Occurrence of Chlamydiaceae, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and pestiviruses in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) of Grisons, Switzerland

Because interactions between livestock and chamois occur on Alpine pastures, transmission of infectious diseases is considered possible. Thus, the occurrence of Chlamydiaceae, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and pestiviruses in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) of the Surselva region (eastern Swiss Alps) was investigated. In total, 71 sera, 158 eye swabs, 135 tissue samples, and 23 fecal samples from 85 chamois were analyzed. The sera were tested by 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits specific for Chlamydophila abortus. Eye swabs, tissue, and fecal samples were examined by a Chlamydiaceae-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive cases were further investigated by microarray method. One serum sample (1.4%) was positive in 1 of the ELISAs. Eye swabs of 3 chamois (3.8%) were positive for Chlamydiaceae. The microarray method revealed the presence of Chlamydophila abortus, C pecorum, and C pneumoniae. All tissue and fecal samples were negative. With real-time PCR, 3.9% of the chamois tested positive for Mycoplasma conjunctivae. One chamois had a simultaneous infection with Al. conjunctivae and 2 chlamydial species (C abortus, C. pecorum). Skin and tongue tissue samples of 35 chamois were negative for pestivirus antigen by immunohistochemistry. It was concluded that in contrast to the findings in Pyrenean chamois (Capra p. pyrenaica) of Spain, the occurrence of Chlamydiaceae in Alpine chamois of the Surselva region is low, and the transmission between domestic and wild Caprinae seems not to be frequent. Comparably, persistent pestiviral infections do not seem to be common in chamois of the Surselva region.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Mild encephalopathy with splenial lesion and parainfluenza virus infection

Mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesions has mainly been associated with influenza A and B virus infection. Patients present with neurologic symptoms 1 to 3 days after a prodromal illness and recover completely within a few days. Magnetic resonance imaging typically shows reversible lesions with reduced diffusion in the corpus callosum, predominantly in the splenium. We report on a 5-year old Caucasian boy who was referred with recurrent seizures and decreased level of consciousness after a 2-day prodromal fever and cough. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cytotoxic edema of the entire corpus callosum and the adjacent periventricular white matter with diffusion restriction and faint T(2)-hyperintensity. Parainfluenza virus type 1-3 infection was documented by direct immunofluorescence in the initial nasopharyngeal swab, but polymerase chain reaction for parainfluenza virus type 1-4 in the cerebrospinal fluid remained negative. This is-to our knowledge-the first description of mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesions in association with parainfluenza virus infection. The pathogenesis of mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesions, however, still remains unclear, and further studies investigating detailed mechanisms that lead to the typical brain lesions are warranted.

Widespread grey matter changes and hemodynamic correlates to interictal epileptiform discharges in pharmacoresistant mesial temporal epilepsy

Focal onset epilepsies most often occur in the temporal lobes. To improve diagnosis and therapy of patients suffering from pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy it is highly important to better understand the underlying functional and structural networks. In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) widespread functional networks are involved in seizure generation and propagation. In this study we have analyzed the spatial distribution of hemodynamic correlates (HC) to interictal epileptiform discharges on simultaneous EEG/fMRI recordings and relative grey matter volume (rGMV) reductions in 10 patients with MTLE. HC occurred beyond the seizure onset zone in the hippocampus, in the ipsilateral insular/operculum, temporo-polar and lateral neocortex, cerebellum, along the central sulcus and bilaterally in the cingulate gyrus. rGMV reductions were detected in the middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus and uncus to the hippocampus, the insula, the posterior cingulate and the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Overlaps between HC and decreased rGMV were detected along the mesolimbic network ipsilateral to the seizure onset zone. We conclude that interictal epileptic activity in MTLE induces widespread metabolic changes in functional networks involved in MTLE seizure activity. These functional networks are spatially overlapping with areas that show a reduction in relative grey matter volumes.

First clinical trial of tomographic neurofeedback in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evaluation of voluntary cortical control

Tomographic neurofeedback (tNF) training was evaluated as a treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To investigate the specificity of the treatment, outcomes were related to learning during tNF.

Nonstructural proteins NS2-3 and NS4A of classical swine fever virus: essential features for infectious particle formation

The nonstructural protein NS2-3 of pestiviruses undergoes tightly regulated processing. For bovine viral diarrhea virus it was shown that uncleaved NS2-3 is required for infectious particle formation while cleaved NS3 is essential for genome replication. To further investigate the functions of NS2-3 and NS4A in the pestivirus life cycle, we established T7 RNA polymerase-dependent trans-complementation for p7-NS2-3-4A of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Expression of NS2-3 and NS4A in trans restored the production of infectious particles from genomes lacking NS2-3 expression. Co-expression of cleaved NS4A was essential. None of the enzymatic activities harbored by NS2-3 were required for infectious particle formation. Importantly, expression of uncleavable NS2-3 together with NS4A rescued infectious particles from a genome lacking NS2, demonstrating that cleaved NS2 per se has no additional essential function. These data indicate that NS2-3 and NS3, each in association with NS4A, have independent functions in the CSFV life cycle.

The metastatic T-cell hybridoma antigen/P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 is required for hematogenous metastasis of lymphomas

Using variants of the murine BW5147 lymphoma cell-line, we have previously identified 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that discriminate between metastatic and nonmetastatic BW5147-derived T-cell hybridomas and lymphomas, as well as BW5147-unrelated T-lymphomas. These MAbs were reported to recognize an identical membrane-associated sialoglycoprotein, termed "metastatic T-cell hybridoma antigen" (MTH-Ag). Here, we document that the expression pattern of the MTH-Ag on metastatic and nonmetastatic BW5147 variants correlates with that of the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), a sialomucin involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. Moreover, the MAbs against the MTH-Ag recognize PSGL-1 when it is transfected in MTH-Ag-negative BW5147 variants, suggesting that the MTH-Ag is PSGL-1. Overexpression of MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 in MTH-Ag-negative BW5147 variants did not affect their in vivo malignancy. Yet, down-regulation of MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 expression on metastatic, MTH-Ag-positive BW5147 variants, using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach, resulted, in a dose-dependent manner, in a significant reduction of liver and spleen colonization and a delay in mortality of the recipient mice upon intravenous inoculation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that, although MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 overexpression alone may not be sufficient for successful dissemination and organ colonization, MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 plays a critical role in hematogenous metastasis of lymphoid cancer cells.

Non-classical karyotypic features in relapsed childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Karyotype analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis has provided valuable prognostic markers for treatment stratification. However, reports of cytogenetic studies of relapsed ALL samples are limited. We compared the karyotypes from 436 nonselected B-cell precursor ALL patients at initial diagnosis and of 76 patients at first relapse. We noticed a relative increase of karyotypes that did not fall into the classic ALL cytogenetic subgroups (high hyperdiploidy, t(12;21), t(9;22), 11q23, t(1;19), <45 chromosomes) in a group of 29 patients at relapse (38%) compared to 130 patients at presentation (30%). Non-classical cytogenetic aberrations in these 29 patients were mostly found on chromosomes 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 14, and 17. We also describe six rare reciprocal translocations, three of which involved 14q32. The most frequent abnormalities were found in 9p (12/29 cases) and were associated with a marked decrease in the duration of the second remission, but not of the probability of 10-year event-free survival after relapse treatment. From 29 patients with non-classical cytogenetic aberrations, only 8 (28%) had been stratified to a high risk-arm on the first treatment protocol, suggesting that this subgroup might benefit from the identification of new prognostic markers in future studies.

Temporary hypoxic stress protects the liver from Fas-mediated apoptosis and ischemia reperfusion injury

Molecular responses to hypoxia restore oxygen homeostasis and promote cell survival, and are mainly regulated through the activation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 and its target genes. In this study we questioned whether surgically depleting the liver s arterial blood supply, by clamping the hepatic artery (HA), would be sufficient to mount a hypoxia-driven molecular response, the up-regulation of hepatoprotective genes and thereby protect the liver from subsequent damaging insults.;;The HA of normal male Balb/c mice was clamped with a micro vascular clip for 2 hours. The liver s saturated oxygen concentration (SO2) was measured using an O2C surface probe (LEA-Medizintechnik) and interstitial fluid was collected with microdialysis membranes to monitor tissue damage. Mice without clamping served as sham operated controls. Interstitial fluid was assessed for lactate pyruvate (L/P) and glycerol content and the mRNA of hepatoprotective genes was analyzed by real time PCR. Subsequently, mice received either a tail vein injection of anti-Fas antibody (Jo2, 0.2 mg/kg) or the liver was made ischemic (60min) followed by 6 hours reperfusion. Caspase 3-activity and cleaved lamin A were used to assess apoptosis. In separate groups, animal were monitored for survival.;;After 30min of clamping the HA the SO2 of the liver decreased and remained at a reduced level for up to 2 hours, without an increase in L/P ratio or glycerol release. We demonstrate the activation of a hypoxia-inducible signaling pathway by the stabilization of HIF-1 protein (Western blot) and by an increase of its target gene, Epo, mRNA. There was an up-regulation of the hepatoprotective genes IL-6, IGFBP-1, HO-1 and A20 mRNA. When subsequently injected with Jo2, animals preconditioned with HA clamping, had a significantly decreased caspase-3 activity (avg21044 vs. avg3637; p=0.001, T-test) and there were fewer positive cells for cleaved Lamin A. The survival probability (10.5 hours, n=12) of mice with HA clamping was significantly higher (3.2 hours, n=13; p=0.014, Logrank test). Likewise, survival after 60 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia and 6 hours of reperfusion was reduced from 86% in mice with pretreatment by HA clamping to 56% in sham treated controls.;;This study demonstrates that a localized hypoxic stress can be achieved by surgically removing the livers arterial blood supply. Furthermore it can stimulate a hepatoprotective response that protects the liver against Fas-mediated apoptosis and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our findings offer an innovative approach to induce hepatoprotective genes to defend the liver against subsequent insults.

Basistests Suisse Sport Test Konzept: Validierung einer sportmotorischen Basistestbatterie für den Schul- und Nachwuchssport

Physical fitness can be evaluated in competitive and school sports with different field tests under different conditions and goals. To produce valid results, a field test must be practical and reach high standards of test criteria (objectivity, reliability, validity). The purpose of this study was to investigate the test criteria and the practicability of a group of field tests called «SUISSE Sport Test Konzept Basis Feldtestbatterie». For 20-m sprint, ventral trunk muscle test, standing long jump, 2-kg medicine ball shot, obstacle course and cooper-test, test quality and practicability were evaluated. 221 children and adolescents from competitive sports and different school levels took part in the study. According to school level, they were divided into 3 groups (P: 7–11.5 y, S1: 11.6–15.5 y, S2: 15.6–21.8 y). Objectivity was tested for time or distance measurement in all tests as well as for error rating in obstacle test. For reliability measurement, 162 subjects performed the field tests twice within a few weeks. For validity results of standing long jump were compared with counter movement jump performance on a force plate. Correlation analysis was performed and level of significance was set for p < 0.05. For accuracy standard error was calculated. All tests achieved sufficient to excellent objectiv - ity with correlation-coefficient (r) lying between 0.85 and 0.99. Reliability was very good (r = 0.84–0.97). In cooper- and trunk test, reliability was higher for athletes than for pupils (trunk test: r = 0.95 vs. r = 0.62, cooper-test: r = 0.90 vs. r = 0.78). In those tests the reliability decreases with increasing age (cooper-test: P: r = 0.84, S1: r = 0.69, S2: r = 0.52; trunk-test: P: r = 0.69, S1: r = 0.71; S2: r = 0.39). Validity for standing long jump was good (r = 0.75–0.86). The standard error of the mean was between 4–8%, with the exception for cooper-test (athletes: 6%, pupils: 11%) and trunk test (athletes: 14%, pupils: 46%). The results show that the evaluated group of field tests is a practicable, objective and reliable tool to determine physical skills in young athletes as well as in a scholar setting over a broad age range. Most of the tests achieved the test criteria with the grades good to excellent. The lower coefficient of reliability for cooper- and trunk test by the pupils could be explained by motivational problems in this setting. For up to 20 subjects, a tester can accomplish the tests within 3 h. Finally, age-dependent grades were elaborated

Using Dynamic Analysis for API Migration

When changing the API of a framework, we need to migrate its clients. This is best done automatically. In this paper, we focus on API migration where the mechanism for inversion of control changes. We propose to use dynamic analysis for such API migration since structural refactorings alone are often not sufficient. We consider JExample as a case-study. JExample extends JUnit with first-class dependencies and fixture injection. We investigate how dynamically collected information about test coverage and about instances under test can be used to detect dependency injection candidates.