Untersuchungen zur Reparatur und Mutagenität oxidativer DNA-Schäden in vivo und deren Bedeutung für die Kanzerogenese

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung, welche Rolle endogen gebildete oxidative DNA-Modifikationen bei der Kanzerogenese spielen. Dazu wurden Cockayne Syndrom B-knockout-Mäuse (Csb-/-), 8-Hydroxyguanin-DNA-Glykosylase-knockout-Mäuse (Ogg1-/-) und Csb-/-/Ogg1-/- Mäuse generiert, die das bakterielle lacI-Gen (Big Blue®) tragen und somit für in vivo Mutationstests eingesetzt werden können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es in den Lebern der Ogg1-/- Mäuse zu einem 2,1-fachen und in Csb-/-/Ogg1-/- Mäusen zu einem statistisch signifikanten 3,3-fachen Anstieg der Mutationsfrequenz kommt. Die gefundene Erhöhung der Mutationsfrequenz war vor allem auf eine Erhöhung der G:C zu T:A Transversionen zurückzuführen, die typischerweise aus nicht repariertem 8 Hydroxyguanin (8-oxoG) entstehen. Aus mechanistischer Sicht verdeutlichen die Ergebnisse, dass OGG1 das primäre Abwehrsystem gegen oxidative DNA-Modifikationen darstellt und dass das CSB-Protein einen Ausfall von OGG1, selbst in nicht transkribierter DNA, teilweise kompensieren kann. Aus der Korrelation der gefundenen oxidativen DNA-Schäden - bestimmt mittels Alkalischer Elution und der bakteriellen Formamidopyrimidin-DNA-Glykosylase (Fpg-Protein) - mit der Mutationsfrequenz konnte abgeleitet werden, dass bereits weniger als 0,2 Fpg-sensitive DNA-Modifikationen pro 1 Million Basenpaare ausreichen, die spontane Mutationsfrequenz in vivo zu verdoppeln. Zur Untersuchung, welche Rolle die erhöhte Mutationsfrequenz bei der Krebsentstehung spielt, wurden Csb-/-/Ogg1-/- und Wildtyp-Mäuse mit dem Peroxisomenproliferator und spezifischem Leberpromotor WY-14,643 behandelt um spontan initiierte Hepatozyten zur Proliferation anzuregen. Als Endpunkt einer malignen Entartung wurde das Auftreten von Glucose-6-Phosphatase positiven und negativen Läsionen beobachtet. Es zeigte sich, dass Csb-/-/Ogg1-/- Mäuse signifikant mehr enzymveränderte Läsionen in ihren Lebern aufwiesen, als die Wildtyp-Kontrollen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass endogen gebildete oxidative DNA-Modifikationen und daraus resultierende Mutationen grundsätzlich einen erheblichen Anteil zur hohen spontanen Krebsinzidenz in der Bevölkerung leisten könnten.

Comparative genomic sequencing analysis of a region in human chromosome 11p15.3, mouse chromosome 7 and analysis of the novel STK33, Stk33 gene

The comparative genomic sequence analysis of a region in human chromosome 11p15.3 and its homologous segment in mouse chromosome 7 between ST5 and LMO1 genes has been performed. 158,201 bases were sequenced in the mouse and compared with the syntenic region in human, partially available in the public databases. The analysed region exhibits the typical eukaryotic genomic structure and compared with the close neighbouring regions, strikingly reflexes the mosaic pattern distribution of (G+C) and repeats content despites its relative short size. Within this region the novel gene STK33 was discovered (Stk33 in the mouse), that codes for a serine/threonine kinase. The finding of this gene constitutes an excellent example of the strength of the comparative sequencing approach. Poor gene-predictions in the mouse genomic sequence were corrected and improved by the comparison with the unordered data from the human genomic sequence publicly available. Phylogenetical analysis suggests that STK33 belongs to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases group and seems to be a novelty in the chordate lineage. The gene, as a whole, seems to evolve under purifying selection whereas some regions appear to be under strong positive selection. Both human and mouse versions of serine/threonine kinase 33, consists of seventeen exons highly conserved in the coding regions, particularly in those coding for the core protein kinase domain. Also the exon/intron structure in the coding regions of the gene is conserved between human and mouse. The existence and functionality of the gene is supported by the presence of entries in the EST databases and was in vivo fully confirmed by isolating specific transcripts from human uterus total RNA and from several mouse tissues. Strong evidence for alternative splicing was found, which may result in tissue-specific starting points of transcription and in some extent, different protein N-termini. RT-PCR and hybridisation experiments suggest that STK33/Stk33 is differentially expressed in a few tissues and in relative low levels. STK33 has been shown to be reproducibly down-regulated in tumor tissues, particularly in ovarian tumors. RNA in-situ hybridisation experiments using mouse Stk33-specific probes showed expression in dividing cells from lung and germinal epithelium and possibly also in macrophages from kidney and lungs. Preliminary experimentation with antibodies designed in this work, performed in parallel to the preparation of this manuscript, seems to confirm this expression pattern. The fact that the chromosomal region 11p15 in which STK33 is located may be associated with several human diseases including tumor development, suggest further investigation is necessary to establish the role of STK33 in human health.

The release of zinc and lead from mine tailings

Mining and processing of metal ores are important causes of soil and groundwater contamination in many regions worldwide. Metal contaminations are a serious risk for the environment and human health. The assessment of metal contaminations in the soil is therefore an important task. A common approach to assess the environmental risk emanating from inorganic contaminations to soil and groundwater is the use of batch or column leaching tests. In this regard, the suitability of leaching tests is a controversial issue. In the first part of this work the applicability and comparability of common leaching tests in the scope of groundwater risk assessment of inorganic contamination is reviewed and critically discussed. Soil water sampling methods (the suction cup method and centrifugation) are addressed as an alternative to leaching tests. Reasons for limitations of the comparability of leaching test results are exposed and recommendations are given for the expedient application of leaching tests for groundwater risk assessment. Leaching tests are usually carried out in open contact with the atmosphere disregarding possible changes of redox conditions. This can affect the original metal speciation and distribution, particularly when anoxic samples are investigated. The influence of sample storage on leaching test results of sulfide bearing anoxic material from a former flotation dump is investigated in a long-term study. Since the oxidation of the sulfide-bearing samples leads to a significant overestimation of metal release, a feasible modification for the conduction of common leaching tests for anoxic material is proposed, where oxidation is prevented efficiently. A comparison of leaching test results to soil water analyzes have shown that the modified saturation soil extraction (SSE) is found to be the only of the tested leaching procedures, which can be recommended for the assessment of current soil water concentrations at anoxic sites if direct investigation of the soil water is impossible due to technical reasons. The vertical distribution and speciation of Zn and Pb in the flotation residues as well as metal concentrations in soil water and plants were investigated to evaluate the environmental risk arising from this site due to the release of metals. The variations in pH and inorganic C content show an acidification of the topsoil with pH values down to 5.5 in the soil and a soil water pH of 6 in 1 m depth. This is due to the oxidation of sulfides and depletion in carbonates. In the anoxic subsoil pH conditions are still neutral and soil water collected with suction cups is in equilibrium with carbonate minerals. Results from extended x-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy confirm that Zn is mainly bound in sphalerite in the subsoil and weathering reactions lead to a redistribution of Zn in the topsoil. A loss of 35% Zn and S from the topsoil compared to the parent material with 10 g/kg Zn has been observed. 13% of total Zn in the topsoil can be regarded as mobile or easily mobilizable according to sequential chemical extractions (SCE). Zn concentrations of 10 mg/L were found in the soil water, where pH is acidic. Electron supply and the buffer capacity of the soil were identified as main factors controlling Zn mobility and release to the groundwater. Variable Pb concentrations up to 30 µg/L were observed in the soil water. In contrast to Zn, Pb is enriched in the mobile fraction of the oxidized topsoil by a factor of 2 compared to the subsoil with 2 g/kg Pb. 80% of the cation exchange capacity in the topsoil is occupied by Pb. Therefore, plant uptake and bioavailability are of major concern. If the site is not prevented from proceeding acidification in the future, a significant release of Zn, S, and Pb to the groundwater has to be expected. Results from this study show that the assessment of metal release especially from sulfide bearing anoxic material requires an extensive comprehension of leaching mechanisms on the one hand and on weathering processes, which influence the speciation and the mobility of metals, on the other hand. Processes, which may change redox and pH conditions in the future, have to be addressed to enable sound decisions for soil and groundwater protection and remediation.