Organocatalytic tandem reactions of polyfunctional compounds for the synthesis of enantioenriched heterocycles. Reazioni tandem organocatalitiche di composti polifunzionali per la sintesi di eterocicli enantioarricchiti.

In questo lavoro di tesi sono state sviluppate reazioni domino, tandem e procedure one-pot per ottenere eterocicli enatioarricchiti. Lo sviluppo di queste metodologie sintetiche è molto importante perché permettono di ottenere molecole complesse partendo da prodotti semplici, senza effettuare ripetuti passaggi di purificazione (stop-and-go or step-by-step synthesis). Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di ottenere derivati tetraidrofuranici modificati e derivati ossoazzolinici enantioarrichiti tramite reazioni SN2-Michael o tramite reazioni aldolica-ciclizzazione-Michael usando la catalisi asimmetrica a trasferimento di fase (PTC). Come catalizzatori PTC per imprimere enantioselezione sono stati utilizzati sali di ammonio quaternario derivati dagli alcaloidi della Cinchona. Sono state ottimizzate le condizioni di reazione (base inorganica, temperatura, solvente, tempo di reazione) per i diversi substrati presi in considerazione. I prodotti target sono stati ottenuti con buone rese, ottime diastereoselezioni ma con bassa enantioselezione. I risultati ottenuti richiedono un’ulteriore ottimizzazione e dovranno essere valutate variazioni strutturali dei nucleofili utilizzati. In this thesis were developed domino, tandem reactions and one-pot procedures to obtained enantioenriched heterocycles. The development of these methodologies is very fundamental because they allow to obtain complex molecules starting from raw materials, without carrying out repeated purification steps (stop-and-go or step-by-step synthesis). The purpose of this work is to obtain enantioenriched tetrahydrofuran and oxazoline derivatives through a SN2-Michael reaction or a aldol- cyclization-Michael reaction using the phase-transfer asymmetric catalysis (PTC). For imprint enantioselection we used Cinchona alkaloids quaternary ammonium salts derivatives. The reaction conditions (inorganic base, temperature, solvent, reaction time) were optimised for the different substrates taken into account. The target products were obtained with good yields, excellent diastereoselections but with low enantioselections. The obtained results require further optimization and structural changes in the nucleophiles used must be evaluated.

α-ossidazione asimmetrica organocatalizzata di aldeidi ramificate con dibenzoil perossido

In this thesis, the development of an enantioselective oxidation of α-branched aldehydes using covalent organocatalysis is described. At state of the art, the asymmetric organocatalysis approach, gave often serous difficulties for these kind of substrate respect “classic” aldehydes. We have used a primary cinchona alkaloid derived amine (specially the 9-epi-NH2-CDA) to develop the reaction in combinations with additives. With benzoyl peroxide as oxidant and 2-phenylpropionaldehyde as reference substrate, we have tried to optimize this system but we not found great results about enantiomeric excess.

Sintesi di polimeri funzionali per la catalisi asimmetrica

In recent years, the asymmetric organocatalysis has been recognized as an independent area of synthetic chemistry, where the goal is the preparation of any chiral molecule in an efficient, rapid, and stereoselective manner. In this context we have synthesized macromolecular catalysts soluble in the reaction conditions and that can finally recovered by simple precipitation and subsequent filtration. In particular different active compounds (9-epi-NH2 hyidroquinine and β –isocupreidine) have been linked to the terminal group of the main chain polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEG-5000). The macromolecular catalysts have been tested in different reactions and the results have been compared with those of the correspondent low molecular compounds.

Reazioni di vari reagenti elettrofili con derivati amminotiazolici ad elevato potere nucleofilo

The nucleophile/electrophile combination in the aromatic substitution reaction using aminothiazole derivatives as nucleophiles has been the subject of this study. The reaction between 2,4-dipyrrolidinylthiazole and the neutral carbon electrophile 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene gave a stable Wheland-Meisenheimer (WM) complex. This represents another example, among those already found by the research group in which this work has been carried out, of stable zwitterionic σ-intermediates. When the reaction was carried out with halonitrobenzene derivatives, it produced the substitution product in position 5 of the thiazole ring. 2,4-dipyrrolidinylthiazole and arenediazonium salts gave the coupling product at the C5 of the thiazole ring together with many byproducts and the stable Wheland intermediate formed by attack of the proton on the C5 of the starting thiazole reagent. Arenediazonium salts were coupled also with 2-pyrrolidinylthiazole. In this case quantitative formation of the substitution product deriving from the attack of the electrophile on the carbon nucleophilic position of the thiazole ring was obtained. In conclusion, the results had allowed to expand the knowledge on electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions in the aromatic substitution involving thiazole heteroaromatics and provided a further example of stable Wheland-Meisenheimer intermediates.

Regio- e stereocontrollo nell'addizione viniloga di alchilidenossindoli a nitrostireni via organocatalisi.

The topic of this work is the simultaneous activation, promoted by 9-epi-NH2-DHQA-TU, of alkylideneoxindole and nistirene derivatives, respectively via base catalysis and hydrogen-bond catalysis. The chosen substrates, of high biological interest, are used as starting materials for a vinylogous Michael addition where we wish to control the stereochemistry of the two asymmetric carbons far away from the active site, respectively in γ and δ position. Due to the particular structure of the starting oxindoles, it is hereby presented the first variant of this reaction performed at its highest level of stereochemical complexity. It is possible as a matter of fact, to generate 24 isomers of the product. Specifically, given that the nucleophilic attack can occur from various, non equivalent regions of the starting molecule, our main goal was to achieve a complete regio- and stereocontrol of the reaction. We have verified that the reported organocatalyzed vinylogous reaction represents a valid integration of the metal-catalyzed one, since it affords highly stereochemically complex products in good to high yields and excellent optical purity.

Bioraffineria di vinacce per la produzione ed il recupero di acidi grassi volatili

Obiettivo della presente ricerca è stato la valutazione dell’utilizzo degli scarti derivanti dal processo di vinificazione come substrato per la digestione anerobica finalizzata alla produzione di VFA (“Volatile Fatty Acids”). I VFA sono acidi grassi a corta catena, convenzionalmente fino a 6 atomi di carbonio, che possono essere utilizzati industrialmente nell’ambito della “Carboxilation Platfrorm” per produrre energia, prodotti chimici, o biomateriali. La sperimentazione si è articolata in due fasi principali: 1) Produzione di VFA in processi batch alimentati con vinacce e fecce come substrato; 2) Recupero dei VFA prodotti dall’effluente anaerobico (digestato) mediante processi di adsorbimento con resine a scambio anionico. Nella prima fase sono stati studiati i profili di concentrazione dei principali VFA nel brodo di fermentazione al variare della tipologia di substrato (vinacce e fecce, bianche e rosse) e della temperatura di incubazione (35 °C e 55 °C). La condizione ottimale rilevata per la produzione di VFA è stata la digestione anaerobica di vinacce rosse disidratate e defenolizzate alla temperatura di 35 °C (mesofilia), che ha permesso di raggiungere una concentrazione di VFA totali nel digestato di circa 30 g/L in 16 giorni di monitoraggio. Nella seconda fase è stato analizzato il processo di estrazione in fase solida (Solid Phase Extraction, SPE) con resine a scambio anionico per il recupero dei VFA dal digestato di vinacce rosse. Sono state messe a confronto le prestazioni di quattro diverse resine a scambio anionico: Sepra SAX, Sepra SAX-ZT, Sepra NH2, Amberlyst A21. I parametri operativi ottimali per l’adsorbimento sono risultati essere condizioni di pH acido pari al valore naturale delle soluzioni indicate sopra (~2.5) e tempo di contatto di 2 ore. Tra le quattro resine quella che ha fornito i migliori risultati è stata la Amberlyst A21, una resina polimerica a scambio anionico debolmente basica il cui gruppo funzionale caratteristico è un’ammina terziaria. Infine è stato valutato il processo di desorbimento dei VFA adsorbiti dalla resina con tre diverse soluzioni desorbenti: acqua demineralizzata, etanolo (EtOH) ed acqua basificata con NaOH (1 mol/L). I risultati migliori sono stati conseguiti nel caso dell’EtOH, ottenendo un recupero finale del 9,1% dei VFA inizialmente presenti nel digestato di vinacce rosse incubate in termofilia.

Addizione di Michael organocatalitica asimmetrica di composti 1,3-dicarbonilici ad orto-chinoni metidi: un nuovo e semplice approccio alla preparazione di 4H-cromeni e croman-2-oni otticamente attivi

The work described in this thesis deals with the development of the asymmetric organocatalytic conjugate addition reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to ortho-quinone methides. Due to their instability, these synthetically appealing intermediates have not been fully exploited in catalytic asymmetric settings. In this work, the instability of ortho-quinone methides is overcome by their generation in situ under mild basic conditions, starting from the corresponding sulfonyl derivatives. The bifunctional catalysts used are able to activate both substrates for the reaction, by means of a synergic action of the two catalytic sites, inducing at the same time high enantioselection in the addition step. The reaction leads to the generation of a 2-alkylphenolic framework, featuring a chiral centre at the benzylic position. In particular, the employment of acetylacetone and Meldrum acid as nucleophiles has allowed the obtainment of 4H-chromenes and chroman-2-ones in good yields and generally excellent enantioselectivities. These compounds are synthetic precursors of several natural products, some of which showing interesting biological activity, and of some active pharmaceutical ingredients used in commercial drugs.

Dearomatizzazione organocatalitica regio- ed enantioselettiva di sali di piridinio attivati

In this work, we present the first regio- and enantioselective organocatalytic nucleophilic dearomatization of activated N-alkyl pyridinium salts. In particular, N-benzyl pyridinium bromides bearing electron-withdrawing substituents at the C3 position of the pyridine ring were chosen as substrates. These compounds were easily obtained through an alkylation reaction between benzyl bromides and the corresponding 3-substituted pyridines. Then, a wide range of nucleophiles and organocatalysts was tested, providing the best results when indole, a thiourea derived from quinidine and 1-benzyl-3-nitropyridinum bromide were employed as the nucleophile, the catalyst and the pyridinium salt, respectively. Subsequently, the reaction conditions were optimised evaluating different bases, solvents, N-benzylic protecting groups, molar concentrations and temperatures. With the optimized condition in hand, the scope of the reaction with different substituted indoles was explored, affording the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines in good yields, regio- and enantio-selectivities. In addition, several experiments were carried out in order to understand the mechanism of the reaction, showing an unusual pathway involving a covalently bound intermediate formed by addition of the catalyst to the pyridine unit.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione strutturale di derivati piperidinici e morfolinici chirali

The topic of this thesis concerns the study of catalytic processes for the synthesis of chiral 3,4,5-trisubstituted piperidine and 2,6-disubstituted morpholine. Substrates possessing an α,β-unsaturated ester and a ketone moiety, able to undergo addition/cyclization cascade reactions with different pro-nucleophiles (thiophenols, acetone cyanohydrin and malononitrile), have been evaluated. Chiral and achiral systems for phase-transfer catalysis have been applied as catalysts. Moderate enantiomeric excesses have been obtained for the morpholinic products and good to excellent values for the piperidinic products, by using cyclopeptoids and quaternary ammonium salts derived from Chincona alkaloids as catalysts respectively. Moreover, the absolute configuration of the 3,4,5-trisubstituted piperidines has been determined through quantomechanical simulations of their chirooptical spectra. Finally, the relative configuration of the 2,6-disubstituted morpholines has been assigned through NMR experiments.

A DFT study on chemodivergent preparation of piperidinic and morpholinic heterocycles

The topic of this thesis is the DFT computational study of the mechanisms for the synthesis of chiral 3,4,5-trisubstituted piperidines and 2,6-disubstituted morpholines. The goal of this synthesis is to use, the same substrate containing two electrophilic sites: an α,β-unsaturated ester and a ketone, which evolve according to the nucleophile used (cyanide, phenyl sulfide) through different addition and cyclization reactions. A quaternary ammonium salt is used as a catalyst for these reactions, which leads to a diastereoisomeric excess both for the reactions of morpholine and piperidine products. Studies in silico of the pathways of these reactions explain the chemoselection and diasteroselection deriving from the two nucleophiles used. In this case of piperidine products, it was also possible to validate the hypothesis of a concerted nucleophilic addition mechanism on the α,β-unsaturated site and cyclization due to an intramolecular Michael addition.