Three-dimensional electron microscopy of myriapod hemocyanin, planorbid snail acetylcholine-binding protein and cyanobacterial Vipp1

Three-dimensional electron microscopy (3-D EM) provides a framework for the analysis of large protein quaternary structures. The advantage over the generally higher resolving meth- od of X-ray crystallography is the embedding of the proteins in their physiological environ- ment. However, results of the two methods can be combined to obtain superior structural information. In this work, three different protein types – (i) Myriapod hemocyanin, (ii) vesi- cle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1) and (iii) acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP) – were structurally analyzed by 2-D and 3-D EM and, where possible, functionally interpreted.rnMyriapod hemocyanins have been previously shown to be 6x6-meric assemblies that, in case of Scutigera coleoptrata hemocyanin (ScoHc), show two 3x6-mer planes whith a stag- gering angle of approximately 60°. Here, previously observed structural differences between oxy- and deoxy-ScoHc could be substantiated. A 4° rotation between hexamers of two dif- ferent 3x6-mer planes was measured, which originates at the most central inter-hexamer in- terface. Further information about allosteric behaviour in myriapod hemocyanin was gained by analyzing Polydesmus angustus hemocyanin (PanHc), which shows a stable 3x6-mer and divergent histidine patterns in the inter-hexamer interfaces when compared to ScoHc. Both findings would conclusively explain the very different oxygen binding properties of chilopod and diplopod hemocyanin.rnVipp1 is a protein found in cyanobacteria and higher plants which is essential for thyla- koid membrane function and forms highly variable ring-shaped structures. In the course of this study, the first 3-D analysis of Vipp1 was conducted and yielded reconstructions of six differently sized Vipp1 rings from negatively stained images at resolutions between 20 to 30 Å. Furthermore, mutational analyses identified specific N-terminal amino acids that are essential for ring formation. On the basis of these analyses and previously published results, a hypothetical model of the Vipp1 tertiary and quaternary structure was generated.rnAChBP is a water-soluble protein in the hemolymph of mollusks. It is a structural and functional homologue of the ligand-binding domain of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. For the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, we previously described two types of AChBP (BgAChBP1 and BgAChBP2). In this work, a 6 Å 3-D reconstruction of native BgAChBP is presented, which shows a dodecahedral assembly that is unprecedented for an AChBP. Single particle analysis of recombinantely expressed BgAChBP types led to preliminary results show- ing a dodecahedral assembly of BgAChBP1 and a dipentameric assembly of BgAChBP2. This indicates divergent biological functions of the two types.

3D-Cryo-Elektronenmikroskopie des 4x6-Hämocyanins der Vogelspinne Eurypelma californicum unter Oxy- und Deoxybedingungen

Arthropodenhämocyanine und Molluskenhämocyanine, die extrazellulären Atmungsproteine der Arthropoden und Mollusken, unterscheiden sich grundsätzlich im Aufbau, besitzen aber ähnliche aktive Zentren, welche in ihrer oxydierten Form für die Blaufärbung der Hämocyanine verantwortlich sind. Sauerstoff wird im Bindungszentrum zwischen zwei, von sechs Histidinen ligandierten, Kupfer(I)Ionen gebunden. Arthropodenhämocyanine bauen sich artspezifisch aus 1, 2, 4, 6, oder 8 Hexameren mit D3-Symmetrie auf. Die Untereinheiten von je ca. 75 kDa falten sich in drei Domänen unterschiedlicher Funktionen. Der komplexe, hierarchische Zusammenbau der Arthropodenhämocyanine hängt von der Heterogenität der Untereinheiten ab. Die 7 verschieden Sequenzen des 4x6-Hämocyanins von Eurypelma californicum (EcHc) sind biochemisch in der Quartärstruktur lokalisiert. Bislang fehlte noch ein unabhängig erstelltes 3D-Modell der geometrischen Gesamtstruktur welche die hexamere und monomere Topographie eindeutig zeigt. Dessen Erstellung war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit, in Verbindung mit der Zielsetzung, die 3D-Rekonstruktion in den beiden extremen physiologischen Zuständen, mit und ohne gebundenen Sauerstoff, zu erzeugen. Dazu wurden in einer eigens entwickelten Atmosphären-Präparationskammer die Proteine in Lösung schockgefrorenen und mittels Cryo-3D-Elektronenmikroskopie gemessen. Aus den daraus gewonnen Projektionsbildern ließen sich mit der ”Single Particle Analyse“ die 3D-Informationen zurückberechnen. Die 3D-Rekonstruktionen wurden mit der publizierten Röntgenkristallstruktur des hexameren Referenz-Hämocyanins der Languste Panulirus interruptus verifiziert. Die Rekonstruktionen erlaubten die eindeutige Messung diverser in der Literatur diskutierter Parameter der Architektur des 4x6-EcHc und darüber hinaus weiterer geometrischer Parameter, welche hier erstmals veröffentlicht werden. SAXS-Daten sagen extreme Translationen und Rotationen von Teilquartärstrukturen zwischen oxy- und deoxy-EcHc voraus, was von den 3D-Rekonstruktionen der beiden Zustände nicht bestätigt werden konnte: Die 16 Å Rekonstruktion der Deoxyform weicht geometrisch nicht von der 21 Å Rekonstruktion der Oxyform ab. Die Einpassung der publizierten Röntgenstruktur der Untereinheit II des Hämocyanin des Pfeilschwanzkrebses Limulus polyphemus in die Rekonstruktionen unterstützt eine auf der hexameren Hierarchieebene lokalisierte Dynamik der Oxygenierung. Mittels Einpassung modellierter molekularer Strukturen der EcHc-Sequenzen konnte eine erste Vermutung zur Lokalisation der beiden zentralen Linker-Untereinheiten b und c des 4x6-Moleküls gemacht werden: Demnach würde Untereinheit b in den exponierten Hexameren des Moleküls liegen. Aussagen über die Quartärstrukturbindungen auf molekularer Ebene aufgrund der Einpassung modellierter molekularer Daten in die Rekonstruktionen sind als spekulativ einzustufen: a) Die Auflösung der Rekonstruktion ist verbesserungswürdig. b) Es gibt keine adäquate Vorlage für eine verlässliche Strukturvorhersage; die verschiedenen EcHc-Sequenzen liegen nur als Modellierung vor. c) Es wäre eine flexible Einpassung notwendig, um Ungenauigkeiten in den modellierten Strukturen durch Sekundärstrukturanpassung zu minimieren.

Sulfur isotope analysis of aerosol particles by NanoSIMS

A new method to measure the sulfur isotopic composition of individual aerosol particles by NanoSIMS has been developed and tested on several standards such as barite (BaSO4), anhydrite (CaSO4), gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), mascagnite ((NH4)2SO4), epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4·xH2O), thenardite (Na2SO4), boetite (K2SO4) and cysteine (an amino acid). This ion microprobe technique employs a Cs+ primary ion beam and measures negative secondary ions permitting the analysis of sulfur isotope ratios in individual aerosol particles down to 500 nm in size (0.001-0.5 ng of sample material). The grain-to-grain reproducibility of measurements is typically 5‰ (1σ) for micron-sized grains, <5‰ for submicron-sized grains, and <2‰ for polished thin sections and ultra microtome sections which were studied for comparison. The role of chemical omposition (matrix effect) and sample preparation techniques on the instrumental mass fractionation (IMF) of the 34S/32S ratio in the NanoSIMS has been investigated. The IMF varies by ~15‰ between the standards studied here. A good correlation between IMF and ionic radius of the cations in sulfates was observed. This permits to infer IMF corrections even for sulfates for which no isotope standards are available. The new technique allows to identify different types of primary and secondary sulfates based on their chemical composition and to measure their isotopic signature separately. It was applied to marine aerosol samples collected in Mace Head and urban aerosol samples collected in Mainz. It was shown that primary sulfate particles such as sulfate in NaCl or gypsum particles precipitated from ocean water retain the original isotopic signature of their source. The isotopic composition of secondary sulfate depends on the isotopic composition of precursor SO2 and the oxidation pathway. The 34S/32S fractionation with respect to the precursor SO2 is -9‰ for homogeneous oxidation and +16.5‰ for heterogeneous oxidation. This large difference between the isotopic fractionation of both pathways allows identifying the oxidation pathway from which the SO42- in a secondary sulfate particle is derived, by means of its sulfur isotope ratio, provided that the isotopic signature of the precursor SO2 is known. The isotopic composition of the precursor SO2 of secondary sulfates was calculated based on the isotopic composition of particles with known oxidation pathway such as fine mode ammonium sulfate.

Microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of biogenic aerosols

Aerosol particles are important actors in the Earth’s atmosphere and climate system. They scatter and absorb sunlight, serve as nuclei for water droplets and ice crystals in clouds and precipitation, and are a subject of concern for public health. Atmospheric aerosols originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and emissions resulting from human activities have the potential to influence the hydrological cycle and climate. An assessment of the extent and impacts of this human force requires a sound understanding of the natural aerosol background. This dissertation addresses the composition, properties, and atmospheric cycling of biogenic aerosol particles, which represent a major fraction of the natural aerosol burden. The main focal points are: (i) Studies of the autofluo-rescence of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) and its application in ambient measure-ments, and (ii) X-ray microscopic and spectroscopic investigations of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from the Amazonian rainforest.rnAutofluorescence of biological material has received increasing attention in atmospheric science because it allows real-time monitoring of PBAP in ambient air, however it is associated with high uncertainty. This work aims at reducing the uncertainty through a comprehensive characterization of the autofluorescence properties of relevant biological materials. Fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy were applied to analyze the fluorescence signatures of pure biological fluorophores, potential non-biological interferences, and various types of reference PBAP. Characteristic features and fingerprint patterns were found and provide support for the operation, interpretation, and further development of PBAP autofluorescence measurements. Online fluorescence detection and offline fluorescence microscopy were jointly applied in a comprehensive bioaerosol field measurement campaign that provided unprecedented insights into PBAP-linked biosphere-atmosphere interactions in a North-American semi-arid forest environment. Rain showers were found to trigger massive bursts of PBAP, including high concentrations of biological ice nucleators that may promote further precipitation and can be regarded as part of a bioprecipitation feedback cycle in the climate system. rnIn the pristine tropical rainforest air of the Amazon, most cloud and fog droplets form on bio-genic SOA particles, but the composition, morphology, mixing state and origin of these particles is hardly known. X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS) revealed distinctly different types of secondary organic matter (carboxyl- vs. hydroxy-rich) with internal structures that indicate a strong influence of phase segregation, cloud and fog processing on SOA formation, and aging. In addition, nanometer-sized potassium-rich particles emitted by microorganisms and vegetation were found to act as seeds for the condensation of SOA. Thus, the influence of forest biota on the atmospheric abundance of cloud condensation nuclei appears to be more direct than previously assumed. Overall, the results of this dissertation suggest that biogenic aerosols, clouds and precipitation are indeed tightly coupled through a bioprecipitation cycle, and that advanced microscopic and spectroscopic techniques can provide detailed insights into these mechanisms.rn

Plasmoscope: Automated spectroscopy of single nanoparticles

Plasmonen sind die kollektive resonante Anregung von Leitungselektronen. Vom Licht angeregternPlasmonen in subwellenlängen-grossen Nanopartikeln heissen Partikelplasmonen und sind vielversprechende Kandidaten für zukünftige Mikrosensoren wegen der starken Abhängigkeit der Resonanz an extern steuerbaren Parametern, wie die optischen Eigenschaften des umgebenden Mediums und die elektrische Ladung der Nanopartikel. Die extrem hohe Streue_zienz von Partikelplasmonen erlaubt eine einfache Beobachtung einzelner Nanopartikel in einem Mikroskop.rnDie Anforderung, schnell eine statistisch relevante Anzahl von Datenpunkten sammeln zu können,rnund die wachsende Bedeutung von plasmonischen (vor allem Gold-) Nanopartikeln für Anwendungenrnin der Medizin, hat nach der Entwicklung von automatisierten Mikroskopen gedrängt, die im bis dahin nur teilweise abgedeckten spektralen Fenster der biologischen Gewebe (biologisches Fenster) von 650 bis 900nm messen können. Ich stelle in dieser Arbeit das Plasmoscope vor, das genau unter Beobachtung der genannten Anforderungen entworfen wurde, in dem (1) ein einstellbarer Spalt in die Eingangsö_nung des Spektrometers, die mit der Bildebene des Mikroskops zusammenfällt, gesetzt wurde, und (2) einem Piezo Scantisch, der es ermöglicht, die Probe durch diesen schmalen Spalt abzurastern. Diese Verwirklichung vermeidet optische Elemente, die im nahen Infra-Rot absorbieren.rnMit dem Plasmoscope untersuche ich die plasmonische Sensitivität von Gold- und Silbernanostrnäbchen, d.h. die Plasmon-Resonanzverschiebung in Abhängigkeit mit der Änderung des umgebendenrnMediums. Die Sensitivität ist das Mass dafür, wie gut die Nanopartikeln Materialänderungenrnin ihrer Umgebung detektieren können, und damit ist es immens wichtig zu wissen, welche Parameterrndie Sensitivität beein_ussen. Ich zeige hier, dass Silbernanostäbchen eine höhere Sensitivität alsrnGoldnanostäbchen innerhalb des biologischen Fensters besitzen, und darüberhinaus, dass die Sensitivität mit der Dicke der Stäbchen wächst. Ich stelle eine theoretische Diskussion der Sensitivitätrnvor, indenti_ziere die Materialparameter, die die Sensitivität bein_ussen und leite die entsprechendenrnFormeln her. In einer weiteren Annäherung präsentiere ich experimentelle Daten, die die theoretische Erkenntnis unterstützen, dass für Sensitivitätsmessschemata, die auch die Linienbreite mitberücksichtigen, Goldnanostäbchen mit einem Aspektverhältnis von 3 bis 4 das optimalste Ergebnis liefern. Verlässliche Sensoren müssen eine robuste Wiederholbarkeit aufweisen, die ich mit Gold- und Silbernanostäbchen untersuche.rnDie Plasmonen-resonanzwellenlänge hängt von folgenden intrinsischen Materialparametern ab:rnElektrondichte, Hintergrundpolarisierbarkeit und Relaxationszeit. Basierend auf meinen experimentellen Ergebnissen zeige ich, dass Nanostäbchen aus Kupfer-Gold-Legierung im Vergleich zu ähnlich geformten Goldnanostäbchen eine rotverschobene Resonanz haben, und in welcher Weiserndie Linienbreite mit der stochimetrischen Zusammensetzung der legierten Nanopartikeln variiert.rnDie Abhängigkeit der Linienbreite von der Materialzusammensetzung wird auch anhand von silberbeschichteten und unbeschichteten Goldnanostäbchen untersucht.rnHalbleiternanopartikeln sind Kandidaten für e_ziente photovoltaische Einrichtungen. Die Energieumwandlung erfordert eine Ladungstrennung, die mit dem Plasmoscope experimentell vermessen wird, in dem ich die lichtinduzierte Wachstumsdynamik von Goldsphären auf Halbleiternanost äbchen in einer Goldionenlösung durch die Messung der gestreuten Intensität verfolge.rn

Pyrochlore der Pegmatit-Provinz Nazareno, Brasilien

Zusammenfassung:Mit Hilfe einer neuen Formel für die Minerale der Pyrochlor-Gruppe werden sämtliche Endglieder der Na-Ca-Mikrolithe und der Ba-haltigen Mikrolithe aus der Pegmatit-Provinz Nazareno beschrieben: Die Na-reichsten Proben haben nahezu die Idealzusammensetzung eines idealen Pyrochlors, d.h. . Die Ca-reichsten Varietäten weisen maximal auf, wobei der Besetzungsanteil des Ca am A2+ ca. 93% beträgt. Die Ba-haltigen Mikrolithe sind durch eine Defektstruktur gekennzeichnet, wobei für das mögliche Endglied kein Beispiel in den Daten vorliegt. Das Endglied mit dem geringsten Defektcharakter hat folgende Stöchiometrie:

Bestimmung des elektrischen Formfaktors des Neutrons G en in der Reaktion 3 He (e,e'n) bei einem Impulsübertrag Q 2 =0.67 (GeV/c) 2

In der Überprüfung von Kernmodellen stellt der elektrische Formfaktor des Neutrons Gen eine wichtige Eingangsgröße dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde am polarisierten Elektronenstrahl des Mainzer Mikrotrons MAMI der elektrische Formfaktor des Neutrons in der Reaktion 3He(e,e'n) bestimmt. Aus dem Verhältnis der Asymmetrien respektive der Helizitätsumkehr der Elektronenpolarisation mit Targetspin senkrecht und parallel zum Impulsübertrag konnte in einer integralen Analyse Gen bestimmt werden. Zusammengefasst ergab sich Gen(Q2=0.67 (GeV/c)2) = 0.0468 +- 0.0064(stat} +- 0.0027(syst}. Um den Einfluß von Kernbindungseffekten, die z. Zt. von der Gruppe um Prof. Glöckle in Bochum theoretisch gerechnet werden, auch experimentell abzusichern, wurden parallel zur Gen-Messung die Targetasymmetrie Ay0 3He(e,e'n) und Protonenasymmetrie 3He(e,e'p) bestimmt. Die Empfindlichkeit dieser Observablen auf FSI und D-Wellenbeiträge schafft Redundanzen, aus denen auf die Eigenschaften des freien Neutrons im gebundenen System geschlossen werden kann.

Entwicklung und Charakterisierung eines Laserablationsmassenspektrometers zur Echtzeit-Analyse von atmosphärischen Aerosolpartikeln

Das Aerosolmassenspektrometer SPLAT (Single Particle Laser Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer) ist in der Lage, die Größe einzelner Aerosolpartikel in einem Größenbereich von 0,3 µm bis 3 µm zu bestimmen und gleichzeitig chemisch zu analysieren. Die Größenbestimmung erfolgt durch Streulichtmessung und Bestimmung der Flugzeit der Partikel zwischen zwei kontinuierlichen Laserstrahlen. Durch Kalibrationsmessungen kann auf den aerodynamischen Durchmesser der Partikel geschlossen werden. Kurzzeitig nach der Streulichtdetektion werden die Partikel durch einen hochenergetischen gepulsten UV-Laser verdampft und ionisiert. Die Flugzeit der Partikel zwischen den kontinuierlichen Laserstrahlen wird dazu benutzt, die Ankunftszeit der Partikel in der Ionenquelle zu berechnen und den UV-Laserpuls zu zünden. Die entstandenen Ionen werden in einem bipolaren Flugzeitmassen¬spektrometer nachgewiesen. Durch die Laserablation/Ionisation ist das SPLAT in der Lage, auch schwer verdampfbare Komponenten des atmosphärischen Aerosols - wie etwa Minerale oder Metalle - nachzuweisen. Das SPLAT wurde während dieser Arbeit vollständig neu entwickelt und aufgebaut. Dazu gehörten das Vakuum- und Einlasssystem, die Partikeldetektion, die Ionenquelle und das Massen-spektrometer. Beim Design des SPLAT wurde vor allem auf den späteren Feldeinsatz Wert gelegt, was besondere Anforderungen an Mechanik und Elektronik stellte. Die Charakterisierung der einzelnen Komponenten sowie des gesamten Instruments wurde unter Laborbedingungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde u.a. Detektionseffizienzen des Instruments ermittelt, die abhängig von der Größe der Partikel sind. Bei sphärischen Partikeln mit einem Durchmesser von 600 nm wurden ca. 2 % der Partikel die in das Instrument gelangten, detektiert und chemisch analysiert. Die Fähigkeit zum Feldeinsatz hat das SPLAT im Februar/März 2006 während einer internationalen Messkampagne auf dem Jungfraujoch in der Schweiz bewiesen. Auf dieser hochalpinen Forschungsstation in einer Höhe von ca. 3580 m fand das SPLAT mineralische und metallische Komponenten in den Aerosolpartikeln. Das SPLAT ist ein vielfältig einsetzbares Instrument und erlaubt vor allem in Kombination mit Aerosolmassenspektrometern, die mit thermischer Verdampfung und Elektronenstoßionisation arbeiten, einen Erkenntnisgewinn in der Analytik atmosphärischer Aerosolpartikel.

New sensing platforms based on nanoscopic devices for probing protein-membrane interactions

A novel nanosized and addressable sensing platform based on membrane coated plasmonic particles for detection of protein adsorption using dark field scattering spectroscopy of single particles has been established. To this end, a detailed analysis of the deposition of gold nanorods on differently functionalized substrates is performed in relation to various factors (such as the pH, ionic strength, concentration of colloidal suspension, incubation time) in order to find the optimal conditions for obtaining a homogenous distribution of particles at the desired surface number density. The possibility of successfully draping lipid bilayers over the gold particles immobilized on glass substrates depends on the careful adjustment of parameters such as membrane curvature and adhesion properties and is demonstrated with complementary techniques such as phase imaging AFM, fluorescence microscopy (including FRAP) and single particle spectroscopy. The functionality and sensitivity of the proposed sensing platform is unequivocally certified by the resonance shifts of the plasmonic particles that were individually interrogated with single particle spectroscopy upon the adsorption of streptavidin to biotinylated lipid membranes. This new detection approach that employs particles as nanoscopic reporters for biomolecular interactions insures a highly localized sensitivity that offers the possibility to screen lateral inhomogeneities of native membranes. As an alternative to the 2D array of gold nanorods, short range ordered arrays of nanoholes in optically transparent gold films or regular arrays of truncated tetrahedron shaped particles are built by means of colloidal nanolithography on transparent substrates. Technical issues mainly related to the optimization of the mask deposition conditions are successfully addressed such that extended areas of homogenously nanostructured gold surfaces are achieved. Adsorption of the proteins annexin A1 and prothrombin on multicomponent lipid membranes as well as the hydrolytic activity of the phospholipase PLA2 were investigated with classical techniques such as AFM, ellipsometry and fluorescence microscopy. At first, the issues of lateral phase separation in membranes of various lipid compositions and the dependency of the domains configuration (sizes and shapes) on the membrane content are addressed. It is shown that the tendency for phase segregation of gel and fluid phase lipid mixtures is accentuated in the presence of divalent calcium ions for membranes containing anionic lipids as compared to neutral bilayers. Annexin A1 adsorbs preferentially and irreversibly on preformed phosphatidylserine (PS) enriched lipid domains but, dependent on the PS content of the bilayer, the protein itself may induce clustering of the anionic lipids into areas with high binding affinity. Corroborated evidence from AFM and fluorescence experiments confirm the hypothesis of a specifically increased hydrolytic activity of PLA2 on the highly curved regions of membranes due to a facilitated access of lipase to the cleavage sites of the lipids. The influence of the nanoscale gold surface topography on the adhesion of lipid vesicles is unambiguously demonstrated and this reveals, at least in part, an answer for the controversial question existent in the literature about the behavior of lipid vesicles interacting with bare gold substrates. The possibility of formation monolayers of lipid vesicles on chemically untreated gold substrates decorated with gold nanorods opens new perspectives for biosensing applications that involve the radiative decay engineering of the plasmonic particles.

Numerische und analytische Untersuchungen stark korrelierter fermionischer Mehrbandsysteme

In dieser Arbeit werden vier unterschiedliche, stark korrelierte, fermionische Mehrbandsysteme untersucht. Es handelt sich dabei um ein Mehrstörstellen-Anderson-Modell, zwei Hubbard-Modelle sowie ein Mehrbandsystem, wie es sich aus einer ab initio-Beschreibung für ein korreliertes Halbmetall ergibt.rnrnDie Betrachtung des Mehrstörstellen-Anderson-Modells konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung des Einflusses der Austauschwechselwirkung und der nicht-lokalen Korrelationen zwischen zwei Störstellen in einem einfach-kubischen Gitter. Das zentrale Resultat ist die Abstandsabhängigkeit der Korrelationen der Störstellenelektronen, welche stark von der Gitterdimension und der relativen Position der Störstellen abhängen. Bemerkenswert ist hier die lange Reichweite der Korrelationen in der Diagonalrichtung des Gitters. Außerdem ergibt sich, dass eine antiferromagnetische Austauschwechselwirkung ein Singulett zwischen den Störstellenelektronen gegenüber den Kondo-Singuletts der einzelnen Störstellen favorisiert und so den Kondo-Effekt der einzelnen Störstellen behindert.rnrnEin Zweiband-Hubbard-Modell, das Jz-Modell, wird im Hinblick auf seine Mott-Phasen in Abhängigkeit von Dotierung und Kristallfeldaufspaltung auf dem Bethe-Gitter untersucht. Die Entartung der Bänder ist durch eine unterschiedliche Bandbreite aufgehoben. Wichtigstes Ergebnis sind die Phasendiagramme in Bezug auf Wechselwirkung, Gesamtfüllung und Kristallfeldparameter. Im Vergleich zu Einbandmodellen kommen im Jz-Modell sogenannte orbital-selektive Mott-Phasen hinzu, die, abhängig von Wechselwirkung, Gesamtfüllung und Kristallfeldparameter, einerseits metallischen und andererseits isolierenden Charakter haben. Ein neuer Aspekt ergibt sich durch den Kristallfeldparameter, der die ionischen Einteilchenniveaus relativ zueinander verschiebt, und für bestimmte Werte eine orbital-selektive Mott-Phase des breiten Bands ermöglicht. Im Vergleich mit analytischen Näherungslösungen und Einbandmodellen lassen sich generische Vielteilchen- und Korrelationseffekte von typischen Mehrband- und Einteilcheneffekten differenzieren.rnrnDas zweite untersuchte Hubbard-Modell beschreibt eine magneto-optische Falle mit einer endlichen Anzahl Gitterplätze, in welcher fermionische Atome platziert sind. Es wird eine z-antiferromagnetische Phase unter Berücksichtigung nicht-lokaler Vielteilchenkorrelationen erhalten, und dabei werden bekannte Ergebnisse einer effektiven Einteilchenbeschreibung verbessert.rnrnDas korrelierte Halbmetall wird im Rahmen einer Mehrbandrechnung im Hinblick auf Korrelationseffekte untersucht. Ausgangspunkt ist eine ab initio-Beschreibung durch die Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT), welche dann durch die Hinzunahme lokaler Korrelationen ergänzt wird. Die Vielteilcheneffekte werden an Hand einer einfachen Wechselwirkungsnäherung verdeutlicht, und für ein Wechselwirkungsmodell in sphärischer Symmetrie präzisiert. Es ergibt sich nur eine schwache Quasiteilchenrenormierung. Besonders für röntgenspektroskopische Experimente wird eine gute Übereinstimmung erzielt.rnrnDie numerischen Ergebnisse für das Jz-Modell basieren auf Quanten-Monte-Carlo-Simulationen im Rahmen der dynamischen Molekularfeldtheorie (DMFT). Für alle anderen Systeme wird ein Mehrband-Algorithmus entwickelt und implementiert, welcher explizit nicht-diagonale Mehrbandprozesse berücksichtigt.rnrn

Plasmons as sensors

“Plasmon” is a synonym for collective oscillations of the conduction electrons in a metal nanoparticle (excited by an incoming light wave), which cause strong optical responses like efficient light scattering. The scattering cross-section with respect to the light wavelength depends not only on material, size and shape of the nanoparticle, but also on the refractive index of the embedding medium. For this reason, plasmonic nanoparticles are interesting candidates for sensing applications. Here, two novel setups for rapid spectral investigations of single nanoparticles and different sensing experiments are presented.rnrnPrecisely, the novel setups are based on an optical microscope operated in darkfield modus. For the fast single particle spectroscopy (fastSPS) setup, the entrance pinhole of a coupled spectrometer is replaced by a liquid crystal device (LCD) acting as spatially addressable electronic shutter. This improvement allows the automatic and continuous investigation of several particles in parallel for the first time. The second novel setup (RotPOL) usesrna rotating wedge-shaped polarizer and encodes the full polarization information of each particle within one image, which reveals the symmetry of the particles and their plasmon modes. Both setups are used to observe nanoparticle growth in situ on a single-particle level to extract quantitative data on nanoparticle growth.rnrnUsing the fastSPS setup, I investigate the membrane coating of gold nanorods in aqueous solution and show unequivocally the subsequent detection of protein binding to the membrane. This binding process leads to a spectral shift of the particles resonance due to the higher refractive index of the protein compared to water. Hence, the nanosized addressable sensor platform allows for local analysis of protein interactions with biological membranes as a function of the lateral composition of phase separated membranes.rnrnThe sensitivity on changes in the environmental refractive index depends on the particles’ aspect ratio. On the basis of simulations and experiments, I could present the existence of an optimal aspect ratio range between 3 and 4 for gold nanorods for sensing applications. A further sensitivity increase can only be reached by chemical modifications of the gold nanorods. This can be achieved by synthesizing an additional porous gold cage around the nanorods, resulting in a plasmon sensitivity raise of up to 50 % for those “nanorattles” compared to gold nanorods with the same resonance wavelength. Another possibility isrnto coat the gold nanorods with a thin silver shell. This reduces the single particle’s resonance spectral linewidth about 30 %, which enlarges the resolution of the observable shift. rnrnThis silver coating evokes the interesting effect of reducing the ensemble plasmon linewidth by changing the relation connecting particle shape and plasmon resonance wavelength. This change, I term plasmonic focusing, leads to less variation of resonance wavelengths for the same particle size distribution, which I show experimentally and theoretically.rnrnIn a system of two coupled nanoparticles, the plasmon modes of the transversal and longitudinal axis depend on the refractive index of the environmental solution, but only the latter one is influenced by the interparticle distance. I show that monitoring both modes provides a self-calibrating system, where interparticle distance variations and changes of the environmental refractive index can be determined with high precision.

Palaeo wind system reconstruction of the last glacial period over Europe, using high resolution proxy data and model-data-comparison

The atmosphere is a global influence on the movement of heat and humidity between the continents, and thus significantly affects climate variability. Information about atmospheric circulation are of major importance for the understanding of different climatic conditions. Dust deposits from maar lakes and dry maars from the Eifel Volcanic Field (Germany) are therefore used as proxy data for the reconstruction of past aeolian dynamics.rnrnIn this thesis past two sediment cores from the Eifel region are examined: the core SM3 from Lake Schalkenmehren and the core DE3 from the Dehner dry maar. Both cores contain the tephra of the Laacher See eruption, which is dated to 12,900 before present. Taken together the cores cover the last 60,000 years: SM3 the Holocene and DE3 the marine isotope stages MIS-3 and MIS-2, respectively. The frequencies of glacial dust storm events and their paleo wind direction are detected by high resolution grain size and provenance analysis of the lake sediments. Therefore two different methods are applied: geochemical measurements of the sediment using µXRF-scanning and the particle analysis method RADIUS (rapid particle analysis of digital images by ultra-high-resolution scanning of thin sections).rnIt is shown that single dust layers in the lake sediment are characterized by an increased content of aeolian transported carbonate particles. The limestone-bearing Eifel-North-South zone is the most likely source for the carbonate rich aeolian dust in the lake sediments of the Dehner dry maar. The dry maar is located on the western side of the Eifel-North-South zone. Thus, carbonate rich aeolian sediment is most likely to be transported towards the Dehner dry maar within easterly winds. A methodology is developed which limits the detection to the aeolian transported carbonate particles in the sediment, the RADIUS-carbonate module.rnrnIn summary, during the marine isotope stage MIS-3 the storm frequency and the east wind frequency are both increased in comparison to MIS-2. These results leads to the suggestion that atmospheric circulation was affected by more turbulent conditions during MIS-3 in comparison to the more stable atmospheric circulation during the full glacial conditions of MIS-2.rnThe results of the investigations of the dust records are finally evaluated in relation a study of atmospheric general circulation models for a comprehensive interpretation. Here, AGCM experiments (ECHAM3 and ECHAM4) with different prescribed SST patterns are used to develop a synoptic interpretation of long-persisting east wind conditions and of east wind storm events, which are suggested to lead to an enhanced accumulation of sediment being transported by easterly winds to the proxy site of the Dehner dry maar.rnrnThe basic observations made on the proxy record are also illustrated in the 10 m-wind vectors in the different model experiments under glacial conditions with different prescribed sea surface temperature patterns. Furthermore, the analysis of long-persisting east wind conditions in the AGCM data shows a stronger seasonality under glacial conditions: all the different experiments are characterized by an increase of the relative importance of the LEWIC during spring and summer. The different glacial experiments consistently show a shift from a long-lasting high over the Baltic Sea towards the NW, directly above the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, together with contemporary enhanced westerly circulation over the North Atlantic.rnrnThis thesis is a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric circulation patterns during the last glacial period. It has been possible to reconstruct important elements of the glacial paleo climate in Central Europe. While the proxy data from sediment cores lead to a binary signal of the wind direction changes (east versus west wind), a synoptic interpretation using atmospheric circulation models is successful. This shows a possible distribution of high and low pressure areas and thus the direction and strength of wind fields which have the capacity to transport dust. In conclusion, the combination of numerical models, to enhance understanding of processes in the climate system, with proxy data from the environmental record is the key to a comprehensive approach to paleo climatic reconstruction.rn

Top-quark pair production at hadron colliders

In this thesis we investigate several phenomenologically important properties of top-quark pair production at hadron colliders. We calculate double differential cross sections in two different kinematical setups, pair invariant-mass (PIM) and single-particle inclusive (1PI) kinematics. In pair invariant-mass kinematics we are able to present results for the double differential cross section with respect to the invariant mass of the top-quark pair and the top-quark scattering angle. Working in the threshold region, where the pair invariant mass M is close to the partonic center-of-mass energy sqrt{hat{s}}, we are able to factorize the partonic cross section into different energy regions. We use renormalization-group (RG) methods to resum large threshold logarithms to next-to-next-to-leading-logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy. On a technical level this is done using effective field theories, such as heavy-quark effective theory (HQET) and soft-collinear effective theory (SCET). The same techniques are applied when working in 1PI kinematics, leading to a calculation of the double differential cross section with respect to transverse-momentum pT and the rapidity of the top quark. We restrict the phase-space such that only soft emission of gluons is possible, and perform a NNLL resummation of threshold logarithms. The obtained analytical expressions enable us to precisely predict several observables, and a substantial part of this thesis is devoted to their detailed phenomenological analysis. Matching our results in the threshold regions to the exact ones at next-to-leading order (NLO) in fixed-order perturbation theory, allows us to make predictions at NLO+NNLL order in RG-improved, and at approximate next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in fixed order perturbation theory. We give numerical results for the invariant mass distribution of the top-quark pair, and for the top-quark transverse-momentum and rapidity spectrum. We predict the total cross section, separately for both kinematics. Using these results, we analyze subleading contributions to the total cross section in 1PI and PIM originating from power corrections to the leading terms in the threshold expansions, and compare them to previous approaches. We later combine our PIM and 1PI results for the total cross section, this way eliminating uncertainties due to these corrections. The combined predictions for the total cross section are presented as a function of the top-quark mass in the pole, the minimal-subtraction (MS), and the 1S mass scheme. In addition, we calculate the forward-backward (FB) asymmetry at the Tevatron in the laboratory, and in the ttbar rest frames as a function of the rapidity and the invariant mass of the top-quark pair at NLO+NNLL. We also give binned results for the asymmetry as a function of the invariant mass and the rapidity difference of the ttbar pair, and compare those to recent measurements. As a last application we calculate the charge asymmetry at the LHC as a function of a lower rapidity cut-off for the top and anti-top quarks.

Rheology of arrested colloids : a parameter study using novel experimental methods

The steadily increasing diversity of colloidal systems demands for new theoretical approaches and a cautious experimental characterization. Here we present a combined rheological and microscopical study of colloids in their arrested state whereas we did not aim for a generalized treatise but rather focused on a few model colloids, liquid crystal based colloidal suspensions and sedimented colloidal films. We laid special emphasis on the understanding of the mutual influence of dominant interaction mechanisms, structural characteristics and the particle properties on the mechanical behavior of the colloid. The application of novel combinations of experimental techniques played an important role in these studies. Beside of piezo-rheometry we employed nanoindentation experiments and associated standardized analysis procedures. These rheometric methods were complemented by real space images using confocal microscopy. The flexibility of the home-made setup allowed for a combination of both techniques and thereby for a simultaneous rheological and three-dimensional structural analysis on a single particle level. Though, the limits of confocal microscopy are not reached by now. We show how hollow and optically anisotropic particles can be utilized to quantify contact forces and rotational motions for individual particles. In future such data can contribute to a better understanding of particle reorganization processes, such as the liquidation of colloidal gels and glasses under shear.

Fluctuation spectroscopy of single plasmonic nanostructures

Plasmonic nanoparticles are great candidates for sensing applications with optical read-out. Plasmon sensing is based on the interaction of the nanoparticle with electromagnetic waves where the particle scatters light at its resonance wavelength. This wavelength depends on several intrinsic factors like material, shape and size of the nanoparticle as well as extrinsic factors like the refractive index of the surrounding medium. The latter allows the nanoparticle to be used as a sensor; changes in the proximate environment can be directly monitored by the wavelength of the emitted light. Due to their minuscule size and high sensitivity this allows individual nanoparticles to report on changes in particle coverage.rnrnTo use this single particle plasmon sensor for future sensing applications it has to meet the demand for detection of incidents on the single molecule level, such as single molecule sensing or even the detection of conformational changes of a single molecule. Therefore, time resolution and sensitivity have to be enhanced as today’s measurement methods for signal read-out are too slow and not sensitive enough to resolve these processes. This thesis presents a new experimental setup, the 'Plasmon Fluctuation Setup', that leads to tremendous improvements in time resolution and sensitivity. This is achieved by implementation of a stronger light source and a more sensitive detector. The new setup has a time resolution in the microsecond regime, an advancement of 4-6 orders of magnitude to previous setups. Its resonance wavelength stability of 0.03 nm, measured with an exposure time of 10 ms, is an improvement of a factor of 20 even though the exposure time is 3000 times shorter than in previous reports. Thus, previously unresolvable wavelength changes of the plasmon sensor induced by minor local environmental alteration can be monitored with extremely high temporal resolution.rnrnUsing the 'Plasmon Fluctuation Setup', I can resolve adsorption events of single unlabeled proteins on an individual nanorod. Additionally, I monitored the dynamic evolution of a single protein binding event on a millisecond time scale. This feasibility is of high interest as the role of certain domains in the protein can be probed by a study of modified analytes without the need for labels possibly introducing conformational or characteristic changes to the target. The technique also resolves equilibrium fluctuations in the coverage, opening a window into observing Brownian dynamics of unlabeled macromolecules. rnrnA further topic addressed in this thesis is the usability of the nanoruler, two nanospheres connected with a spacer molecule, as a stiffness sensor for the interparticle linker under strong illumination. Here, I discover a light induced collapse of the nanoruler. Furthermore, I exploit the sensing volume of a fixed nanorod to study unlabeled analytes diffusing around the nanorod at concentrations that are too high for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy but realistic for biological systems. Additionally, local pH sensing with nanoparticles is achieved.