Une personne de confiance pour vivre mieux

Les relations sociales font partie des déterminants clés du bien-être et de la santé de chacune et de chacun, indépendamment de l’âge, du genre ou de la culture. Il est démontré que les personnes qui disposent d’un réseau social solide et vivent dans le cadre d’une relation stable sont en meilleure santé physique et mentale. Elles sont mieux intégrées que les personnes qui vivent seules et qui n’ont pas de proches de confiance autour d’elles. Or, au fil des dernières décennies, vivre seul est devenu l’un des modes d’existence les plus répandus dans notre société. Les dernières tendances mises en lumière par l’Office fédéral de la statistique démontrent que plus de la moitié de la population suisse est célibataire, divorcée, en situation de veuvage ou sans relation fixe. Les ménages composés d’une seule personne sont ainsi les plus nombreux en Suisse.

Growth response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children: a cohort study from Lilongwe, Malawi

Objective  Malnutrition is common in HIV-infected children in Africa and an indication for antiretroviral treatment (ART). We examined anthropometric status and response to ART in children treated at a large public-sector clinic in Malawi. Methods  All children aged <15 years who started ART between January 2001 and December 2006 were included and followed until March 2008. Weight and height were measured at regular intervals from 1 year before to 2 years after the start of ART. Sex- and age-standardized z-scores were calculated for weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age (HAZ). Predictors of growth were identified in multivariable mixed-effect models. Results  A total of 497 children started ART and were followed for 972 person-years. Median age (interquartile range; IQR) was 8 years (4–11 years). Most children were underweight (52% of children), stunted (69%), in advanced clinical stages (94% in WHO stages 3 or 4) and had severe immunodeficiency (77%). After starting ART, median (IQR) WAZ and HAZ increased from −2.1 (−2.7 to −1.3) and −2.6 (−3.6 to −1.8) to −1.4 (−2.1 to −0.8) and −1.8 (−2.4 to −1.1) at 24 months, respectively (P < 0.001). In multivariable models, baseline WAZ and HAZ scores were the most important determinants of growth trajectories on ART. Conclusions  Despite a sustained growth response to ART among children remaining on therapy, normal values were not reached. Interventions leading to earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of treatment could improve growth response.

Accelerometry and Energy Expenditure in Obese Adults and Normal Weight Controls

Objective: To evaluate a new triaxial accelerometer device for prediction of energy expenditure, measured as VO2/kg, in obese adults and normal-weight controls during activities of daily life. Subjects and methods: Thirty-seven obese adults (Body Mass Index (BMI) 37±5.4) and seventeen controls (BMI 23±1.8) performed eight activities for 5 to 8 minutes while wearing a triaxial accelerometer on the right thigh. Simultaneously, VO2 and VCO2 were measured using a portable metabolic system. The relationship between accelerometer counts (AC) and VO2/kg was analysed using spline regression and linear mixed-effects models. Results: For all activities, VO2/kg was significantly lower in obese participants than in normalweight controls. A linear relationship between AC and VO2/kg existed only within accelerometer values from 0 to 300 counts/min, with an increase of 3.7 (95%-confidence interval (CI) 3.4 - 4.1) and 3.9 ml/min (95%-CI 3.4 - 4.3) per increase of 100 counts/min in obese and normal-weight adults, respectively. Linear modelling of the whole range yields wide prediction intervals for VO2/kg of ± 6.3 and ±7.3 ml/min in both groups. Conclusion: In obese and normal-weight adults, the use of AC for predicting energy expenditure, defined as VO2/kg, from a broad range of physical activities, characterized by varying intensities and types of muscle work, is limited.

Warum einige Studierende ihr Soziologie-Studium abbrechen wollen. Studienwahlmotive, Informationsdefizite und wahrgenommene Berufsaussichten als Determinanten der Abbruchneigung

Im Kern des Beitrags steht die Frage, aus welchen Gründen Studierende der Soziologie einen Studienabbruch in Erwägung zu ziehen. Dabei werden drei mögliche Ursachenkomplexe fokussiert: eine mangelnde Information über das Studium, bestimmte Studienwahlmotive und die Perzeption schlechter Berufsaussichten. Im Rahmen zweier Querschnittsbefragungen an den Universitäten Dresden und Bonn werden diese Bestimmungsgründe der Studienabbruchsabsicht zusammen mit anderen Ursachen (z.B. finanzielle Probleme, mangelnde Studienmotivation etc.) simultan analysiert. Es stellt sich heraus, dass den Faktoren 'Informiertheit' und 'perzipierte Berufsaussichten für Akademiker' durchaus eine bedeutsame Rolle bei der Erklärung der Studienabbruchsabsicht zukommt, während keine direkten signifikanten Einflüsse bestimmter Studienwahlmotive nachgewiesen werden können. Gewichtigster Prädiktor der Studienabbruchabsicht ist die mangelnde Studienmotivation, die ihrerseits von einer Vielzahl der analysierten studienspezifischen Faktoren abhängt (z.B. Leistungsprobleme bei selektiven Gruppen von Soziologie-Studierenden, subjektiv eingeschätzte Dauer des Studiums).