Comparative genomic sequencing analysis of a region in human chromosome 11p15.3, mouse chromosome 7 and analysis of the novel STK33, Stk33 gene

The comparative genomic sequence analysis of a region in human chromosome 11p15.3 and its homologous segment in mouse chromosome 7 between ST5 and LMO1 genes has been performed. 158,201 bases were sequenced in the mouse and compared with the syntenic region in human, partially available in the public databases. The analysed region exhibits the typical eukaryotic genomic structure and compared with the close neighbouring regions, strikingly reflexes the mosaic pattern distribution of (G+C) and repeats content despites its relative short size. Within this region the novel gene STK33 was discovered (Stk33 in the mouse), that codes for a serine/threonine kinase. The finding of this gene constitutes an excellent example of the strength of the comparative sequencing approach. Poor gene-predictions in the mouse genomic sequence were corrected and improved by the comparison with the unordered data from the human genomic sequence publicly available. Phylogenetical analysis suggests that STK33 belongs to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases group and seems to be a novelty in the chordate lineage. The gene, as a whole, seems to evolve under purifying selection whereas some regions appear to be under strong positive selection. Both human and mouse versions of serine/threonine kinase 33, consists of seventeen exons highly conserved in the coding regions, particularly in those coding for the core protein kinase domain. Also the exon/intron structure in the coding regions of the gene is conserved between human and mouse. The existence and functionality of the gene is supported by the presence of entries in the EST databases and was in vivo fully confirmed by isolating specific transcripts from human uterus total RNA and from several mouse tissues. Strong evidence for alternative splicing was found, which may result in tissue-specific starting points of transcription and in some extent, different protein N-termini. RT-PCR and hybridisation experiments suggest that STK33/Stk33 is differentially expressed in a few tissues and in relative low levels. STK33 has been shown to be reproducibly down-regulated in tumor tissues, particularly in ovarian tumors. RNA in-situ hybridisation experiments using mouse Stk33-specific probes showed expression in dividing cells from lung and germinal epithelium and possibly also in macrophages from kidney and lungs. Preliminary experimentation with antibodies designed in this work, performed in parallel to the preparation of this manuscript, seems to confirm this expression pattern. The fact that the chromosomal region 11p15 in which STK33 is located may be associated with several human diseases including tumor development, suggest further investigation is necessary to establish the role of STK33 in human health.

Differentiation and extracellular matrix interactions of chondrocytes in response to signaling molecules and biomaterials for cartilage repair = Differenzierung und Interaktionen von Chondrozyten mit der extrazellulären Matrix als Reaktion auf Signalmoleküle und Biomaterialien für die Wiederinstandsetzung von Knorpel

Chondrocytes live isolated in the voluminous extracellular matrix of cartilage, which they secrete and is neither vascularized nor innervated. Nutrient and waste exchanges occur through diffusion leading to low oxygen tension around the cells. Consequently even normal cartilage under normal physiological conditions suffers from a poor reparative potential that predisposes to degenerative conditions, such as osteoarthritis of the joints, with significant clinical effects.rnOne of the key challenges in medicine is the structural and functional replacement of lost or damaged tissues. Current therapeutical approaches are to transplant cells, implant bioartificial tissues, and chemically induce regeneration at the site of the injury. None of them reproduces well the biological and biomechanical properties of hyaline cartilage.rnThis thesis investigates the re-differentiation of chondrocytes and the repair of cartilage mediated by signaling molecules, biomaterials, and factors provided in mixed cellular cultures (co-culture systems). As signaling molecules we have applied prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) and we have transfected chondrocytes with BMP-1 expressing vectors. Our biomaterials have been hydrogels of type-I collagen and gelatin-based scaffolds designed to mimic the architecture and biochemistry of native cartilage and provide a suitable three-dimensional environment for the cells. We have brought chondrocytes to interact with osteosarcoma Cal 72 cells or with murine preosteoblastic KS483 cells, either in a cell-to-cell or in a paracrine manner.rnExogenous stimulation with PGE2 or BMP-1 did not improve the differentiation or the proliferation of human articular chondrocytes. BMP-1 induced chondrocytic de-differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Prostaglandin stimulation from gelatin-based scaffolds (three-dimensional culture) showed a certain degree of chondrocyte re-differentiaton. Murine preosteoblastic KS483 cells had no beneficial effect on human articular chondrocytes jointly cultivated with them in hydrogels of type I collagen. Although the hydrogels provided the chondrocytes with a proper matrix in which the cells adopted their native morphology; additionally, the expression of chondrocytic proteoglycan increased in the co-cultures after two weeks. The co-culture of chondrocytes with osteoblast-like cells (in transwell systems) resulted in suppression of the regular de-differentiation program that passaged chondrocytes undergo when cultured in monolayers. Under these conditions, the extracellular matrix of the chondrocytes, rich in type-II collagen and aggrecan, was not transformed into the extracellular matrix characteristic of de-differentiated human articular chondrocytes, which is rich in type-I collagen and versican.rnThis thesis suggests novel strategies of tissue engineering for clinical attempts to improve cartilage repair. Since implants are prepared in vitro (ex-vivo) by expanding human articular chondrocytes (autologous or allogeneic), we conclude that it will be convenient to provide a proper three-dimensional support to the chondrocytes in culture, to supplement the culture medium with PGE2, and to stimulate chondrocytes with osteoblastic factors by cultivating them with osteoblasts.rn