Eine Analyse der Sportpartizipation von Mädchen in der Schweiz – Kritische Bestandsaufnahme und weiterführende qualitative Studie

Das von der Laureus Stiftung Schweiz geförderte Programm Girls in Sport beinhaltet die gleichnamige Studie zum Sportverhalten und zu den Sportbedürfnissen von Mädchen ab 10 Jahren in der Schweiz. Prinzipiell sind Mädchen an Bewegung und am Sport interessiert. Im historischen Vergleich haben sie inzwischen einen sportiven Lebensstil entwickelt, zeigen vielfältige Sport- und Bewegungsinteressen sowie ein Bedürfnis, sich sportlich zu bewegen (Gramespacher & Feltz 2009; Hartmann-Tews 2009). Allerdings verdeutlichen die Daten des ersten umfassenden Sportberichts Sport Schweiz 2008 (Lamprecht et al. 2008), dass sich für Mädchen in der Schweiz Barrieren auf dem Weg in den (organisierten) Sport ergeben. Die Hindernisse sind teilweise in den Strukturen des Sports selbst verortet, zum Teil aber entstehen sie auch aufgrund sozialer und kultureller Ungleichheiten. So zeigt sich etwa, dass Mädchen bildungsferner Milieus und Mädchen mit Migrationshintergrund in Schweizer Sportvereinen unterrepräsentiert sind. Die zentralen Forschungsfragen der Studie Girls in Sport lauten: Welche sportbezogenen Interessen haben Mädchen in der Schweiz? Welche Hindernisse erfahren sie auf ihrem Weg in den Sport? Wie können Mädchen besser in den (organisierten) Sport integriert werden? Zuerst ist eine Re-Analyse der auf die Mädchen bezogenen Daten von Sport Schweiz 2008 erfolgt (Fischer et al. 2012). Eine zentrale Erkenntnis dieser Teilstudie ist, dass Mädchen in den drei Sprachregionen der Schweiz (deutsch, französisch und italienisch) signifikant unterschiedliches Interesse am Verhalten im Sport zeigen. Im zweiten Teil der Studie werden im Sommer 2012 mittels qualitativer Methoden zu erhebende Daten von Mädchen in den drei Sprachregionen der Schweiz gewonnen. Die Daten werden in einer Aufsatzstudie (vgl. Faulstich-Wieland & Horstkemper 1995, S. 17f.) sowie anhand einiger Gruppeninterviews gewonnen. Sie sollen Aufschluss darüber geben, wie Mädchen ihre Situation in den Sportvereinen deuten, und welche Interessen Mädchen an Sportvereinen oder anderen organisierten Sportinstanzen haben. Diese Teilstudie bildet insofern eine Herausforderung, da die meist vielgestaltigen Interessenlagen von Mädchen (Gramespacher & Feltz 2009) zu erfassen und zugleich mit Blick auf deren kulturelle Einbindungen – sowohl in der Schweiz als auch in Bezug auf ihren möglichen Migrationshintergrund – zu reflektieren sind. Sie bietet allerdings zugleich die Chance, die Mädchen selbst zu Wort kommen zu lassen. Damit folgt diese Teilstudie einem Grundsatz der Kindheitsforschung (Alanen 1997), dessen Beachtung es ermöglicht, dass die Mädchen die Chance erhalten, ihre eigenen Vorstellungen, Wünsche und Visionen über einen „idealen“ Sportverein differenziert darzulegen. Der Abgleich zwischen der Vorstellung der Mädchen und der in Studien dargelegten Situation der Sportvereine in der Schweiz (Lamprecht et al. 2011) wird schließlich dazu beitragen, die oben genannten Forschungsfragen aufzuklären. Literatur Alanen, L. (1997). Soziologie der Kindheit als Projekt: Perspektiven für die Forschung. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, der Erziehung und Sozialisation 17(1), 162-177. Faulstich-Wieland, H. & Horstkemper, M. (1995). „Trennt uns bitte, bitte nicht!“ Koedukation aus Mädchen und Jungensicht. Opladen: Leske + Budrich. Fischer, A., Lamprecht, M. & Stamm, H. P. (2012). Sportaktivitäten von Mädchen und jungen Frauen in der Schweiz. Die wichtigsten Fakten. Zürich. Gramespacher, E. & Feltz, N. (Hrsg.). (2009). Bewegungskulturen von Mädchen – Bewegungsarbeit mit Mädchen. Immenhausen: Prolog-Verlag. Hartmann-Tews, I. (2009). Sportentwicklung und Inklusion aus Geschlechterperspektive. In: E. Balz & D. Kuhlmann (Hrsg.), Sportentwicklung. Grundlagen und Facetten (S. 65-75). Aachen: Meyer & Meyer. Lamprecht, M., Fischer, A. & Stamm, H. P. (2011). Sportvereine in der Schweiz. Magglingen: BASPO. Lamprecht, M., Fischer, A. & Stamm, H. P. (2008). Sport Schweiz 2008. Das Sportverhalten der Schweizer Bevölkerung. Magglingen: BASPO.

Multiscale methods for shape constraints in deconvolution: Confidence statements for qualitative features

We derive multiscale statistics for deconvolution in order to detect qualitative features of the unknown density. An important example covered within this framework is to test for local monotonicity on all scales simultaneously. We investigate the moderately ill-posed setting, where the Fourier transform of the error density in the deconvolution model is of polynomial decay. For multiscale testing, we consider a calibration, motivated by the modulus of continuity of Brownian motion. We investigate the performance of our results from both the theoretical and simulation based point of view. A major consequence of our work is that the detection of qualitative features of a density in a deconvolution problem is a doable task, although the minimax rates for pointwise estimation are very slow.

Skin and mucosa care in systemic sclerosis - patients' and family caregivers' experiences and expectations of a specific education programme: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND Skin and mucosal manifestations such as skin thickening, pruritus, reduced microvascular circulation, digital lesions, appearance-related changes, and dryness of the eyes and mucosa are common in systemic sclerosis (SSc). A specific skin and mucosa care education programme for patients and their family caregivers should increase their self-efficacy and improve coping strategies. AIMS The aims of this qualitative study were to explore the participants' experiences of both everyday life with skin and mucosal manifestations and the programme itself, while identifying unmet needs for programme development. METHODS Narrative interviews were conducted with eight SSc patients and two family caregivers of individuals with SSc. Using qualitative content analysis techniques, the transcribed interviews were systematically summarized and categories inductively developed. RESULTS The findings illustrated participants' experiences of skin and mucosal symptoms and revealed them to be experts in finding the right therapy mix alone (before diagnosis) and also in collaboration with health professionals (after diagnosis). Participants emphasized that the programme gave them useful education on skin and mucosa care. They described how they had to cope alone with the lack of information on pathophysiology, people's reactions, and the impact on their family and working lives. Nevertheless, participants said that they maintained a positive attitude by not dwelling on future disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Patients and family caregivers benefited from the individualized and SSc-specific education on skin and mucosa care. Future improvements to the programme should focus on imparting understandable information on SSc pathophysiology, dealing with disfigurement and seeking reliable disease information, as well as facilitating peer support.

Assessing collective defensive performances in football: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of central back pairs

Ahead of the World Cup in Brazil the crucial question for the Swiss national coach is the nomination of the starting eleven central back pair. A fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis assesses the defensive performances of different Swiss central back pairs during the World Cup campaign (2011 – 2014). This analysis advises Ottmar Hitzfeld to nominate Steve von Bergen and Johan Djourou as the starting eleven central back pair. The alternative with a substantially weaker empirical validity would be Johan Djourou together with Phillippe Senderos. Furthermore, this paper aims to be a step forward in mainstream football analytics. It analyses the undervalued and understudied defense (Anderson and Sally 2012, Statsbomb 2013) by explaining collective defensive performances instead of assessments of individual player or team performances. However, a qualitatively (better defensive metrics) and quantitatively (more games) improved and extended data set would allow for a more sophisticated analysis of collective defensive performances.

Reasons for the persistence of adverse events in the era of safer surgery - a qualitative approach

OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate potential reasons given by board-certified doctors for the persistence of adverse events despite efforts to improve patient safety in Switzerland. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA In recent years, substantial efforts have been made to improve patient safety by introducing surgical safety checklists to standardise surgeries and team procedures. Still, a high number of adverse events remain. METHODS Clinic directors in operative medicine in Switzerland were asked to answer two questions concerning the reasons for persistence of adverse events, and the advantages and disadvantages of introducing and implementing surgical safety checklists. Of 799 clinic directors, the arguments of 237 (29.7%) were content-analysed using Mayring's content analysis method, resulting in 12 different categories. RESULTS Potential reasons for the persistence of adverse events were mainly seen as being related to the "individual" (126/237, 53.2%), but directors of high-volume clinics identified factors related to the "group and interactions" significantly more often as a reason (60.2% vs 40.2%; p = 0.003). Surgical safety checklists were thought to have positive effects on the "organisational level" (47/237, 19.8%), the "team level" (37/237, 15.6%) and the "patient level" (40/237, 16.9%), with a "lack of willingness to implement checklists" as the main disadvantage (34/237, 14.3%). CONCLUSION This qualitative study revealed the individual as the main player in the persistence of adverse events. Working conditions should be optimised to minimise interface problems in the case of cross-covering of patients, to assure support for students, residents and interns, and to reduce strain. Checklists are helpful on an "organisational level" (e.g., financial benefits, quality assurance) and to clarify responsibilities.

Quantitative and qualitative research approaches to assess student well-being

Although there is dissimiliarity in theoretical research approaches to subjective well-being and to assessments of well-being, there is agreement regarding the value of well-being, especially among student populations. In the highly structured, achievement-oriented, non-optimal context of a classroom, individual well-being is a necessary pre-condition for learning. Among student populations well-being should not be construed as an achievement enhancer; but, rather, recognized and measured as an educational value of its own. However, it is necessary for the positive bias towards learning at least in highly structured, achievement-orientated, non-optional learning contexts like school [cf. Hascher, T. (2004). Wohlbefinden in der Schule. Münster: Waxmann]. How can it be measured? Since different research approaches lead to a variety of instruments, the following paper will focus on two ways of assessing well-being in school: a questionnaire on student well-being (N = 2014) 1 and a semi-structured daily diary about relevant emotional situations in school (N = 58, period 3 × 2 weeks). Both methods are introduced and their methodological quality is discussed in terms of reliability, validity and in terms of their usefulness for improving school practice. Furthermore, the research potential of combining quantitative and qualitative data on students’ well-being is addressed.

Quantitative und qualitative Forschung - Berührungspunkte

Dieser [Beitrag] geht mit verhaltener Skepsis der Frage nach, wie quantitative und qualitative Forschung bzw. ihre Ergebnisse erkenntnis-bereichernd miteinander kombiniert werden können. Dazu werden exemplarisch zwei Kombinationsmöglichkeiten dargestellt und im Hinblick auf ihren Mehrwert diskutiert: a) Ergebnisse aus der quantitativen Forschung werden anhand qualitativer Befunde differenzierter erklärt und b) Ergebnisse aus der qualitativen Forschung werden anhand quantitativer Methoden umfassender bzw. tiefer verstanden.

'Saying it without words': a qualitative study of oncology staff's experiences with speaking up about safety concerns.

OBJECTIVES To explore the experiences of oncology staff with communicating safety concerns and to examine situational factors and motivations surrounding the decision whether and how to speak up using semistructured interviews. SETTING 7 oncology departments of six hospitals in Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS Diverse sample of 32 experienced oncology healthcare professionals. RESULTS Nurses and doctors commonly experience situations which raise their concerns and require questioning, clarifying and correcting. Participants often used non-verbal communication to signal safety concerns. Speaking-up behaviour was strongly related to a clinical safety issue. Most episodes of 'silence' were connected to hygiene, isolation and invasive procedures. In contrast, there seemed to exist a strong culture to communicate questions, doubts and concerns relating to medication. Nearly all interviewees were concerned with 'how' to say it and in particular those of lower hierarchical status reflected on deliberate 'voicing tactics'. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a widely accepted culture to discuss any concerns relating to medication safety while other issues are more difficult to voice. Clinicians devote considerable efforts to evaluate the situation and sensitively decide whether and how to speak up. Our results can serve as a starting point to develop a shared understanding of risks and appropriate communication of safety concerns among staff in oncology.

Awareness of headache and of National Headache Society activities among primary care physicians - a qualitative study

BACKGROUND Headache is one of the most common symptoms in primary care. To improve the quality of headache diagnosis and management with the largest possible benefit for the general population, headache and pain societies around the world have recently been devoting more attention to headache in primary care.The aim of the study was to investigate the potential contribution that national societies can make toward raising the awareness of primary headaches in general practice. FINDINGS In a qualitative telephone survey, targeting primary care practices (PCP), we asked about the frequency of headache patients in their practices and inquired about their treatment and referral strategies.A total of 1000 telephone interviews with PCP have been conducted. Three-hundred and fifty physicians have been directly interviewed, 95% of them see headache patients every week, 23% daily. Direct MRI referral is done by 84%. Sixty-two per cent of the physicians knew the Swiss headache society, 73% were interested in further education about headaches. CONCLUSION The survey yielded information about the physicians' awareness of the Swiss Headache Society and its activities, and about their desire for continuing education in the area of headache. National headache societies should work to improve the cooperation between headache specialists and PCP, aiming for a better care for our patients with headache.

Between anxiety and hope: the experiences of women with vulval intraepithelial neoplasia during their illness trajectory - a qualitative approach

The vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a rare chronic skin condition that may progress to an invasive carcinoma of the vulva. Major issues affecting women's health were occurring symptoms, negative influences on sexuality, uncertainty concerning the illness progression and changes in the body image. Despite this, there is little known about the lived experiences of the illness trajectory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the experiences of women with VIN during the illness trajectory. In a secondary data analysis of the foregoing qualitative study we analysed eight narrative interviews with women with VIN by using thematic analysis in combination with critical hermeneutics. Central for these women during their course of illness was a sense of "Hope and Fear". This constitutive pattern reflects the fear of recurrence but also the trust in healing. The eight narratives showed women's experiences during their course of illness occurred in five phases: "there is something unknown"; "one knows, what IT is"; "IT is treated and should heal"; "IT has effects on daily life"; "meanwhile it works". Women's experiences were particularly influenced by the feeling of "embarrassment" and by "dealing with professionals". Current care seems to lack adequate support for women with VIN to manage these phases. We suggest, based on our study and the international literature, that new models of counselling and providing information need to be developed and evaluated.

Trade-offs between voice and silence: a qualitative exploration of oncology staff's decisions to speak up about safety concerns

BACKGROUND Research suggests that "silence", i.e., not voicing safety concerns, is common among health care professionals (HCPs). Speaking up about patient safety is vital to avoid errors reaching the patient and thus to prevent harm and also to improve a culture of teamwork and safety. The aim of our study was to explore factors that affect oncology staff's decision to voice safety concerns or to remain silent and to describe the trade-offs they make. METHODS In a qualitative interview study with 32 doctors and nurses from 7 oncology units we investigated motivations and barriers to speaking up towards co-workers and supervisors. An inductive thematic content analysis framework was applied to the transcripts. Based on the individual experiences of participants, we conceptualize the choice to voice concerns and the trade-offs involved. RESULTS Preventing patients from serious harm constitutes a strong motivation to speaking up but competes with anticipated negative outcomes. Decisions whether and how to voice concerns involved complex considerations and trade-offs. Many respondents reflected on whether the level of risk for a patient "justifies" the costs of speaking up. Various barriers for voicing concerns were reported, e.g., damaging relationships. Contextual factors, such as the presence of patients and co-workers in the alarming situation, affect the likelihood of anticipated negative outcomes. Speaking up to well-known co-workers was described as considerably easier whereas "not knowing the actor well" increases risks and potential costs of speaking up. CONCLUSIONS While doctors and nurses felt strong obligation to prevent errors reaching individual patients, they were not engaged in voicing concerns beyond this immediacy. Our results offer in-depth insight into fears and conditions conducive of silence and voicing and can be used for educational interventions and leader reinforcement.