable (i.e. networks exhibit ‘ergodicity’) and we explore how space-for-time substitutions can be used in the study of networks. Network structure is commonly constrained by phenological uncoupling (a temporal phenomenon), abundance, body size and population structure. Some potential links are never observed, that is they are ‘forbidden’ (fully constrained) or ‘missing’ (a sampling effect), and their absence can be just as ecologically significant as their presence. Spatial habitat borders can add heterogeneity to network structure, but their importance has rarely been studied: we explore how habitat generalization can be related to other resource dimensions. Many networks are hierarchically structured, with modules forming the basic building blocks, which can result in self-similarity. Scaling down from networks of species reveals another, finer-grained level of individual-based organization, the ecological consequences of which have yet to be fully explored. The few studies of individual-based ecological networks that are available suggest the potential for large intraspecific variance and, in the case of food webs, strong size-structuring. However, such data are still scarce and more studies are required to link individual-level and species-level networks. Invasions by alien species can be tracked by following the topological ‘career’ of the invader as it establishes itself within a network, with potentially important implications for conservation biology. Finally, by scaling up to a higher level of organization, it is possible to combine different network types (e.g. food webs and mutualistic networks) to form super networks, and this new approach has yet to be integrated into mainstream ecological research. We conclude by listing a set of research topics that we see as emerging candidates for ecological network studies in the near future.

Transition bei angeborenen Herzfehlern in der Schweiz

Die Chance, mit einem angeborenen Herzfehler erwachsen zu werden, liegt mittlerweile bei über 90 %. Trotz aller Erfolge der Medizin können Herzfehler auch nach erfolgreicher Korrektur nicht als geheilt betrachtet werden. Langzeitkomplikationen im Sinn von Herzrhythmusstörungen, Herzinsuffizienz, embolischen Ereignissen, Endokarditis, oder Reoperationen aufgrund residualer Befunde oder Klappendegenerationen sind häufig. Aus diesem Grund wird für eine Vielzahl angeborener Herzfehler eine lebenslange spezialisierte Betreuung empfohlen. Jugendliche mit Herzfehlern müssen darauf vorbereitet werden, im Erwachsenenalter Eigenverantwortung zu übernehmen. Dazu ist eine strukturierte Transition ein entscheidender Vorteil. Dadurch werden einerseits Jugendliche selbst auf ihre Erwachsenenrolle vorbereitet und andererseits kann ein adäquater Transfer der Betreuung vom Kinder- zum Erwachsenenmediziner gewährleistet werden. Jugendliche ohne Transfer und ohne spezialisierte Betreuung im Erwachsenenalter haben ein erhöhtes Risiko, kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen zu erleiden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Mortalität bei angeborenen Herzfehlern bei Erwachsenen mit spezialisierter Betreuung geringer ist als bei Patienten ohne entsprechende Betreuung. Am Beispiel des Zentrums für angeborene Herzfehler in Bern wird aufgezeigt, wie eine pflegegeleitete Transitionssprechstunde aufgebaut und erfolgreich umgesetzt werden kann.

Relative bone width of the edentulous maxillary ridge. Clinical implications of digital assessment in presurgical implant planning

Healthy, well-structured mucosa may clinically disguise atrophic jawbone in preimplant diagnosis.

Global Change and the World's Mountains-Research Needs and Emerging Themes for Sustainable Development A Synthesis From the 2010 Perth II Conference

The conference on Global Change and the World’s Mountains held in Perth, Scotland, in 2010 offered a unique opportunity to analyze the state and progress of mountain research and its contribution to sustainable mountain development, as well as to reflect on required reorientations of research agendas. In this paper we provide the results of a three-step assessment of the research presented by 450 researchers from around the world. First, we determined the state of the art of mountain research and categorized it based on the analytical structure of the Global Land Project (GLP 2005). Second, we identified emerging themes for future research. Finally, we assessed the contribution of mountain research to sustainable development along the lines of the Grand Challenges in Global Sustainability Research (International Council for Science 2010). Analysis revealed that despite the growing recognition of the importance of more integrative research (inter- and transdisciplinary), the research community gathered in Perth still focuses on environmental drivers of change and on interactions within ecological systems. Only a small percentage of current research seeks to enhance understanding of social systems and of interactions between social and ecological systems. From the ecological systems perspective, a greater effort is needed to disentangle and assess different drivers of change and to investigate impacts on the rendering of ecosystem services. From the social systems perspective, significant shortcomings remain in understanding the characteristics, trends, and impacts of human movements to, within, and out of mountain areas as a form of global change. Likewise, sociocultural drivers affecting collective behavior as well as incentive systems devised by policy and decision makers are little understood and require more in-depth investigation. Both the complexity of coupled social– ecological systems and incomplete data sets hinder integrated systems research. Increased understanding of linkages and feedbacks between social and ecological systems will help to identify nonlinearities and thresholds (tipping points) in both system types. This presupposes effective collaboration between ecological and social sciences. Reflections on the Grand Challenges in Sustainability Research put forth by the International Council for Science (2010) reveal the need to intensify research on effective responses and innovations. This will help to achieve sustainable development in mountain regions while maintaining the core competence of mountain research in forecasting and observation.

General practitioner involvement in follow-up of childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review

BACKGROUND An increasing number of childhood cancer survivors need long-term follow-up care. Different models address this problem, including that of follow-up by general practitioners (GP). We describe models that involve GPs in follow-up for childhood cancer survivors, their advantages and disadvantages, clinics that employ these models, and the elements essential to high-quality, GP-led follow-up care. PROCEDURE We searched four databases (PubMed [including Medline], Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL) without language restrictions. RESULTS We found 26 publications, which explicitly mentioned GP-led follow-up. Two models were commonly described: GP-only, and shared care between GP and pediatric oncology or late effects clinic. The shared care model appears to have advantages over GP-only follow-up. We found four clinics using models of GP-led follow-up, described in five papers. We identified well-organized transition, treatment summary, survivorship care plan, education of GPs and guidelines as necessary components of successful follow-up. CONCLUSION Scarcity of literature necessitated a review rather than a meta-analysis. More research on the outcomes of GP-led care is necessary to confirm the model for follow-up of childhood cancer survivors in the long term. However, with the necessary elements in place, the model of GP-led follow-up, and shared care in particular, holds promise.

The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets

The vast diversity of planetary systems detected to date is defying our capability of understanding their formation and evolution. Well-defined volume-limited surveys are the best tool at our disposal to tackle the problem, via the acquisition of robust statistics of the orbital elements. We are using the HARPS spectrograph to conduct our survey of ≈850 nearby solar-type stars, and in the course of the past nine years we have monitored the radial velocity of HD 103774, HD 109271, and BD-061339. In this work we present the detection of five planets orbiting these stars, with msin   (i) between 0.6 and 7 Neptune masses, four of which are in two multiple systems, comprising one super-Earth and one planet within the habitable zone of a late-type dwarf. Although for strategic reasons we chose efficiency over precision in this survey, we have the capability to detect planets down to the Neptune and super-Earth mass range as well as multiple systems, provided that enough data points are made available.

Justifying induction on modal μ-formulae

We define a rank function for formulae of the propositional modal μ-calculus such that the rank of a fixed point is strictly bigger than the rank of any of its finite approximations. A rank function of this kind is needed, for instance, to establish the collapse of the modal μ-hierarchy over transitive transition systems. We show that the range of the rank function is ωω. Further we establish that the rank is computable by primitive recursion, which gives us a uniform method to generate formulae of arbitrary rank below ωω.

Adaptable Visualisation Based On User Needs

Software developers often ask questions about software systems and software ecosystems that entail exploration and navigation, such as who uses this component?, and where is this feature implemented?. Software visualisation can be a great aid to understanding and exploring the answers to such questions, but visualisations require expertise to implement effectively, and they do not always scale well to large systems. We propose to automatically generate software visualisations based on software models derived from open source software corpora and from an analysis of the properties of typical developers queries and commonly used visualisations. The key challenges we see are (1) understanding how to match queries to suitable visualisations, and (2) scaling visualisations effectively to very large software systems and corpora. In the paper we motivate the idea of automatic software visualisation, we enumerate the challenges and our proposals to address them, and we describe some very initial results in our attempts to develop scalable visualisations of open source software corpora.

Fish Immune Responses to Myxozoa

Myxozoans evoke important economic losses in aquaculture production, but there is almost a total lack of disease control methods as no vaccines or commercial treatments are currently available. Knowledge of the immune responses that lead to myxozoan elimination and subsequent disease resistance is vital for shaping the future development of disease control measures. Different fish immune factors triggered by myxozoan parasites are reviewed in this chapter. Detailed information on the phenotypic and underlying molecular aspects of innate and adaptive responses, at both cellular and humoral levels, is provided for some well-studied fishmyxozoan systems. The importance of the local immune response, mainly at mucosal sites, is also highlighted. Myxozoan tactics to disable or avoid immune responses, such as modulation of immune gene transcription and immune evasion, are also reviewed. The existence of innate and acquired resistance to some myxozoan species suggest promising possibilities for controlling myxozooses through immune-based strategies, such as genetic selection for host resistance, vaccination, immune therapies and administration of immunostimulants.

Carbon stocks, tree diversity, and the role of organic certification in different cocoa production systems in Alto Beni, Bolivia

This study compares aboveground and belowground carbon stocks and tree diversity in different cocoa cultivation systems in Bolivia: monoculture, simple agroforestry, and successional agroforestry, as well as fallow as a control. Since diversified, agroforestry-based cultivation systems are often considered important for sustainable development, we also evaluated the links between carbon stocks and tree diversity, as well as the role of organic certification in transitioning from monoculture to agroforestry. Biomass, tree diversity, and soil physiochemical parameters were sampled in 15 plots measuring 48 × 48 m. Semi-structured interviews with 52 cocoa farmers were used to evaluate the role of organic certification and farmers’ organizations (e.g., cocoa cooperatives) in promoting tree diversity. Total carbon stocks in simple agroforestry systems (128.4 ± 20 Mg ha−1) were similar to those on fallow plots (125.2 ± 10 Mg ha−1). Successional agroforestry systems had the highest carbon stocks (143.7 ± 5.3 Mg ha−1). Monocultures stored significantly less carbon than all other systems (86.3 ± 4.0 Mg ha−1, posterior probability P(Diff > 0) of 0.000–0.006). Among shade tree species, Schizolobium amazonicum, Centrolobium ochroxylum, and Anadenanthera sp. accumulated the most biomass. High-value timber species (S. amazonicum, C. ochroxylum, Amburana cearensis, and Swietenia macrophylla) accounted for 22.0 % of shade tree biomass. The Shannon index and tree species richness were highest in successional agroforestry systems. Cocoa plots on certified organic farms displayed significantly higher tree species richness than plots on non-certified farms. Thus, expanding the coverage of organic farmers’ organizations may be an effective strategy for fostering transitions from monoculture to agroforestry systems.