STROBE Statement: linee guida per descrivere gli studi osservazionali

Much of biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study’s generalizability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, casecontrol, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE Statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed “Explanation and Elaboration” document is published separately and is freely available on the web sites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE Statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies.

Internet video telephony allows speech reading by deaf individuals and improves speech perception by cochlear implant users

OBJECTIVE To analyze speech reading through Internet video calls by profoundly hearing-impaired individuals and cochlear implant (CI) users. METHODS Speech reading skills of 14 deaf adults and 21 CI users were assessed using the Hochmair Schulz Moser (HSM) sentence test. We presented video simulations using different video resolutions (1280 × 720, 640 × 480, 320 × 240, 160 × 120 px), frame rates (30, 20, 10, 7, 5 frames per second (fps)), speech velocities (three different speakers), webcameras (Logitech Pro9000, C600 and C500) and image/sound delays (0-500 ms). All video simulations were presented with and without sound and in two screen sizes. Additionally, scores for live Skype™ video connection and live face-to-face communication were assessed. RESULTS Higher frame rate (>7 fps), higher camera resolution (>640 × 480 px) and shorter picture/sound delay (<100 ms) were associated with increased speech perception scores. Scores were strongly dependent on the speaker but were not influenced by physical properties of the camera optics or the full screen mode. There is a significant median gain of +8.5%pts (p = 0.009) in speech perception for all 21 CI-users if visual cues are additionally shown. CI users with poor open set speech perception scores (n = 11) showed the greatest benefit under combined audio-visual presentation (median speech perception +11.8%pts, p = 0.032). CONCLUSION Webcameras have the potential to improve telecommunication of hearing-impaired individuals.

Internet-Based Interventions for Social Anxiety Disorder - an Overview

Internet-based interventions hold specific advantages and disadvantages in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The present review examines different approaches in the internet-based treatment of SAD and reviews their efficacy and effectiveness. 21 studies investigated the potential of guided and unguided internetbased cognitive-behavioral treatments (ICBT) for SAD, comprising a total of N = 1,801 socially anxious individuals. The large majority of these trials reported substantial reductions of social anxiety symptoms through ICBT programs. Within effect sizes were mostly large and comparisons to waitlist and more active control groups were positive. Treatment gains were stable from 3 months to 5 years after treatment termination. In conclusion, ICBT is effective in the reduction of social anxiety symptoms. At the same time, not all participants benefit from these treatments to a sufficient degree. Future research should focus on what makes these interventions work in which patient populations, and at the same time, examine ways to implement internet-based treatment in the routine care for socially anxious patients

Internet-basierte Selbsthilfe bei Verfolgungsideen - Eine Pilotstudie

Kognitive Interventionen haben sich bei der Behandlung von Schizophrenie als wirksam erwiesen und werden in nationalen Behandlungsleitlinien empfohlen. Viele Patienten mit Schizophrenie-Diagnose haben jedoch keinen Zugang zu ambulanten Psychotherapie-Plätzen nach stationären Klinikaufenthalten. Ein alternativer Zugangsweg zu kognitiven Interventionen sind Online- Selbsthilfe-Programme, welche sich bei anderen psychischen Störungen wie Depression und Angststörungen bereits als effektiv erwiesen haben. Im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie wird ein Symptom-orientiertes, KVT-basiertes Online-Selbsthilfe-Programm für Menschen mit Verfolgungsideen getestet. Das Programm besteht aus acht Einheiten und beinhaltet neben Psychose-bezogenen Inhalten (Störungsmodell, Rückfallprophylaxe, etc.) auch Einheiten zu Selbstwert, Umgang mit Sorgen und Schlafhygiene. Die TeilnehmerInnen werden wöchentlich von klinischen PsychologInnen per eMail kontaktiert (geleitete Selbsthilfe). Primäres Outcome-Maß ist das Ausmaß von Verfolgungswahn (Paranoia Checklist), sekundäre Outcome-Maße beinhalten Abbruchquoten, allgemeine Psychopathologie, Nebenwirkungen und Zufriedenheit. In die aktuell laufende Studie sollen insgesamt N=20 Teilnehmer eingeschlossen werden. Chancen und Einschränkungen von internet-basierter Selbsthilfe bei Psychose werden vor dem Hintergrund der vorläufigen Ergebnisse diskutiert.