Cultural capital and smoking in young adults: applying new indicators to explore social inequalities in health behaviour.

BACKGROUND Associations between social status and health behaviours are well documented, but the mechanisms involved are less understood. Cultural capital theory may contribute to a better understanding by expanding the scope of inequality indicators to include individuals' knowledge, skills, beliefs and material goods to examine how these indicators impact individuals' health lifestyles. We explore the structure and applicability of a set of cultural capital indicators in the empirical exploration of smoking behaviour among young male adults. METHODS We analysed data from the Swiss Federal Survey of Adolescents (CH-X) 2010-11 panel of young Swiss males (n = 10 736). A set of nine theoretically relevant variables (including incorporated, institutionalized and objectified cultural capital) were investigated using exploratory factor analysis. Regression models were run to observe the association between factor scores and smoking outcomes. Outcome measures consisted of daily smoking status and the number of cigarettes smoked by daily smokers. RESULTS Cultural capital indicators aggregated in a three-factor solution representing 'health values', 'education and knowledge' and 'family resources'. Each factor score predicted the smoking outcomes. In young males, scoring low on health values, education and knowledge and family resources was associated with a higher risk of being a daily smoker and of smoking more cigarettes daily. CONCLUSION Cultural capital measures that include, but go beyond, educational attainment can improve prediction models of smoking in young male adults. New measures of cultural capital may thus contribute to our understanding of the social status-based resources that individuals can use towards health behaviours.

Visionäre Bildungskonzepte im Tanz. Kulturpolitisch handeln – tanzkulturell bilden, forschen und reflektieren

Tanzkünstlerisches Schaffen hat sich im deutschsprachigen Raum in den letzten Jahren als Teil der kulturellen Bildung etabliert. Als körperliche Performance eröffnet Tanz neue Bildungsfelder und kann im Austausch mit anderen Künsten sowie der Wissenschaft Visionen und neue Wege aufzeigen. Die Publikation sucht nach zukunftsweisenden, weitblickenden oder eben visionären Bildungskonzepten und Perspektiven in Verbindung mit Tanz. Die Autorinnen und Autoren befassen sich mit Fragen zu fünf Themenschwerpunkten und regen zum Weiterdenken und Nachschlagen an: kulturpolitisch handeln – tanzkulturell bilden – tanzen und forschen – Tanzwissen und Tanzkunst reflektieren – in die Zukunft blicken. Die Bilder in der Buchmitte bereichern und illustrieren die lebendigen und künstlerischen Projekte.

Wirkmechanismen sozial-interpersoneller Faktoren in einer Stichprobe ehemals politisch Inhaftierter der DDR

Social/interpersonal factors play a central role in PTSD. Previous studies have indicated the specific pathways along which these factors take effect. The study reported here investigates these pathways with reference to a sample of former political prisoners jailed in the GDR. It examines dysfunctional disclosure of traumatic experiences, social acknowledgement, general social support and forgiveness tendencies. For the study N = 86 non-treatment-seeking former political prisoners were recruited (average age 64 years). The instruments employed were the Disclosure of Trauma questionnaire, the Social Acknowledgement questionnaire, the Social Support questionnaire, the Tendency to Forgive scale and the Impact of Event scale (revised). Dysfunctional disclosure was proximally, social acknowledgement distally and general social support and forgiveness indirectly associated with PTSD symptomatologies. The study casts light on potential pathways to posttraumatic adjustment, with special reference to social/interpersonal factors.

Im Nebel der Präzision: die Bestimmung von GrenzfallkandidatInnen oder wie viel Reliabilität ist genug?

Hintergrund: Bei der Durchführung von summativen Prüfungen wird üblicherweise eine Mindestreliabilität von 0,8 gefordert. Bei praktischen Prüfungen wie OSCEs werden manchmal 0,7 akzeptiert (Downing 2004). Doch was kann man sich eigentlich unter der Präzision einer Messung mit einer Reliabilität von 0,7 oder 0,8 vorstellen? Methode: Mittels verschiedener statistischer Methoden wie dem Standardmessfehler oder der Generalisierbarkeitstheorie lässt sich die Reliabilität in ein Konfidenzintervall um eine festgestellte Kandidatenleistung übersetzen (Brennan 2003, Harvill 1991, McManus 2012). Hat ein Kandidat beispielsweise bei einer Prüfung 57 Punkte erreicht, schwankt seine wahre Leistung aufgrund der Messungenauigkeit der Prüfung um diesen Wert (z.B. zwischen 50 und 64 Punkte). Im Bereich der Bestehensgrenze ist die Messgenauigkeit aber besonders wichtig. Läge die Bestehensgrenze in unserem Beispiel bei 60 Punkten, wäre der Kandidat mit 57 Punkten zwar pro forma durchgefallen, allerdings könnte er aufgrund der Schwankungsbreite um seine gemessene Leistung in Wahrheit auch knapp bestanden haben. Überträgt man diese Erkenntnisse auf alle KandidatInnen einer Prüfung, kann man die Anzahl der Grenzfallkandidaten bestimmen, also all jene Kandidatinnen, die mit Ihrem Prüfungsergebnis so nahe an der Bestehensgrenze liegen, dass ihr jeweiliges Prüfungsresultate falsch positiv oder falsch negativ sein kann. Ergebnisse: Die Anzahl der GrenzfallkandidatInnen in einer Prüfung ist, nicht nur von der Reliabilität abhängig, sondern auch von der Leistung der KandidatInnen, der Varianz, dem Abstand der Bestehensgrenze zum Mittelwert und der Schiefe der Verteilung. Es wird anhand von Modelldaten und konkreten Prüfungsdaten der Zusammenhang zwischen der Reliabilität und der Anzahl der Grenzfallkandidaten auch für den Nichtstatistiker verständlich dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, warum selbst eine Reliabilität von 0.8 in besonderen Situationen keine befriedigende Präzision der Messung bieten wird, während in manchen OSCEs die Reliabilität fast ignoriert werden kann. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Berechnung oder Schätzung der Grenzfallkandidaten anstatt der Reliabilität verbessert auf anschauliche Weise das Verständnis für die Präzision einer Prüfung. Wenn es darum geht, wie viele Stationen ein summativer OSCE benötigt oder wie lange eine MC-Prüfung dauern soll, sind Grenzfallkandidaten ein valideres Entscheidungskriterium als die Reliabilität. Brennan, R.L. (2003) Generalizability Theory. New York, Springer Downing, S.M. (2004) ‘Reliability: on the reproducibility of assessment data’, Medical Education 2004, 38, 1006–12 Harvill, L.M. (1991) ‘Standard Error of Measurement’, Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 33-41 McManus, I.C. (2012) ‘The misinterpretation of the standard error of measurement in medical education: A primer on the problems, pitfalls and peculiarities of the three different standard errors of measurement’ Medical teacher, 34, 569 - 76

Impacts of a word-picture training on literacy skills in elementary school children and youths with intellectual disabilities

Objective: There is convincing evidence that phonological, orthographic and semantic processes influence children’s ability to learn to read and spell words. So far only a few studies investigated the influence of implicit learning in literacy skills. Children are sensitive to the statistics of their learning environment. By frequent reading they acquire implicit knowledge about the frequency of letter patterns in written words, and they use this knowledge during reading and spelling. Additionally, semantic connections facilitate to storing of words in memory. Thus, the aim of the intervention study was to implement a word-picture training which is based on statistical and semantic learning. Furthermore, we aimed at examining the training effects in reading and spelling in comparison to an auditory-visual matching training and a working memory training program. Participants and Methods: One hundred and thirty-two children aged between 8 and 11 years participated in training in three weekly session of 12 minutes over 8 weeks, and completed other assessments of reading, spelling, working memory and intelligence before and after training. Results: Results revealed in general that the word-picture training and the auditory-visual matching training led to substantial gains in reading and spelling performance in comparison to the working-memory training. Although both children with and without learning difficulties profited in their reading and spelling after the word-picture training, the training program led to differential effects for the two groups. After the word-picture training on the one hand, children with learning difficulties profited more in spelling as children without learning difficulties, on the other hand, children without learning difficulties benefit more in word comprehension. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for frequent reading trainings with semantic connections in order to support the acquisition of literacy skills.

Interprofessional Education in Anatomy: Learning Together in Medical and Nursing Training

Teamwork and the interprofessional collaboration of all health professions are a guarantee of patient safety and highly qualified treatment in patient care. In the daily clinical routine, physicians and nurses must work together, but the education of the different health professions occurs separately in various places, mostly without interrelated contact. Such training abets mutual misunderstanding and cements professional protectionism, which is why interprofessional education can play an important role in dismantling such barriers to future cooperation. In this article, a pilot project in interprofessional education involving both medical and nursing students is presented, and the concept and the course of training are described in detail. The report illustrates how nursing topics and anatomy lectures can be combined for interprofessional learning in an early phase of training. Evaluation of the course showed that the students were highly satisfied with the collaborative training and believed interprofessional education (IPE) to be an important experience for their future profession and understanding of other health professionals. The results show that the IPE teaching concept, which combines anatomy and nursing topics, provides an optimal setting for learning together and helps nurses and doctors in training to gain knowledge about other health professionals’ roles, thus evolving mutual understanding.

Job-shadowing: Swiss health librarians observing experienced search specialists and information skills trainers in London

Abstract As librarians of the Social & Preventive Medicine Library in Bern, we help researchers perform systematic literature searches and teach students to use medical databases. We developed our skills mainly “on the job”, and we wondered how other health librarians in Europe were trained to become experts in searching. We had a great opportunity to “job shadow” specialists in this area of library service during a 5-day-internship at the Royal Free Hospital Medical Library in London, Great Britain.