Hundertneunundzwanzig Xe NMR for investigations of complex and dynamic systems

In this work, the remarkable versatility and usefulness of applications of Xe-129 NMR experiments is further extended. The application of Xe-129 NMR spectroscopy to very different system is studied, including dynamic and static, solid and liquid, porous and non-porous systems. Using the large non-equilibrium polarization created by hyperpolarization of Xe-129, time-resolved NMR measurements can be used for the online-monitoring of dynamic systems. In the first part of this work, several improvements for medical applications of hyperpolarized Xe-129 are achieved and their feasibility shown experimentally. A large gain in speed and reproducibility of the accumulation process of Xe-129 as ice and an enhancement of the usable polarization in any experiment requiring prior accumulation are achieved. An enhancement of the longitudinal relaxation time of Xe-129 is realized by admixture of a buffer gas during the storage of hyperpolarized Xe-129. Pursuing the efforts of simplifying the accumulation process and enhancing the storage time of hyperpolarized Xe-129 will allow for a wider use of the hyperpolarized gas in (medical) MRI experiments. Concerning the use of hyperpolarized Xe-129 in MRI, the influence of the diffusion coefficient of the gas on parameters of the image contrast is experimentally demonstrated here by admixture of a buffer gas and thus changing the diffusion coefficient. In the second part of this work, a polymer system with unique features is probed by Xe-129 NMR spectroscopy, proving the method to be a valuable tool for the characterization of the anisotropic properties of semicrystalline, syndiotactic polystyrene films. The polymer films contain hollow cavities or channels with sizes in the sub-nanometer range, allowing for adsorption of Xe-129 and subsequent NMR measurements. Despite the use of a ’real-world’ system, the transfer of the anisotropic properties from the material to adsorbed Xe-129 atoms is shown, which was previously only known for fully crystalline materials. The anisotropic behavior towards atomar guests inside the polymer films is proven here for the first time for one of the phases. For the polymer phase containing nanochannels, the dominance of interactions between Xe-129 atoms in the channels compared to interactions between Xe atoms and the channel walls are proven by measurements of a powder sample of the polymer material and experiments including the rotation of the films in the external magnetic field as well as temperature-dependent measurements. The characterization of ’real-world’ systems showing very high degrees of anisotropy by Xe-129 are deemed to be very valuable in future applications. In the last part of this work, a new method for the online monitoring of chemical reactions has been proposed and its feasibility and validity are experimentally proven. The chemical shift dependence of dissolved Xe-129 on the composition of a reaction mixture is used for the online monitoring of free-radical miniemulsion polymerization reactions. Xe-129 NMR spectroscopy provides an excellent method for the online monitoring of polymerization reactions, due to the simplicity of the Xe-129 NMR spectra and the simple relationship between the Xe-129 chemical shift and the reaction conversion. The results of the time-resolved Xe-129 NMR measurements are compared to those from calorimetric measurements, showing a good qualitative agreement. The applicability of the new method to reactions other than polymerization reactions is investigated by the online monitoring of an enzymatic reaction in a miniemulsion. The successful combination of the large sensitivity of Xe-129, the NMR signal enhancements due to hyperpolarization, and the solubility of Xe-129 gives access to the large new field of investigations of chemical reaction kinetics in dynamic and complex systems like miniemulsions.

Aspekte der Modellbildung: Konzepte und Anwendung in der Atmungsphysiologie

Im ersten Teil 'Analyse der Grundlagen' der Dissertation 'Aspekte der Modellbildung: Konzepte und Anwendung in der Atmungsphysiologie' werden die Grundlagen zur Verfügung gestellt. Ausgehend von der Definition der modularer dynamischer Systeme im Kapitel 1 werden Grundbegriffe zu Modellen, Simulation und Modellentwicklung (Kapitel 2) dargelegt und schließlich folgt ein Kapitel über Netzmodelle. Im zweiten Teil wird 'der Prozess der Operationalisierung' untersucht. Im Kapitel 4 wird mit 'dem Koordinatensystem der Modellbildung' ein allgemeiner Lebenszyklus zur Modellbildung vorgestellt. Das Kapitel 5 zur 'Modellentwicklung' steht im Zentrum der Arbeit, wo eine generische Struktur für modulare Level-Raten-Modelle entwickelt wird. Das Kapitel endet mit einem Konzept zur Kalibrierung von Modellen, das auf Data Mining von Modelldaten basiert. Der Prozess der Operationalisierung endet mit der Validierung im sechsten Kapitel. 'Die Validierung am Beispiel der Atmungsphysiologie' im dritten Teil stellt die Anwendung der in beiden Teilen zuvor entwickelten Theorie dar. Zunächst wird das Projekt 'Evita-Weaning-System' vorgestellt, in dem die Arbeit entstanden ist. Ferner werden die notwendigen medizinischen Grundlagen der Atmungsphysiologie analysiert (Kapitel 7). Eine detaillierte Beschreibung des Modells der Atmungsphysiologie und der dabei entwickelten Algorithmen folgt im achten Kapitel. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Kapitel zur Validierung des physiologischen Modells.

Mensch, Natur-Interaktionen im Oberen Mittelrheintal - Komplexitätstheoretische Ansätze am Beispiel des Weinbaus

Kulturlandschaften als Ausdruck einer über viele Jahrhunderte währenden intensiven Interaktion zwischen Menschen und der sie umgebenden natürlichen Umwelt, sind ein traditionelles Forschungsobjekt der Geographie. Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen führen zu Veränderungen der natürlichen Umwelt, indem Menschen Landschaften kultivieren und modifizieren. Die Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen im Weinbau sind intensiv rückgekoppelt, Veränderungen der natürlichen Umwelt wirken auf die in den Kulturlandschaften lebenden und wirtschaftenden Winzer zurück und beeinflussen deren weiteres Handeln, was wiederum Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der gesamten Weinbau-Kulturlandschaft hat. Kulturlandschaft wird aus diesem Grund als ein heterogenes Wirkungsgefüge sozialer und natürlicher Elemente konzeptionalisiert, an dessen Entwicklung soziale und natürliche Elemente gleichzeitig und wechselseitig beteiligt sind. Grundlegend für die vorliegende Arbeit ist die Überzeugung, dass sich Kulturlandschaften durch Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen permanent neu organisieren und nie in einen Gleichgewichtszustand geraten, sondern sich ständig weiterentwickeln und wandeln. Die Komplexitätstheorie bietet hierfür die geeignete theoretische Grundlage. Sie richtet ihren Fokus auf die Entwicklung und den Wandel von Systemen und sucht dabei nach den Funktionsweisen von Systemzusammenhängen, um ein Verständnis für das Gesamtsystemverhalten von nicht-linearen dynamischen Systemen zu erreichen. Auf der Grundlage der Komplexitätstheorie wird ein Untersuchungsschema entwickelt, dass es ermöglich, die sozio-ökonomischen und raum-strukturellen Veränderungsprozesse in der Kulturlandschaftsentwicklung als sich wechselseitig beeinflussenden Systemzusammenhang zu erfassen. Die Rekonstruktion von Entwicklungsphasen, die Analysen von raum-strukturellen Mustern und Akteurskonstellationen sowie die Identifikation von Bifurkationspunkten in der Systemgeschichte sind dabei von übergeordneter Bedeutung. Durch die Untersuchung sowohl der physisch-räumlichen als auch der sozio-ökonomischen Dimension der Kulturlandschaftsentwicklung im Weinbau des Oberen Mittelrheintals soll ein Beitrag für die geographische Erforschung von Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen im Schnittstellenbereich von Physischer Geographie und Humangeographie geleistet werden. Die Anwendung des Untersuchungsschemas erfolgt auf den Weinbau im Oberen Mittelrheintal. Das Anbaugebiet ist seit vielen Jahrzehnten einem starken Rückgang an Weinbaubetrieben und Rebfläche unterworfen. Die rückläufigen Entwicklungen seit 1950 verliefen dabei nicht linear, sondern differenzierten das System in unterschiedliche Entwicklungspfade aus. Die Betriebsstrukturen und die Rahmenbedingungen im Weinbau veränderten sich grundlegend, was sichtbare Spuren in der Kulturlandschaft hinterließ. Dies zu rekonstruieren, zu analysieren und die zu verschiedenen Phasen der Entwicklung bedeutenden externen und internen Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren, soll dazu beitragen, ein tief greifendes Verständnis für das selbstorganisierte Systemverhalten zu generieren und darauf basierende Handlungsoptionen für zukünftige Eingriffe in die Systementwicklung aufzuzeigen

The grain-scale distribution and behaviour of melt and fluid in crystalline analogue systems

The production, segregation and migration of melt and aqueous fluids (henceforth called liquid) plays an important role for the transport of mass and energy within the mantle and the crust of the Earth. Many properties of large-scale liquid migration processes such as the permeability of a rock matrix or the initial segregation of newly formed liquid from the host-rock depends on the grain-scale distribution and behaviour of liquid. Although the general mechanisms of liquid distribution at the grain-scale are well understood, the influence of possibly important modifying processes such as static recrystallization, deformation, and chemical disequilibrium on the liquid distribution is not well constrained. For this thesis analogue experiments were used that allowed to investigate the interplay of these different mechanisms in-situ. In high-temperature environments where melts are produced, the grain-scale distribution in “equilibrium” is fully determined by the liquid fraction and the ratio between the solid-solid and the solid-liquid surface energy. The latter is commonly expressed as the dihedral or wetting angle between two grains and the liquid phase (Chapter 2). The interplay of this “equilibrium” liquid distribution with ongoing surface energy driven recrystallization is investigated in Chapter 4 and 5 with experiments using norcamphor plus ethanol liquid. Ethanol in contact with norcamphor forms a wetting angle of about 25°, which is similar to reported angles of rock-forming minerals in contact with silicate melt. The experiments in Chapter 4 show that previously reported disequilibrium features such as trapped liquid lenses, fully-wetted grain boundaries, and large liquid pockets can be explained by the interplay of the liquid with ongoing recrystallization. Closer inspection of dihedral angles in Chapter 5 reveals that the wetting angles are themselves modified by grain coarsening. Ongoing recrystallization constantly moves liquid-filled triple junctions, thereby altering the wetting angles dynamically as a function of the triple junction velocity. A polycrystalline aggregate will therefore always display a range of equilibrium and dynamic wetting angles at raised temperature, rather than a single wetting angle as previously thought. For the deformation experiments partially molten KNO3–LiNO3 experiments were used in addition to norcamphor–ethanol experiments (Chapter 6). Three deformation regimes were observed. At a high bulk liquid fraction >10 vol.% the aggregate deformed by compaction and granular flow. At a “moderate” liquid fraction, the aggregate deformed mainly by grain boundary sliding (GBS) that was localized into conjugate shear zones. At a low liquid fraction, the grains of the aggregate formed a supporting framework that deformed internally by crystal plastic deformation or diffusion creep. Liquid segregation was most efficient during framework deformation, while GBS lead to slow liquid segregation or even liquid dispersion in the deforming areas.

From lipid bilayers to synaptic vesicles: atomic force microscopy on lipid-based systems

The aim of this thesis was to apply the techniques of the atomic force microscope (AFM) to biological samples, namely lipid-based systems. To this end several systems with biological relevance based on self-assembly, such as a solid-supported membrane (SSM) based sensor for transport proteins, a bilayer of the natural lipid extract from an archaebacterium, and synaptic vesicles, were investigated by the AFM. For the characterization of transport proteins with SSM-sensors proteoliposomes are adsorbed that contain the analyte (transport protein). However the forces governing bilayer-bilayer interactions in solution should be repulsive under physiological conditions. I investigated the nature of the interaction forces with AFM force spectroscopy by mimicking the adsorbing proteoliposome with a cantilever tip, which was functionalized with charged alkane thiols. The nature of the interaction is indeed repulsive, but the lipid layers assemble in stacks on the SSM, which expose their unfavourable edges to the medium. I propose a model by which the proteoliposomes interact with these edges and fuse with the bilayer stacks, so forming a uniform layer on the SSM. Furthermore I characterized freestanding bilayers from a synthetic phospholipid with a phase transition at 41°C and from a natural lipid extract of the archaebacterium Methanococcus jannaschii. The synthetic lipid is in the gel-phase at room temperature and changes to the fluid phase when heated to 50°C. The bilayer of the lipid extract shows no phase transition when heated from room temperature to the growth temperature (~ 50°C) of the archeon. Synaptic vesicles are the containers of neurotransmitter in nerve cells and the synapsins are a family of extrinsic membrane proteins, that are associated with them, and believed to control the synaptic vesicle cycle. I used AFM imaging and force spectroscopy together with dynamic light scattering to investigate the influence of synapsin I on synaptic vesicles. To this end I used native, untreated synaptic vesicles and compared them to synapsin-depleted synaptic vesicles. Synapsin-depleted vesicles were larger in size and showed a higher tendency to aggregate compared to native vesicles, although their mechanical properties were alike. I also measured the aggregation kinetics of synaptic vesicles induced by synapsin I and found that the addition of synapsin I promotes a rapid aggregation of synaptic vesicles. The data indicate that synapsin I affects the stability and the aggregation state of synaptic vesicles, and confirm the physiological role of synapsins in the assembly and regulation of synaptic vesicle pools within nerve cells.

Effect of drug physicochemical properties on the release from liposomal systems in vitro and in vivo

Liposomes were discovered about 40 years ago by A. Bangham and since then they became very versatile tools in biology, biochemistry and medicine. Liposomes are the smallest artificial vesicles of spherical shape that can be produced from natural untoxic phospholipids and cholesterol. Liposome vesicles can be used as drug carriers and become loaded with a great variety of molecules, such as small drug molecules, proteins, nucleotides and even plasmids. Due to the variability of liposomal compositions they can be used for a large number of applications. In this thesis the β-adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol and pindolol, glucose, 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and Er-DTPA were used for encapsulation in liposomes, characterization and in vitro release studies. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and smaller unilamellar vesicles (SUV) were prepared using one of the following lipids: 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DSPC), Phospholipone 90H (Ph90H) or a mixture of DSPC and DMPC (1:1). The freeze thawing method was used for preparation of liposomes because it has three advantages (1) avoiding the use of chloroform, which is used in other methods and causes toxicity (2) it is a simple method and (3) it gives high entrapping efficiency. The percentage of entrapping efficiencies (EE) was different depending on the type and phase transition temperature (Tc) of the lipid used. The average particle size and particle size distribution of the prepared liposomes were determined using both dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser diffraction analyzer (LDA). The average particle size of the prepared liposomes differs according to both liposomal type and lipid type. Dispersion and dialysis techniques were used for the study of the in vitro release of β-adrenoceptor antagonists. The in vitro release rate of β-adrenoceptor antagonists was increased from MLV to LUV to SUV. Regarding the lipid type, β-adrenoceptor antagonists exhibited different in vitro release pattern from one lipid to another. Two different concentrations (50 and 100mg/ml) of Ph90H were used for studying the effect of lipid concentration on the in vitro release of β-adrenoceptor antagonists. It was found that liposomes made from 50 mg/ml Ph90H exhibited higher release rates than liposomes made at 100 mg/ml Ph90H. Also glucose was encapsulated in MLV, LUV and SUV using 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DSPC), Phospholipone 90H (Ph90H), soybean lipid (Syb) or a mixture of DSPC and DMPC (1:1). The average particle size and size distribution were determined using laser diffraction analysis. It was found that both EE and average particle size differ depending on both lipid and liposomal types. The in vitro release of glucose from different types of liposomes was performed using a dispersion method. It was found that the in vitro release of glucose from different liposomes is dependent on the lipid type. 18F-FDG was encapsulated in MLV 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine (DSPC), Phospholipone 90H (Ph90H), soybean lipid (Syb) or a mixture of DSPC and DMPC (1:1). FDG-containing LUV and SUV were prepared using Ph90H lipid. The in vitro release of FDG from the different types of lipids was accomplished using a dispersion method. Results similar to that of glucose release were obtained. In vivo imaging of FDG in both uncapsulated FDG and FDG-containing MLV was performed in the brain and the whole body of rats using PET scanner. It was found that the release of FDG from FDG-containing MLV was sustained. In vitro-In vivo correlation was studied using the in vitro release data of FDG from liposomes and in vivo absorption data of FDG from injected liposomes using microPET. Erbium, which is a lanthanide metal, was used as a chelate with DTPA for encapsulation in SUV liposomes for the indirect radiation therapy of cancer. The liposomes were prepared using three different concentrations of soybean lipid (30, 50 and 70 mg/ml). The stability of Er-DTPA SUV liposomes was carried out by storage of the prepared liposomes at three different temperatures (4, 25 and 37 °C). It was found that the release of Er-DTPA complex is temperature dependent, the higher the temperature, the higher the release. There was an inverse relationship between the release of the Er-DTPA complex and the concentration of lipid.

Molecular dynamics simulations of sheared brush-like systems

Mit Hilfe von Molekulardynamik-Simulationen untersuchen wir bürstenartige Systeme unter guten Lösungsmittelbedingungen. Diese Systeme sind, dank ihren vielfältigen Beschaffenheiten, die von Molekularparametern und äußeren Bedingungen abhängig sind, wichtig für viele industrielle Anwendungen. Man vermutet, dass die Polymerbürsten eine entscheidende Rolle in der Natur wegen ihrer einzigartigen Gleiteigenschaften spielen. Ein vergröbertes Modell wird verwendet, um die strukturellen und dynamischen Eigenschaften zweier hochkomprimierter Polymerbürsten, die eine niedrige Reibung aufweisen, zu untersuchen. Allerdings sind die Lubrikationseigenschaften dieser Systeme, die in vielen biologischen Systemen vorhanden sind, beeinflußt. Wir untersuchen so-genannte "weiche Kolloide", die zwischen den beiden Polymerbürsten eingebettet sind, und wie diese Makroobjekte auf die Polymerbürsten wirken.rnrnNicht-Gleichgewichts-Molekulardynamik-Simulationen werden durchgeführt, in denen die hydrodynamischen Wechselwirkungen durch die Anwendung des DPD-Thermostaten mit expliziten Lösungsmittelmolekülen berücksichtigt werden. Wir zeigen, dass die Kenntnis der Gleichgewichtseigenschaften des Systems erlaubt, dynamische Nichtgleichgewichtsigenschaften der Doppelschicht vorherzusagen.rnrnWir untersuchen, wie die effektive Wechselwirkung zwischen kolloidalen Einschlüßen durch die Anwesenheit der Bürsten (in Abhängigkeit der Weichheit der Kolloide und der Pfropfdichte der Bürsten) beeinflußt wird. Als nächsten Schritt untersuchen wir die rheologische Antwort von solchen komplexen Doppelschichten auf Scherung. Wir entwickeln eine Skalen-Theorie, die die Abhängigkeit der makroskopischen Transporteigenschaften und der lateralen Ausdehnung der verankerten Ketten von der Weissenberg Zahl oberhalb des Bereichs, in dem die lineare Antwort-Theorie gilt, voraussagt. Die Vorhersagen der Theorie stimmen gut mit unseren und früheren numerischen Ergebnissen und neuen Experimenten überein. Unsere Theorie bietet die Möglichkeit, die Relaxationszeit der Doppelschicht zu berechnen. Wenn diese Zeit mit einer charakteristischen Längenskala kombiniert wird, kann auch das ''transiente'' (nicht-stationäre) Verhalten beschrieben werden.rnrnrnWir untersuchen die Antwort des Drucktensors und die Deformation der Bürsten während der Scherinvertierung für grosse Weissenberg Zahlen. Wir entwickeln eine Vorhersage für die charakteristische Zeit, nach der das System wieder den stationären Zustand erreicht.rnrnrnElektrostatik spielt eine bedeutende Rolle in vielen biologischen Prozessen. Die Lubrikationseigenschaften der Polymerbürsten werden durch die Anwesenheit langreichweitiger Wechselwirkungen stark beeinflusst. Für unterschiedliche Stärken der elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen untersuchen wir rheologische Eigenschaften der Doppelschicht und vergleichen mit neutralen Systemen. Wir studieren den kontinuierlichen Übergang der Systemeigenschaften von neutralen zu stark geladenen Bürsten durch Variation der Bjerrumlänge und der Ladungsdichte.

Mechanical properties and structure of gel systems

Understanding the origins of the mechanical properties and its correlation withrnthe microstructure of gel systems is of great scientific and industrial interest. Inrngeneral, colloidal gels can be classified into chemical and physical gels, accordingrnto the life time of the network bonds. The characteristic di↵erences in gelationrndynamics can be observed with rheological measurements.rnAs a model system, a mixture of sodium silicate and low concentration sulfuric acidrnwas used. Nano-sized silica particles grow and aggregate to a system-spanning gelrnnetwork. The influence of the finite solubility of silica at high pH on the gelationrnwas studied with classical and piezo rheometer. The storage modulus of therngel grew logarithmically with time with two distinct growth laws. A relaxationrnat low frequency was observed in the frequency dependent measurements. I attributernthese two behaviors as a sign of structural rearrangements due to the finiternsolubility of silica at high pH. The reaction equilibrium between formation andrndissolution of bonds leads to a finite life time of the bonds and behavior similar tornphysical gel. The frequency dependence was more pronounced for lower water concentrations,rnhigher temperatures and shorter reaction times. With two relaxationrnmodels, I deduced characteristic relaxation times from the experimental data. Besidesrnrheology, the evolution of silica gels at high pH on di↵erent length scales wasrnstudied by NMR and dynamic light scattering. The results revealed that the primaryrnparticles existed already in sodium silicate and aggregated after the mixingrnof reactants due to a chemical reaction. Throughout the aggregation process thernsystem was in its chemical reaction equilibrium. Applying large oscillatory shearrnstrain to the gel allowed for modifying the gel modulus. The e↵ect of shear andrnshear history on the rheological properties of the gel were investigated. The storagernmodulus of the final gel increased with increasing strain. This behavior can be explained with (i) shear-induced aggregate compaction and (ii) combination ofrnbreakage and new formation of bonds.rnIn comparison with the physical gel-like behavior of the silica gel at high pH, typicalrnchemical gel features were exhibited by other gels formed from various chemicalrnreactions. Influences of the chemical structure modification on the gelation wererninvestigated with the piezo-rheometer. The external stimuli can be applied to tunernthe mechanical properties of the gel systems.

The dynamics of ultra-thin polymer films in different confinements studied by resonance enhanced dynamic light scattering

Die Kontroverse über den Glasübergang im Nanometerbereich, z. B. die Glas¬über¬gangs-temperatur Tg von dünnen Polymerfilmen, ist nicht vollständig abgeschlossen. Das dynamische Verhalten auf der Nanoskala ist stark von den einschränkenden Bedingungen abhängig, die auf die Probe wirken. Dünne Polymerfilme sind ideale Systeme um die Dynamik von Polymerketten unter der Einwirkung von Randbedingungen zu untersuchen, wie ich sie in dieser Arbeit variiert habe, um Einblick in dieses Problem zu erhalten.rnrnResonanzverstärkte dynamische Lichtstreuung ist eine Methode, frei von z.B. Fluoreszenzmarkern, die genutzt werden kann um in dünnen Polymerfilmen dynamische Phänomene

Synthesis and application of stimuli responsive tunable systems based on physical interactions

Novel single step synthetic procedure for hydrophobically modified alkali soluble latexes (HASE) via a miniemulsion-analogous method is presented. This facile method simplifies the copolymerization of the monomers with basically “opposite” character in terms of their hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature, which represent one of the main challenges in water based systems. Considered systems do not represent classical miniemulsions due to a high content of water soluble monomers. However, the polymerization mechanism was found to be rather similar to miniemulsion polymerization process.rnThe influence of the different factors on the system stability has been investigated. The copolymerization behavior studies typically showed strong composition drifts during copolymerization. It was found that the copolymer composition drift can be suppressed via changing the initial monomer ratio.rnThe neutralization behavior of the obtained HASE systems was investigated via potentiometric titration. The rheological behavior of the obtained systems as a function of the different parameters, such as pH, composition (ultrahydrophobe content) and additive type and content has also been investigated.rnDetailed investigation of the storage and loss moduli, damping factor and the crossover frequencies of the samples showed that at the initial stages of the neutralization the systems show microgel-like behavior.rnThe dependence of the rheological properties on the content and the type of the ultrahydrophobe showed that the tuning of the mechanical properties can be easily achieved via minor (few percent) but significant changes in the content of the latter. Besides, changing the hydrophobicity of the ultrahydrophobe via increasing the carbon chain length represents another simple method for achieving the same results.rnThe influence of amphiphilic additives (especially alcohols) on the rheological behavior of the obtained systems has been studied. An analogy was made between micellation of surfactants and the formation of hydrophobic domains between hydrophobic groups of the polymer side chain.rnDilution induced viscosity reduction was investigated in different systems, without or with different amounts or types of the amphiphilic additive. Possibility of the controlled response to dilution was explored. It was concluded that the sensitivity towards dilution can be reduced, and in extreme cases even the increase of the dynamic modulus can be observed, which is of high importance for the setting behavior of the adhesive material.rnIn the last part of this work, the adhesive behavior of the obtained HASE systems was investigated on different substrates (polypropylene and glass) for the standard labeling paper. Wet tack and setting behavior was studied and the trends for possible applications have been evaluated.rnThe novel synthetic procedure, investigation of rheological properties and the possibility of the tuning via additives, investigated in this work create a firm background for the development of the HASE based adhesives as well as rheology modifiers with vast variety of possible applications due to ease of tuning the mechanical and rheological properties of the systems.

Stochastic foundations of dynamic trade and labor market models

This dissertation consists of three self-contained papers that are related to two main topics. In particular, the first and third studies focus on labor market modeling, whereas the second essay presents a dynamic international trade setup.rnrnIn Chapter "Expenses on Labor Market Reforms during Transitional Dynamics", we investigate the arising costs of a potential labor market reform from a government point of view. To analyze various effects of unemployment benefits system changes, this chapter develops a dynamic model with heterogeneous employed and unemployed workers.rn rnIn Chapter "Endogenous Markup Distributions", we study how markup distributions adjust when a closed economy opens up. In order to perform this analysis, we first present a closed-economy general-equilibrium industry dynamics model, where firms enter and exit markets, and then extend our analysis to the open-economy case.rn rnIn Chapter "Unemployment in the OECD - Pure Chance or Institutions?", we examine effects of aggregate shocks on the distribution of the unemployment rates in OECD member countries.rn rnIn all three chapters we model systems that behave randomly and operate on stochastic processes. We therefore exploit stochastic calculus that establishes clear methodological links between the chapters.