Investigation of the nuclear matter density distributions of the exotic 12 Be, 14 Be and 8 B nuclei by elastic proton scattering in inverse kinematics

The proton-nucleus elastic scattering at intermediate energies is a well-established method for the investigation of the nuclear matter distribution in stable nuclei and was recently applied also for the investigation of radioactive nuclei using the method of inverse kinematics. In the current experiment, the differential cross sections for proton elastic scattering on the isotopes $^{7,9,10,11,12,14}$Be and $^8$B were measured. The experiment was performed using the fragment separator at GSI, Darmstadt to produce the radioactive beams. The main part of the experimental setup was the time projection ionization chamber IKAR which was simultaneously used as hydrogen target and a detector for the recoil protons. Auxiliary detectors for projectile tracking and isotope identification were also installed. As results from the experiment, the absolute differential cross sections d$sigma$/d$t$ as a function of the four momentum transfer $t$ were obtained. In this work the differential cross sections for elastic p-$^{12}$Be, p-$^{14}$Be and p-$^{8}$B scattering at low $t$ ($t leq$~0.05~(GeV/c)$^2$) are presented. The measured cross sections were analyzed within the Glauber multiple-scattering theory using different density parameterizations, and the nuclear matter density distributions and radii of the investigated isotopes were determined. The analysis of the differential cross section for the isotope $^{14}$Be shows that a good description of the experimental data is obtained when density distributions consisting of separate core and halo components are used. The determined {it rms} matter radius is $3.11 pm 0.04 pm 0.13$~fm. In the case of the $^{12}$Be nucleus the results showed an extended matter distribution as well. For this nucleus a matter radius of $2.82 pm 0.03 pm 0.12$~fm was determined. An interesting result is that the free $^{12}$Be nucleus behaves differently from the core of $^{14}$Be and is much more extended than it. The data were also compared with theoretical densities calculated within the FMD and the few-body models. In the case of $^{14}$Be, the calculated cross sections describe the experimental data well while, in the case of $^{12}$Be there are discrepancies in the region of high momentum transfer. Preliminary experimental results for the isotope $^8$B are also presented. An extended matter distribution was obtained (though much more compact as compared to the neutron halos). A proton halo structure was observed for the first time with the proton elastic scattering method. The deduced matter radius is $2.60pm 0.02pm 0.26$~fm. The data were compared with microscopic calculations in the frame of the FMD model and reasonable agreement was observed. The results obtained in the present analysis are in most cases consistent with the previous experimental studies of the same isotopes with different experimental methods (total interaction and reaction cross section measurements, momentum distribution measurements). For future investigation of the structure of exotic nuclei a universal detector system EXL is being developed. It will be installed at the NESR at the future FAIR facility where higher intensity beams of radioactive ions are expected. The usage of storage ring techniques provides high luminosity and low background experimental conditions. Results from the feasibility studies of the EXL detector setup, performed at the present ESR storage ring, are presented.

Optical interface based on a nanofiber atom-trap

In this thesis, I present the realization of a fiber-optical interface using optically trapped cesium atoms, which is an efficient tool for coupling light and atoms. The basic principle of the presented scheme relies on the trapping of neutral cesium atoms in a two-color evanescent field surrounding a nanofiber. The strong confinement of the fiber guided light, which also protrudes outside the nanofiber, provides strong confinement of the atoms as well as efficient coupling to near-resonant light propagating through the fiber. In chapter 1, the necessary physical and mathematical background describing the propagation of light in an optical fiber is presented. The exact solution of Maxwell’s equations allows us to model fiber-guided light fields which give rise to the trapping potentials and the atom-light coupling in the close vicinity of a nanofiber. Chapter 2 gives the theoretical background of light-atom interaction. A quantum mechanical model of the light-induced shifts of the relevant atomic levels is reviewed, which allows us to quantify the perturbation of the atomic states due to the presence of the trapping light-fields. The experimental realization of the fiber-based atom trap is the focus of chapter 3. Here, I analyze the properties of the fiber-based trap in terms of the confinement of the atoms and the impact of several heating mechanisms. Furthermore, I demonstrate the transportation of the trapped atoms, as a first step towards a deterministic delivery of individual atoms. In chapter 4, I present the successful interfacing of the trapped atomic ensemble and fiber-guided light. Three different approaches are discussed, i.e., those involving the measurement of either near-resonant scattering in absorption or the emission into the guided mode of the nanofiber. In the analysis of the spectroscopic properties of the trapped ensemble we find good agreement with the prediction of theoretical model discussed in chapter 2. In addition, I introduce a non-destructive scheme for the interrogation of the atoms states, which is sensitive to phase shifts of far-detuned fiber-guided light interacting with the trapped atoms. The inherent birefringence in our system, induced by the atoms, changes the state of polarization of the probe light and can be thus detected via a Stokes vector measurement.

Parity violating asymmetry in the electron deuteron quasielastic scattering, strange vector and axial vector form factors and beam normal spin asymmetries

In dieser Arbeit wurde die paritätsverletzende Asymmetrie in derrnquasielastischen Elektron-Deuteron-Streuung bei Q^2=0.23 (GeV/c)^2 mitrneinem longitudinal polarisierten Elektronstrahl bei einer Energie von 315rnMeV bestimmt. Die Messung erfolgte unter Rückwärtswinkeln. Der Detektor überdeckte einen polaren Streuwinkelbereichrnzwischen 140 und 150 deg. Das Target bestand aus flüssigemrnDeuterium in einer Targetzelle mit einer Länge von 23.4 cm. Dierngemessene paritätsverletzende Asymmetrie beträgt A_{PV}^d = (-20.11 pm 0.87_{stat} pm 1.03_{syst}), wobei der erste Fehler den statistischenrnFehlereitrag und der zweite den systematischen Fehlerbeitrag beschreibt. Ausrnder Kombination dieser Messung mit Messungen der paritätsverletzendenrnAsymmetrie in der elastischen Elektron-Proton-Streuung bei gleichem Q^2rnsowohl bei Vorwärts- als auch bei Rückwärtsmessungen können diernVektor-Strange-Formfaktoren sowie der effektive isovektorielle und isoskalarernVektorstrom des Protons, der die elektroschwachen radiativen Anapolkorrekturenrnenthält, bestimmt werden. Diese Arbeit umfasst ausserdem die Bestimmungrnder Asymmetrien bei einem transversal polarisierten Elektronstrahl sowohl beirneinem Proton- als auch einem Deuterontarget unter Rückwärtswinkeln beirnImpulsüberträgen von Q^2=0.10 (GeV/c)^2, Q^2=0.23 (GeV/c)^2rnund Q^2=0.35 (GeV/c)^2. Die im Experiment beobachteten Asymmetrien werdenrnmit theoretischen Berechnungen verglichen, welche den Imaginärteil der Zweiphoton-Austauschamplitude beinhalten.