Safety and therapeutic efficacy of adoptive p53-specific T cell antigen receptor (TCR) gene transfer

Immunotherapy with T cells genetically modified by retroviral transfer of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific T cell receptors (TCR) is a promising approach in targeting cancer. Therefore, using a universal TAA to target different tumor entities by only one therapeutic approach was the main criteria for our TAA-specific TCR. Here, an optimized (opt) αβ-chain p53(264-272)-specific and an opt single chain (sc) p53(264-272)-specific TCR were designed, to reduce mispairing reactions of endogenous and introduced TCR α and TCR β-chains, which might lead to off-target autoimmune reactions, similar to Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). rnIn this study we evaluated the safety issues, which rise by the risk of p53TCR gene transfer-associated on/off-target toxicities as well as the anti-tumor response in vivo in a syngeneic HLA-A*0201 transgenic mouse model. We could successfully demonstrate that opt sc p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells prevent TCR mispairing-mediated lethal off-target autoimmunity in contrast to the parental opt αβ-chain p53-specific TCR. Since the sc p53-specific TCR proofed to be safe, all further studies were performed using sc p53-specific TCR redirected T cells only. Infusion of p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells in Human p53 knock-in (Hupki) mice after lymphodepletion-preconditioning regimen with either sublethal body irradiation (5Gy) or chemotherapy (fludarabine and cyclophosphamide) in combination with vaccination (anti-CD40, CpG1668 and p53(257-282) peptide) did not result in a depletion of hematopoietic cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of high numbers of p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells in combination with Interleukin 2 (IL-2) also did not lead to toxic on-target reactions. The absence of host tissue damage was confirmed by histology and flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells were able to lyse p53+A2.1+ tumor cells in vitro. However, in vivo studies revealed the potent suppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment (TME) mediated by tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Accordingly, we could improve an insufficient anti-tumor response in vivo after injection of the sc p53-specific TCR-redirected T cells by additional depletion of immunosuppressive cells of the myeloid lineage.rnTogether, these data suggest that the optimized sc p53(264-272)-specific TCR may represent a safe and efficient approach for TCR-based gene therapy. However, combinations of immunotherapeutic strategies are needed to enhance the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT)-mediated anti-tumor responses.

Untersuchungen zum Ectodomain shedding des Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts

Zu den Liganden des Zelloberflächenrezeptors RAGE gehören AGEs, S100-Proteine, HMGB1 und Aβ. RAGE wird daher eine Rolle bei verschiedenen neurologischen Erkrankungen sowie Diabetes, Arteriosklerose und Krebs zugesprochen. Des Weiteren geht eine Verringerung der Menge an sRAGE häufig mit diesen Krankheiten einher. Aus diesen Gründen stellt die pharmakologische Stimulierung der Proteolyse von RAGE eine vielversprechende Therapieform dar. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Steigerung der sRAGE-Bildung über PAC1-, V2- und OT-Rezeptoren möglich ist. Die Untersuchung der PAC1-Signalwege zeigte, dass PKCα/PKCβI, CaMKII, Ca2+-Ionen, PI3-Kinase und der MAP-Kinase-Weg wichtig für die Stimulierung sind und dass der PKA-Weg nicht beteiligt ist. Die dreimonatige Behandlung von Mäusen mit PACAP-38 weist darauf hin, dass eine Stimulierung des Ectodomain Sheddings von RAGE auch in vivo erfolgen kann. Die Untersuchung der Signalwege, ausgehend von den V2- und OT-Rezeptoren, zeigte, dass ebenfalls PKCα/PKCβI, CaMKII, Ca2+-Ionen zur Aktivierung der Proteasen führen, dagegen konnte weder ein Einfluss des PKA- noch des MAP-Kinase-Weges festgestellt werden. Außerdem wurden sowohl MMP-9 als auch ADAM-10 als RAGE-spaltende Proteasen identifiziert. Die nähere Untersuchung der RAGE-Spaltstelle erbrachte, dass keine spezifische Sequenz, sondern vielmehr die Sekundärstruktur eine Rolle bei der Erkennung durch die Proteasen spielt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde weiterhin ein anti-RAGE Antikörper anhand einer neu entwickelten Methode zunächst gereinigt und dann erfolgreich an ein mit dem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Rhodamin markiertes Polymer gekoppelt. Die Stimulierung der Proteolyse von Meprin β wurde auch untersucht und es konnte ebenfalls eine Beteiligung von ADAM-10 an der Spaltung nachgewiesen werden.

Ektopische Expression schwer exprimierbarer nikotinischer Acetylcholinrezeptoren in Zellinien

Deutsch:In dieser Arbeit wurden Versuche zur funktionellen Expression von schwer ektopisch exprimierbaren nAChR in HEK-293/a1-Zellen durchgeführt: a7 nAChR und a6-enthaltenden nAChR. Die Probleme lagen dabei nicht auf dem Niveau der Transfektion, Transkription, Translation oder der Assemblierung, sondern beim Transport der Rezeptoren zur Zellmembran.Die Expression von a7 nAChR in der Plasmamembran von HEK-293/a1-Zellen konnte durch verbesserte Expressionsbedingungen (Koexpression des Faltungshelfers Calnexin oder weiterer nAChR-Untereinheiten, Erniedrigung der Expressionstemperatur, Expression in Gegenwart nikotinischer Antagonisten) nicht erreicht werden. Auch in anderen Zellinien mit neuronalem oder nicht-neuronalem Ursprung (QT6, GH4C1, S2 und PCC7-Mz1) war die EGFP-gekoppelte a7 nAChR-Untereinheit nur im Zellinneren lokalisiert.Eine intrazelluläre Lokalisation verhinderte auch eine funktionelle Expression homomerer a6 sowie heteromerer a6b2 und a6b3 nAChR in HEK-293/a1-Zellen. Im Gegensatz dazu führte eine Expression von stabil mit den nAChR-Untereinheiten a6 und b4 transfizierten HEK-293/a1-Zellen in Gegenwart von Calciumphosphat-Transfektionslösung und anschließend bei 30°C zu einem verbesserten Transport der Rezeptoren zur Zellmembran und damit zum erfolgreichen Expression funktioneller a6b4 nAChR. Die Wirkung der Transfektionslösung kann durch die erhöhte Calciumkonzentration erklärt werden, da in Ganzzellableitungen eine potenzierende Wirkung von Calciumionen auf den a6b4 nAChR bewiesen wurde. Somit konnte erstmalig der humane a6b4 nAChR in einer Säugerzellinie stabil und funktionell exprimiert werden.

Cellular localization and mechanism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) homodimer formation in an oxidizing environment

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which resembles a cell surface receptor, comprising a large ectodomain, a single spanning transmembrane part and a short C-terminal, cytoplasmic domain. It belongs to a conserved gene family, with over 17 members, including also the two mammalian APP homologues proteins APLP1 and APLP2 („amyloid precursor like proteins“). APP is encoded by 19 exons, of which exons 7, 8, and 15 can be alternatively spliced to produce three major protein isoforms APP770, APP751 and APP695, reflecting the number of amino acids. The neuronal APP695 is the only isoform that lacks a Kunitz Protease Inhibitor (KPI) domain in its extracellular portion whereas the two larger, peripheral APP isoforms, contain the 57-amino-acid KPI insert. rnRecently, research effort has suggested that APP metabolism and function is thought to be influenced by homodimerization and that the oligomerization state of APP could also play a role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), by regulating its processing and amyloid beta production. Several independent studies have shown that APP can form homodimers within the cell, driven by motifs present in the extracellular domain, as well as in the juxtamembrane (JM) and transmembrane (TM) regions of the molecule, whereby the exact molecular mechanism and the origin of dimer formation remains elusive. Therefore, we focused in our study on the actual subcellular origin of APP homodimerization within the cell, an underlying mechanism, and a possible impact on dimerization properties of its homologue APLP1. Furthermore, we analyzed homodimerization of various APP isoforms, in particular APP695, APP751 and APP770, which differ in the presence of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain (KPI) in the extracellular region. In order to assess the cellular origin of dimerization under different cellular conditions, we established a mammalian cell culture model-system in CHO-K1 (chinese hamster ovary) cells, stably overexpressing human APP, harboring dilysine based organelle sorting motifs at the very C-terminus [KKAA-Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER); KKFF-Golgi]. In this study we show that APP exists as disulfide-bound, SDS-stable dimers, when it was retained in the ER, unlike when it progressed further to the cis-Golgi, due to the KKFF ER exit determinant. These stable APP complexes were isolated from cells, and analyzed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions, whereas strong denaturing and reducing conditions completely converted those dimers to monomers. Our findings suggested that APP homodimer formation starts early in the secretory pathway and that the unique oxidizing environment of the ER likely promotes intermolecular disulfide bond formation between APP molecules. We particularly visualized APP dimerization employing a variety of biochemical experiments and investigated the origin of its generation by using a Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) approach with split GFP-APP chimeras. Moreover, using N-terminal deletion constructs, we demonstrate that intermolecular disulfide linkage between cysteine residues, exclusively located in the extracellular E1 domain, represents another mechanism of how an APP sub-fraction can dimerize within the cell. Additionally, mutational studies revealed that cysteines at positions 98 and 105, embedded in the conserved loop region within the E1 domain, are critical for interchain disulfide bond formation. Using a pharmacological treatment approach, we show that once generated in the oxidative environment of the ER, APP dimers remain stably associated during transport, reaching the plasma membrane. In addition, we demonstrate that APP isoforms, encompassing the KPI domain, exhibit a strongly reduced ability to form cis-directed dimers in the ER, whereas trans-directed cell aggregation of Drosophila Schneider (S2)-cells was isoform independent, mediating cell-cell contacts. Thus, suggesting that steric properties of KPI-APP might be the cause for weaker cis-interaction in the ER, compared to APP695. Finally, we provide evidence that APP/APLP1 heterointeractions are likewise initiated in the ER, suggesting a similar mechanism for heterodimerization. Therefore, dynamic alterations of APP between monomeric, homodimeric, and possibly heterodimeric status could at least partially explain some of the variety in the physiological functions of APP.rn