Nanoporous alumina based hypersonic phononic hybrid structures studied by brillouin spectroscopy

Phononische Kristalle sind strukturierte Materialien mit sich periodisch ändernden elastischen Moduln auf der Wellenlängenskala. Die Interaktion zwischen Schallwellen und periodischer Struktur erzeugt interessante Interferenzphänomene, und phononische Kristalle erschließen neue Funktionalitäten, die in unstrukturierter Materie unzugänglich sind. Hypersonische phononische Kristalle im Speziellen, die bei GHz Frequenzen arbeiten, haben Periodizitäten in der Größenordnung der Wellenlänge sichtbaren Lichts und zeigen daher die Wege auf, gleichzeitig Licht- und Schallausbreitung und -lokalisation zu kontrollieren, und dadurch die Realisierung neuartiger akusto-optischer Anordnungen. Bisher bekannte hypersonische phononische Kristalle basieren auf thermoplastischen Polymeren oder Epoxiden und haben nur eingeschränkte thermische und mechanische Stabilität und mechanischen Kontrast. Phononische Kristalle, die aus mit Flüssigkeit gefüllten zylindrischen Kanälen in harter Matrix bestehen, zeigen einen sehr hohen elastischen Kontrast und sind bislang noch unerforscht. In dieser Dissertation wird die experimentelle Untersuchung zweidimensionaler hypersonischer phononischer Kristalle mit hexagonaler Anordnung zylindrischer Nanoporen basierend auf der Selbstorganisation anodischen Aluminiumoxids (AAO) beschrieben. Dazu wird die Technik der hochauflösenden inelastischen Brillouin Lichtstreuung (BLS) verwendet. AAO ist ein vielsetiges Modellsystem für die Untersuchung reicher phononischer Phänomene im GHz-Bereich, die eng mit den sich in den Nanoporen befindlichen Flüssigkeiten und deren Interaktion mit der Porenwand verknüpft sind. Gerichteter Fluss elastischer Energie parallel und orthogonal zu der Kanalachse, Lokalisierung von Phononen und Beeinflussung der phononischen Bandstruktur bei gleichzeitig präziser Kontrolle des Volumenbruchs der Kanäle (Porosität) werden erörtert. Außerdem ermöglicht die thermische Stabilität von AAO ein temperaturabhängiges Schalten phononischer Eigenschaften infolge temperaturinduzierter Phasenübergänge in den Nanoporen. In monokristallinen zweidimensionalen phononischen AAO Kristallen unterscheiden sich die Dispersionsrelationen empfindlich entlang zweier hoch symmetrischer Richtungen in der Brillouinzone, abhängig davon, ob die Poren leer oder gefüllt sind. Alle experimentellen Dispersionsrelationen werden unter Zuhilfenahme theoretische Ergebnisse durch finite Elemente Analyse (FDTD) gedeutet. Die Zuordnung der Verschiebungsfelder der elastischen Wellen erklärt die Natur aller phononischen Moden.

Hypersonic phonon propagation in mesoscopic systems by Brillouin spectroscopy

Phononic crystals, capable to block or direct the propagation of elastic/acoustic waves, have attracted increasing interdisciplinary interest across condensed matter physics and materials science. As of today, no generalized full description of elastic wave propagation in phononic structures is available, mainly due to the large number of variables determining the band diagram. Therefore, this thesis aims for a deeper understanding of the fundamental concepts governing wave propagation in mesoscopic structures by investigation of appropriate model systems. The phononic dispersion relation at hypersonic frequencies is directly investigated by the non-destructive technique of high-resolution spontaneous Brillouin light scattering (BLS) combined with computational methods. Due to the vector nature of the elastic wave propagation, we first studied the hypersonic band structure of hybrid superlattices. These 1D phononic crystals composed of alternating layers of hard and soft materials feature large Bragg gaps. BLS spectra are sensitive probes of the moduli, photo-elastic constants and structural parameters of the constituent components. Engineering of the band structure can be realized by introduction of defects. Here, cavity layers are employed to launch additional modes that modify the dispersion of the undisturbed superlattice, with extraordinary implications to the band gap region. Density of states calculations in conjunction with the associated deformation allow for unambiguous identication of surface and cavity modes, as well as their interaction with adjacent defects. Next, the role of local resonances in phononic systems is explored in 3D structures based on colloidal particles. In turbid media BLS records the particle vibration spectrum comprising resonant modes due to the spatial confinement of elastic energy. Here, the frequency and lineshapes of the particle eigenmodes are discussed as function of increased interaction and departure from spherical symmetry. The latter is realized by uniaxial stretching of polystyrene spheres, that can be aligned in an alternating electric field. The resulting spheroidal crystals clearly exhibit anisotropic phononic properties. Establishing reliable predictions of acoustic wave propagation, necessary to advance, e.g., optomechanics and phononic devices is the ultimate aim of this thesis.

Structure and properties of composite polyolefin materials

This thesis is based on three main studies, all dealing with structure-property investigation of semicrystalline polyolefin-based composites. Low density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) and isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) were chosen as parts of the composites materials and they were investigated either separately (as homoploymers), either in blend systems with the composition LDPE/iPP 80/20 or as filled matrix with layered silicate (montmorillonite). The beneficial influence of adding ethylene-co-propylene polymer of amorphous nature, to low density poly(ethylene)/isotactic poly(propylene) (80/20) blend is demonstrated. This effect is expressed by the major improvement of mechanical properties of ternary blends as examined at a macroscopic size scale by means of tensile measurements. The structure investigation also reveals a clear dependence of the morphology on adding ethylene-copropylene polymer. Both the nature and the content of ethylene-co-propylene polymer affect structure and properties. It is further demonstrated that the extent of improvement in mechanical properties is to be related to the molecular details of the compatibilizer. Combination of high molecular weight and high ethylene content is appropriate for the studied system where the poly(ethylene) plays the role of matrix. A new way to characterize semicrystalline systems by means of Brillouin spectroscopy is presented in this study. By this method based on inelastic light scattering, we were able to measure the high frequency elastic constant (c11) of the two microphases in the case where the spherulites size is exhibit size larger than the size of the probing phonon wavelength. In this considered case, the sample film is inhomogeneous over the relevant length scales and there is an access to the transverse phonon in the crystalline phase yielding the elastic constant c44 as well. Isotactic poly(propylene) is well suited for this type of investigation since its morphology can be tailored through different thermal treatment from the melt. Two distinctly different types of films were used; quenched (low crystallinity) and annealed (high crystallinity). The Brillouin scattering data are discussed with respect to the spherulites size, lamellae thickness, long period, crystallinity degree and well documented by AFM images. The structure and the properties of isotactic poly(propylene) matrix modified by inorganic layered silicate, montmorillonite, are discussed with respect to the clay content. Isotactic poly(propylene)-graft-maleic anhydride was used as compatibilizer. It is clearly demonstrated that the property enhancement is largely due to the ability of layered silicate to exfoliate. The intimate dispersion of the nanometer-thick silicate result from a delicate balance of the content ratio between the isotactic poly(propylene)-graft-maleic anhydride compatibilizer and the inorganic clay.