Longitudinal bar buckling behavior

Reinforced concrete columns might fail because of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcing bar when exposed to earthquake motions. Depending on the hoop stiffness and the length-over-diameter ratio, the instability can be local (in between two subsequent hoops) or global (the buckling length comprises several hoop spacings). To get insight into the topic, an extensive literary research of 19 existing models has been carried out including different approaches and assumptions which yield different results. Finite element fiberanalysis was carried out to study the local buckling behavior with varying length-over-diameter and initial imperfection-over-diameter ratios. The comparison of the analytical results with some experimental results shows good agreement before the post buckling behavior undergoes large deformation. Furthermore, different global buckling analysis cases were run considering the influence of different parameters; for certain hoop stiffnesses and length-over-diameter ratios local buckling was encountered. A parametric study yields an adimensional critical stress in function of a stiffness ratio characterized by the reinforcement configuration. Colonne in cemento armato possono collassare per via dell’instabilità dell’armatura longitudinale se sottoposte all’azione di un sisma. In funzione della rigidezza dei ferri trasversali e del rapporto lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro, l’instabilità può essere locale (fra due staffe adiacenti) o globale (la lunghezza d’instabilità comprende alcune staffe). Per introdurre alla materia, è proposta un’esauriente ricerca bibliografica di 19 modelli esistenti che include approcci e ipotesi differenti che portano a risultati distinti. Tramite un’analisi a fibre e elementi finiti si è studiata l’instabilità locale con vari rapporti lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro e imperfezione iniziale-diametro. Il confronto dei risultati analitici con quelli sperimentali mostra una buona coincidenza fino al raggiungimento di grandi spostamenti. Inoltre, il caso d’instabilità globale è stato simulato valutando l’influenza di vari parametri; per certe configurazioni di rigidezza delle staffe e lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro si hanno ottenuto casi di instabilità locale. Uno studio parametrico ha permesso di ottenere un carico critico adimensionale in funzione del rapporto di rigidezza dato dalle caratteristiche dell’armatura.

Black hole evaporation and stress tensor correlations

General Relativity is one of the greatest scientific achievementes of the 20th century along with quantum theory. These two theories are extremely beautiful and they are well verified by experiments, but they are apparently incompatible. Hints towards understanding these problems can be derived studying Black Holes, some the most puzzling solutions of General Relativity. The main topic of this Master Thesis is the study of Black Holes, in particular the Physics of Hawking Radiation. After a short review of General Relativity, I study in detail the Schwarzschild solution with particular emphasis on the coordinates systems used and the mathematical proof of the classical laws of Black Hole "Thermodynamics". Then I introduce the theory of Quantum Fields in Curved Spacetime, from Bogolubov transformations to the Schwinger-De Witt expansion, useful for the renormalization of the stress energy tensor. After that I introduce a 2D model of gravitational collapse to study the Hawking radiation phenomenon. Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of the quantum states, from correlations to the physical implication of this quantum effect (e.g. Information Paradox, Black Hole Thermodynamics). Then I introduce the renormalized stress energy tensor. Using the Schwinger-De Witt expansion I renormalize this object and I compute it analytically in the various quantum states of interest. Moreover, I study the correlations between these objects. They are interesting because they are linked to the Hawking radiation experimental search in acoustic Black Hole models. In particular I find that there is a characteristic peak in correlations between points inside and outside the Black Hole region, which correpsonds to entangled excitations inside and outside the Black Hole. These peaks hopefully will be measurable soon in supersonic BEC.

The Presence of Words in Visual Art from Surrealism to Conceptualism

Without a doubt, one of the biggest changes that affected XXth century art is the introduction of words into paintings and, in more recent years, in installations. For centuries, if words were part of a visual composition, they functioned as reference; strictly speaking, they were used as a guideline for a better perception of the subject represented. With the developments of the XXth century, words became a very important part of the visual composition, and sometimes embodied the composition itself. About this topic, American art critic and collector Russell Bowman wrote an interesting article called Words and images: A persistent paradox, in which he examines the American and the European art of the XXth century in almost its entirety, dividing it up in six “categories of intention”. The aforementioned categories are not based on the art history timeline, but on the role that language played for specific artists or movements. Taking inspiration from Bowman's article, this paper is structured in three chapters, respectively: words in juxtaposition and free association, words as means of exploration of language structures, and words as means for political and personal messages. The purpose of this paper is therefore to reflect on the role of language in contemporary art and on the way it has changed from artist to artist.