Knowledge transfer in software-maintenance offshore outsourcing

Software-maintenance offshore outsourcing (SMOO) projects have been plagued by tedious knowledge transfer during the service transition to the vendor. Vendor engineers risk being over-strained by the high amounts of novel information, resulting in extra costs that may erode the business case behind offshoring. Although stakeholders may desire to avoid these extra costs by implementing appropriate knowledge transfer practices, little is known on how effective knowledge transfer can be designed and managed in light of the high cognitive loads in SMOO transitions. The dissertation at hand addresses this research gap by presenting and integrating four studies. The studies draw on cognitive load theory, attributional theory, and control theory and they apply qualitative, quantitative, and simulation methods to qualitative data from eight in-depth longitudinal cases. The results suggest that the choice of appropriate learning tasks may be more central to knowledge transfer than the amount of information shared with vendor engineers. Moreover, because vendor staff may not be able to and not dare to effectively self-manage learn-ing tasks during early transition, client-driven controls may be initially required and subsequently faded out. Collectively, the results call for people-based rather than codification-based knowledge management strategies in at least moderately specific and complex software environments.

Explaining Variations in Client Extra Costs between Software Projects Offshored to India

Gaining economic benefits from substantially lower labor costs has been reported as a major reason for offshoring labor-intensive information systems services to low-wage countries. However, if wage differences are so high, why is there such a high level of variation in the economic success between offshored IS projects? This study argues that offshore outsourcing involves a number of extra costs for the ^his paper was recommended for acceptance by Associate Guest Editor Erran Carmel. client organization that account for the economic failure of offshore projects. The objective is to disaggregate these extra costs into their constituent parts and to explain why they differ between offshored software projects. The focus is on software development and maintenance projects that are offshored to Indian vendors. A theoretical framework is developed a priori based on transaction cost economics (TCE) and the knowledge-based view of the firm, comple mented by factors that acknowledge the specific offshore context The framework is empirically explored using a multiple case study design including six offshored software projects in a large German financial service institution. The results of our analysis indicate that the client incurs post contractual extra costs for four types of activities: (1) re quirements specification and design, (2) knowledge transfer, (3) control, and (4) coordination. In projects that require a high level of client-specific knowledge about idiosyncratic business processes and software systems, these extra costs were found to be substantially higher than in projects where more general knowledge was needed. Notably, these costs most often arose independently from the threat of oppor tunistic behavior, challenging the predominant TCE logic of market failure. Rather, the client extra costs were parti cularly high in client-specific projects because the effort for managing the consequences of the knowledge asymmetries between client and vendor was particularly high in these projects. Prior experiences of the vendor with related client projects were found to reduce the level of extra costs but could not fully offset the increase in extra costs in highly client-specific projects. Moreover, cultural and geographic distance between client and vendor as well as personnel turnover were found to increase client extra costs. Slight evidence was found, however, that the cost-increasing impact of these factors was also leveraged in projects with a high level of required client-specific knowledge (moderator effect).

Der Einfluss kultureller Unterschiede beim IT-Offshoring

Dieser Beitrag zeigt auf der Basis von sechs Anwendungsentwicklung-sprojekten in Indien, welche kulturellen Einflussgrößen bei der Auslagerung von IT-Projekten einzubeziehen sind, wie diese Determinanten den Projekterfolg beeinflussen und durch welche Maßnahmen von Seiten des Managements kulturelle Herausforderungen zur Sicherung des Projekterfolgs gemeistert werden können: - Als kritische Kulturfaktoren haben sich Unterschiede in der Macht-distanz, dem Designverständnis und der aktiven versus passiven Arbeitseinstellung herauskristallisiert. - Diese Faktoren wirken direkt auf wichtige Stellgrößen der Beziehungs-qualität, wie dem Vertrauen, der Leistung des Anbieters, dem Grad der Kooperation und auftretenden Konflikten. Auf diese Weise wirken sie indirekt auf den Erfolg von Offshoring-Projekten. - Eine klare Definition von Rollen und Mechanismen, starke Mitarbeiterführung und ein aktives Kulturmanagement, das eine An- passung an die Kultur des Kunden oder an die des Anbieters beinhaltet, haben sich als effektive Managementmaßnahmen zur Bewältigung kultureller Herausforderungen herausgestellt

Herausforderungen und Chancen der Internationalisierung für mittelständische Softwareunternehmen in Deutschland

Die Internationalisierung ist für Softwareunternehmen im deutschen Mittelstand einerseits ein Muss, um den Anforderungen international ausgerichte-ter Kunden gerecht zu werden, anderseits eröffnet sie der Softwarebranche die Chance, aktiv neue Märkte zu erschließen. Anhand ausgewählter Beispiele deutscher Softwareunternehmen, die bereits international tätig sind, werden in die-ser Studie auf Basis von Experteninterviews Treiber, Strategien und Umsetzungs-ansätze der Internationalisierung vor dem Hintergrund der jeweiligen Eigenschaf-ten der Softwareprodukte dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erste Zusammenhänge auf und bieten wichtige Ansatzpunkte für weitere Forschung im Bereich der Internationalisierung von Softwareunternehmen.

The Emergence of Partnership Networks in the Enterprise Application Development Industry - A Global Corporation Perspective

Currently, dramatic changes are happening in the IS development industry. The incumbent system developers (hubs) are embracing partnerships with less well established companies (spokes), acting in specific niches. This paper seeks to establish a better understanding of the motives for this strategy. Relying on existing work on strategic alliance formation, it is argued that partnering is particularly attractive, if these small companies possess certain capabilities that are difficult to obtain through other arrangements than partnering. Again drawing on the literature, three categories of capabilities are identified: the capability to innovate within their niche, the capability to provide a specific functionality that can be integrated with the incumbents’ systems, and the capability to address novel markets. These factors are analyzed through a case study. The case represents a market leader in the global IS development industry, which fosters a network of smaller partner firms. The study reveals that temporal dynamics between the identified factors are playing a dominant role in these networks. A cyclical partnership model is developed that attempts to explain the life cycle of a partnership within such a network.

Science & Fiction: Imagination und Realität des Weltraums

Der Kosmos ist seit Menschengedenken ein Gegenstand der forschenden Neugierde und der phantastischen Projektion. Wissenschaft und Kunst, science and fiction, Realität und Fiktion, sind sich nie so nah wie angesichts des Weltraums, jenes unerreichbaren Ganzen. Astronom / innen und Weltraumingenieur/innen beschäftigen space artists, und umgekehrt schöpfen Schriftsteller/innen und Filmemacher/innen aus den Entdeckungen der Physik und Weltraumtechnik. Der Leitgedanke der diesem Band zugrunde liegenden Ringvorlesung Science & ­Fiction: Imagination und Realität des Weltraums war, die Weltraumexploration im weitesten Sinne kulturgeschichtlich zu verstehen, um alle Wissenschaften in das Thema einzubeziehen. Es wurden daher sowohl Naturwissenschaftler/innen als auch ebenso viele Geisteswissenschaftler/innen eingeladen. Sie beleuchten in ihren Beiträgen die Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen, technischen und künstlerischen Visualisierungen des Weltraums und stellen Ergebnisse und Projekte der Weltraumforschung vor. Ein besonderes Interesse liegt dabei auf den vielfältigen Beziehungen zwischen den Bereichen der fiction – der Visualisierungen und Imaginationen des Weltraums – und der science – der Realitäten der naturwissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Weltraums.

A hybrid method for large-scale short-term scheduling of make-and-pack production processes

Due to the ongoing trend towards increased product variety, fast-moving consumer goods such as food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals are typically manufactured through so-called make-and-pack processes. These processes consist of a make stage, a pack stage, and intermediate storage facilities that decouple these two stages. In operations scheduling, complex technological constraints must be considered, e.g., non-identical parallel processing units, sequence-dependent changeovers, batch splitting, no-wait restrictions, material transfer times, minimum storage times, and finite storage capacity. The short-term scheduling problem is to compute a production schedule such that a given demand for products is fulfilled, all technological constraints are met, and the production makespan is minimised. A production schedule typically comprises 500–1500 operations. Due to the problem size and complexity of the technological constraints, the performance of known mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulations and heuristic approaches is often insufficient. We present a hybrid method consisting of three phases. First, the set of operations is divided into several subsets. Second, these subsets are iteratively scheduled using a generic and flexible MILP formulation. Third, a novel critical path-based improvement procedure is applied to the resulting schedule. We develop several strategies for the integration of the MILP model into this heuristic framework. Using these strategies, high-quality feasible solutions to large-scale instances can be obtained within reasonable CPU times using standard optimisation software. We have applied the proposed hybrid method to a set of industrial problem instances and found that the method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Towards an SMS-based Social Network for Health Workers in Rural Areas in Myanmar

Seventy percent of the population in Myanmar lives in rural areas. Although health workers are adequately trained, they are overburdened due to understaffing and insufficient supplies. Literature confirms that information and communication technologies can extend the reach of healthcare. In this paper, we present an SMS-based social network that aims to help health workers to interact with other medical professionals through topic-based message delivery. Topics describe interests of users and the content of message. A message is delivered by matching message content with user interests. Users describe topics as ICD- 10 codes, a comprehensive medical taxonomy. In this ICD-10 coded SMS, a set of prearranged codes provides a common language for users to send structured information that fits inside an SMS.

Keeping citizens, companies, and organizations informed by Web KnowARR

For the main part, electronic government (or e-government for short) aims to put digital public services at disposal for citizens, companies, and organizations. To that end, in particular, e-government comprises the application of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to support government operations and provide better governmental services (Fraga, 2002) as possible with traditional means. Accordingly, e-government services go further as traditional governmental services and aim to fundamentally alter the processes in which public services are generated and delivered, after this manner transforming the entire spectrum of relationships of public bodies with its citizens, businesses and other government agencies (Leitner, 2003). To implement this transformation, one of the most important points is to inform the citizen, business, and/or other government agencies faithfully and in an accessible way. This allows all the partaking participants of governmental affairs for a transition from passive information access to active participation (Palvia and Sharma, 2007). In addition, by a corresponding handling of the participants' data, a personalization towards these participants may even be accomplished. For instance, by creating significant user profiles as a kind of participants' tailored knowledge structures, a better-quality governmental service may be provided (i.e., expressed by individualized governmental services). To create such knowledge structures, thus known information (e.g., a social security number) can be enriched by vague information that may be accurate to a certain degree only. Hence, fuzzy knowledge structures can be generated, which help improve governmental-participants relationship. The Web KnowARR framework (Portmann and Thiessen, 2013; Portmann and Pedrycz, 2014; Portmann and Kaltenrieder, 2014), which I introduce in my presentation, allows just all these participants to be automatically informed about changes of Web content regarding a- respective governmental action. The name Web KnowARR thereby stands for a self-acting entity (i.e. instantiated form the conceptual framework) that knows or apprehends the Web. In this talk, the frameworks respective three main components from artificial intelligence research (i.e. knowledge aggregation, representation, and reasoning), as well as its specific use in electronic government will be briefly introduced and discussed.

Success in Offshoring of Application Development – Does Culture Matter?

Recently, offshoring of information systems (IS) services to external vendors has seen considerable growth. Outsourcing to vendors in foreign countries brings about unique challenges which need to be understood and managed effectively. This paper explores cultural differences in IS offshoring arrangements involving German client organizations that outsource application development activities to Indian vendors. For this purpose, a research framework is developed based on both theoretical considerations and specific empirical observations from multiple case studies. The goal is to (1) explore the nature of cultural differences in offshoring arrangements in depth and to (2) analyze the relationship between those cultural differences and offshoring success. Based on the case findings, implications and practices for the management of offshore development projects are outlined.