Zur interindividuellen Variabilität affektiver Reaktionen im Verlauf von Freizeit- und Gesundheitssportprogrammen

Positive Effekte sportlicher Aktivität auf das aktuelle Befinden sind meta-analytisch gut dokumentiert. Eine Generalisierung der Befunde wird dadurch eingeschränkt, dass zunehmend eine hohe interindividuelle Variabilität beobachtet wird und Prozesse während der Aktivität defizitär berücksichtigt wurden. Dieser Beitrag geht den Fragen nach, wie groß das Ausmaß interindividueller Variabilität affektiver Reaktionen im Verlauf von gruppenbasierten Freizeit- und Gesundheitssportaktivitäten ist und welchen Einfluss personale Voraussetzungen (Fitnesszustand) und Faktoren der Auseinandersetzung mit der Aktivität (Beanspruchungserleben, Kompetenzwahrnehmung, positives Gruppenerleben) nehmen. Speziell interessiert, inwieweit affektive Reaktionen in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitpunkt sowie in Abhängigkeit der Intensität von unterschiedlichen Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Dazu wurden 110 Universitätsangestellte (M = 49.5 Jahre) wiederholt im Rahmen von mehrwöchigen Programmen befragt. An insgesamt sechs Terminen wurden Handheld-PC-Befragungen vor, zweimal während und nach der Kursstunde durchgeführt, mit denen das aktuelle Befinden und mögliche Einflussfaktoren erfasst wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Variabilität affektiver Reaktionen im ersten Abschnitt der Sportprogramme am größten ist, während die Reaktionen am Ende der Kursstunde insgesamt positiver und homogener ausfallen. Im ersten Abschnitt sind personale Voraussetzungen noch wichtige Einflussfaktoren, während die Bedeutung der wahrgenommenen Kompetenz und des positiven Gruppenerlebens im Verlauf der Sportaktivität größer wird. Im Einklang mit der Dual Mode Theory weist die Kompetenzwahrnehmung bei anstrengender Intensität im Vergleich zu moderater Intensität einen größeren Zusammenhang mit dem Befinden auf.

Accurate computations of the structures and binding energies of the imidazole ... benzene and pyrrole ... benzene complexes

Using explicitly-correlated coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations, the intermolecular distances and interaction energies of the T-shaped imidazole⋯⋯benzene and pyrrole⋯⋯benzene complexes have been computed in a large augmented correlation-consistent quadruple-zeta basis set, adding also corrections for connected triple excitations and remaining basis-set-superposition errors. The results of these computations are used to assess other methods such as Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), spin-component-scaled MP2 theory, dispersion-weighted MP2 theory, interference-corrected explicitly-correlated MP2 theory, dispersion-corrected double-hybrid density-functional theory (DFT), DFT-based symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, the random-phase approximation, explicitly-correlated ring-coupled-cluster-doubles theory, and double-hybrid DFT with a correlation energy computed in the random-phase approximation.

Reconciling two alternative mechanisms behind bi-decadal variability in the North Atlantic

Understanding the preferential timescales of variability in the North Atlantic, usually associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), is essential for the prospects for decadal prediction. However, the wide variety of mechanisms proposed from the analysis of climate simulations, potentially dependent on the models themselves, has stimulated the debate of which processes take place in reality. One mechanism receiving increasing attention, identified both in idealized models and observations, is a westward propagation of subsurface buoyancy anomalies that impact the AMOC through a basin-scale intensification of the zonal density gradient, enhancing the northward transport via thermal wind balance. In this study, we revisit a control simulation from the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model 5A (IPSL-CM5A), characterized by a strong AMOC periodicity at 20 years, previously explained by an upper ocean–atmosphere–sea ice coupled mode driving convection activity south of Iceland. Our study shows that this mechanism interacts constructively with the basin-wide propagation in the subsurface. This constructive feedback may explain why bi-decadal variability is so intense in this coupled model as compared to others.

Circulation dynamics and its influence on European and Mediterranean January-April climate over the past half millennium: results and insights from instrumental data, documentary evidence and coupled climate models

We use long instrumental temperature series together with available field reconstructions of sea-level pressure (SLP) and three-dimensional climate model simulations to analyze relations between temperature anomalies and atmospheric circulation patterns over much of Europe and the Mediterranean for the late winter/early spring (January–April, JFMA) season. A Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) investigates interannual to interdecadal covariability between a new gridded SLP field reconstruction and seven long instrumental temperature series covering the past 250 years. We then present and discuss prominent atmospheric circulation patterns related to anomalous warm and cold JFMA conditions within different European areas spanning the period 1760–2007. Next, using a data assimilation technique, we link gridded SLP data with a climate model (EC-Bilt-Clio) for a better dynamical understanding of the relationship between large scale circulation and European climate. We thus present an alternative approach to reconstruct climate for the pre-instrumental period based on the assimilated model simulations. Furthermore, we present an independent method to extend the dynamic circulation analysis for anomalously cold European JFMA conditions back to the sixteenth century. To this end, we use documentary records that are spatially representative for the long instrumental records and derive, through modern analogs, large-scale SLP, surface temperature and precipitation fields. The skill of the analog method is tested in the virtual world of two three-dimensional climate simulations (ECHO-G and HadCM3). This endeavor offers new possibilities to both constrain climate model into a reconstruction mode (through the assimilation approach) and to better asses documentary data in a quantitative way.

Do N-arachidonyl-glycine (NA-glycine) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) share mode of action and the binding site on the β 2 subunit of GABA A receptors?

NA-glycine is an endogenous lipid molecule with analgesic properties, which is structurally similar to the endocannabinoids 2-AG and anandamide but does not interact with cannabinoid receptors. NA-glycine has been suggested to act at the G-protein coupled receptors GPR18 and GPR92. Recently, we have described that NA-glycine can also modulate recombinant α1β2γ2 GABAA receptors. Here we characterize in more detail this modulation and investigate the relationship of its binding site with that of the endocannabinoid 2-AG.

Educational Expansion and Persistent Inequalities of Education: Utilizing the Subjective Expected Utility Theory to Explain the Increasing Participation Rates in Upper Secondary School in the Federal Republic Of Germany

This investigation attempts to answer the question why more and more parents have chosen the Gymnasium for their children's secondary school education in post‐war West Germany. Based on the theory of subjective expected utility, the crucial mechanisms of parental educational decisions have been emphasized. From this perspective it is assumed that increasing educational motivation coupled with changes in the subjective evaluation of the cost–benefit of education were important conditions for an increasing participation in upper secondary schools. These were, however, in turn, the result of educational expansion. The empirical analyses for three time‐periods in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s confirm these assumptions to a large degree. Additionally, empirical evidence was found to suggest that in addition to the intentions of parents and the educational career of their children, structural moments of educational expansion and their own inertia played an important role in the pupils' transition from one educational level to the next. Finally, evidence was found that persistent class‐specific educational inequality stems from a constant balance in the relative cost–benefit advantages between social classes as well as from an increasing difference of primary origin effect between social classes in the realization of their educational choice.

QCD and Strongly Coupled Gauge Theories: Challenges and Perspectives

We highlight the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment. We discuss how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as to searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We also discuss how success in describing the strong interaction impacts other fields, and, in turn, how such subjects can impact studies of the strong interaction. In the course of the work we offer a perspective on the many research streams which flow into and out of QCD, as well as a vision for future developments.

Interfaces, strings, and a soft mode in the square lattice quantum dimer model

The quantum dimer model on the square lattice is a U(1) gauge theory that addresses aspects of the physics of high-Tc superconductors. Using a quantum Monte Carlo method, we show that the theory exists in a confining columnar valence bond solid phase. The interfaces separating distinct columnar phases display plaquette order, which, however, is not realized as a bulk phase. Static “electric” charges are confined by flux tubes that consist of multiple strands, each carrying a fractionalized flux ¼. A soft pseudo-Goldstone mode (which becomes exactly massless at the Rokhsar-Kivelson point) extends deep into the columnar phase, with potential implications for high-Tc physics.