Growth response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children: a cohort study from Lilongwe, Malawi

Objective  Malnutrition is common in HIV-infected children in Africa and an indication for antiretroviral treatment (ART). We examined anthropometric status and response to ART in children treated at a large public-sector clinic in Malawi. Methods  All children aged <15 years who started ART between January 2001 and December 2006 were included and followed until March 2008. Weight and height were measured at regular intervals from 1 year before to 2 years after the start of ART. Sex- and age-standardized z-scores were calculated for weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age (HAZ). Predictors of growth were identified in multivariable mixed-effect models. Results  A total of 497 children started ART and were followed for 972 person-years. Median age (interquartile range; IQR) was 8 years (4–11 years). Most children were underweight (52% of children), stunted (69%), in advanced clinical stages (94% in WHO stages 3 or 4) and had severe immunodeficiency (77%). After starting ART, median (IQR) WAZ and HAZ increased from −2.1 (−2.7 to −1.3) and −2.6 (−3.6 to −1.8) to −1.4 (−2.1 to −0.8) and −1.8 (−2.4 to −1.1) at 24 months, respectively (P < 0.001). In multivariable models, baseline WAZ and HAZ scores were the most important determinants of growth trajectories on ART. Conclusions  Despite a sustained growth response to ART among children remaining on therapy, normal values were not reached. Interventions leading to earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of treatment could improve growth response.

Das Burnout-Syndrom: eine medizinische Perspektive

The burnout syndrome is a heterogeneous concept mostly understood as a complex of symptoms, primarily exhaustion, in response to prolonged emotional and interpersonal stress at work. The prevalence of burnout is considerably high in Swiss primary care physicians. In spite of its vague definition, burnout is a serious stress disease with many associated medical problems and high economic costs. Previous recommendations for the psychosomatic management of patients with functional somatic syndromes also apply to burnout treatment. These are complemented by more specific interventions targeting job stress related factors. Relapse prevention focuses on early recognition of warning signs and is an ongoing process.

Complication sévère d’une contention collée linguale mandibulaire

Le collage d’un fil torsadé souple sur les faces linguales des six dents antérieures mandibulaires est une modalité de contention couramment utilisée. Les complications sont rares mais peuvent être assez sérieuses pour provoquer des dégâts biologiques. Cet article présente une complication sérieuse d’un fil de contention torsadé souple, collé en lingual. Quatre ans après son traitement orthodontique, un homme de 20 ans a consulté pour la rupture d’un fil de contention torsadé souple. L’examen clinique a montré un torque radiculo-vestibulaire d’environ 35° d’une dent. Une image en tomographie volumique à faisceau conique (Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ou CBCT) a montré que la racine et l’apex de la dent étaient presque totalement hors de l’os du côté vestibulaire. Étonnamment, la vitalité de la dent était préservée. La dent a été ramenée presque jusqu’à sa position initiale; cliniquement, seule une récession gingivale a persisté. Les orthodontistes et les dentistes devraient être conscients des complications possibles des contentions collées. Les patients devraient être clairement informés de la manière dont les problèmes peuvent être détectés à un stade précoce.

Genre et protection sociale

L'histoire du genre, en pleine explosion, permet elle aussi de repenser la protection sociale, bien au-delà de la maternité, de la famille et du travail féminin