Design and implementation of BIRDY satellite data and Radiation Payload simulators

Numerical modelling and simulations are needed to develop and test specific analysis methods by providing test data before BIRDY would be launched. This document describes the "satellite data simulator" which is a multi-sensor, multi-spectral satellite simulator produced especially for the BIRDY mission which could be used as well to analyse data from other satellite missions providing energetic particles data in the Solar system.

Development of Software Tools for the Test of Ultra Wide Band Receivers

In the last years, the importance of locating people and objects and communicating with them in real time has become a common occurrence in every day life. Nowadays, the state of the art of location systems for indoor environments has not a dominant technology as instead occurs in location systems for outdoor environments, where GPS is the dominant technology. In fact, each location technology for indoor environments presents a set of features that do not allow their use in the overall application scenarios, but due its characteristics, it can well coexist with other similar technologies, without being dominant and more adopted than the others indoor location systems. In this context, the European project SELECT studies the opportunity of collecting all these different features in an innovative system which can be used in a large number of application scenarios. The goal of this project is to realize a wireless system, where a network of fixed readers able to query one or more tags attached to objects to be located. The SELECT consortium is composed of European institutions and companies, including Datalogic S.p.A. and CNIT, which deal with software and firmware development of the baseband receiving section of the readers, whose function is to acquire and process the information received from generic tagged objects. Since the SELECT project has an highly innovative content, one of the key stages of the system design is represented by the debug phase. This work aims to study and develop tools and techniques that allow to perform the debug phase of the firmware of the baseband receiving section of the readers.

Teos-based consolidants for stone conservation: evaluation of the effects and testing by x-ray imaging

Natural stones have been widely used in the construction field since antiquity. Building materials undergo decay processes due to mechanical,chemical, physical and biological causes that can act together. Therefore an interdisciplinary approach is required in order to understand the interaction between the stone and the surrounding environment. Utilization of buildings, inadequate restoration activities and in general anthropogenic weathering factors may contribute to this degradation process. For this reasons, in the last few decades new technologies and techniques have been developed and introduced in the restoration field. Consolidants are largely used in restoration and conservation of cultural heritage in order to improve the internal cohesion and to reduce the weathering rate of building materials. It is important to define the penetration depth of a consolidant for determining its efficacy. Impregnation mainly depends on the microstructure of the stone (i.e. porosity) and on the properties of the product itself. Throughout this study, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) applied on globigerina limestone samples has been chosen as object of investigation. After hydrolysis and condensation, TEOS deposits silica gel inside the pores, improving the cohesion of the grains. X-ray computed tomography has been used to characterize the internal structure of the limestone samples,treated and untreated with a TEOS-based consolidant. The aim of this work is to investigate the penetration depth and the distribution of the TEOS inside the porosity, using both traditional approaches and advanced X-ray tomographic techniques, the latter allowing the internal visualization in three dimensions of the materials. Fluid transport properties and porosity have been studied both at macroscopic scale, by means of capillary uptake tests and radiography, and at microscopic scale,investigated with X-ray Tomographic Microscopy (XTM). This allows identifying changes in the porosity, by comparison of the images before and after the treatment, and locating the consolidant inside the stone. Tests were initially run at University of Bologna, where characterization of the stone was carried out. Then the research continued in Switzerland: X-ray tomography and radiography were performed at Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, while XTM measurements with synchrotron radiation were run at Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen.

Evolution of the structural and fracture design of the ISS payloads due to the new launchers, specifically applied to Biolab IEC-2 projects

The relatively young discipline of astronautics represents one of the scientifically most fascinating and technologically advanced achievements of our time. The human exploration in space does not offer only extraordinary research possibilities but also demands high requirements from man and technology. The space environment provides a lot of attractive experimental tools towards the understanding of fundamental mechanism in natural sciences. It has been shown that especially reduced gravity and elevated radiation, two distinctive factors in space, influence the behavior of biological systems significantly. For this reason one of the key objectives on board of an earth orbiting laboratory is the research in the field of life sciences, covering the broad range from botany, human physiology and crew health up to biotechnology. The Columbus Module is the only European low gravity platform that allows researchers to perform ambitious experiments in a continuous time frame up to several months. Biolab is part of the initial outfitting of the Columbus Laboratory; it is a multi-user facility supporting research in the field of biology, e.g. effect of microgravity and space radiation on cell cultures, micro-organisms, small plants and small invertebrates. The Biolab IEC are projects designed to work in the automatic part of Biolab. In this moment in the TO-53 department of Airbus Defence & Space (formerly Astrium) there are two experiments that are in phase C/D of the development and they are the subject of this thesis: CELLRAD and CYTOSKELETON. They will be launched in soft configuration, that means packed inside a block of foam that has the task to reduce the launch loads on the payload. Until 10 years ago the payloads which were launched in soft configuration were supposed to be structural safe by themselves and a specific structural analysis could be waived on them; with the opening of the launchers market to private companies (that are not under the direct control of the international space agencies), the requirements on the verifications of payloads are changed and they have become much more conservative. In 2012 a new random environment has been introduced due to the new Space-X launch specification that results to be particularly challenging for the soft launched payloads. The last ESA specification requires to perform structural analysis on the payload for combined loads (random vibration, quasi-steady acceleration and pressure). The aim of this thesis is to create FEM models able to reproduce the launch configuration and to verify that all the margins of safety are positive and to show how they change because of the new Space-X random environment. In case the results are negative, improved design solution are implemented. Based on the FEM result a study of the joins has been carried out and, when needed, a crack growth analysis has been performed.

Structural verification of the ESEO spacecraft: from launch loads analysis to composite panels verification

The present thesis work was performed in the frame of ESEO (European Student Earth Orbiter) project. The activities that are described in this document were carried out in the Microsatellites and Space Micro systems Lab led by Professor Paolo Tortora and in ALMASpace company facilities. The thesis deals with ESEO structural analysis, at system and unit level, and verification: after determining the design limit loads to be applied to the spacecraft as an envelope of different launchers load profiles, a finite element structural analysis was performed on the model of the satellite in order to ensure the capability to withstand the loads encountered during the launch; all the analyses were performed according to ESA standards and using the software MSC NASTRAN SIMXPERT. Amplification factors were derived and used to determine loads to be considered at unit level. In particular structural analyses were carried out on the GPS unit, the payload developed for ESEO by students of University of Bologna and results were used in the preparation of GPS payload design definition file. As for the verification phase a study on the panels and inserts to be used in the spacecraft was performed: different designs were created exploiting methods to optimize weight and mechanical behavior. The configurations have been analyzed and results compared to select the final design.

Modellazione e simulazione di un quadricottero multirotore

Descrizione e analisi del movimento di piattaforme multirotore tramite modellazione e simulazione computazionale. In particolare è stata analizzata l’attitudine di un quadricottero privo di sistema di controllo automatico. Per la scrittura e l’implementazione degli algoritmi risolutivi è stato utilizzato l’ambiente Matlab. Il codice realizzato permette, dopo successiva introduzione di alcune variabili realative a velivolo ed assetto, di ottenere l’evoluzione di parametri di volo che descrivono lo stato del drone nel tempo attraverso una progressiva integrazione numerica. In questo modo è possibile simulare teoricamente qualunque modello di quadricottero conoscendo i suoi parametri costruttivi, ottenendo così una modellazione preliminare da lanciare nel simulatore. Nella tesi viene utilizzato un unico modello realizzato in CAD Solidworks da cui sono stati ricavati i dati necessari. La tesi si compone di una trattazione semplificata di fattibilità di manovre semplici di un multirotore di tipo quadricottero con un approccio di Eulero-Newton ed, in seguito, in presenza di un carico sospeso tramite cavo considerato inestensibile, si sono analizzate delle evoluzioni nel tempo con un’approccio questa volta lagrangiano. Infine vengono trattati brevemente osservazioni conclusive e possibili sviluppi di questo lavoro di tesi.

Analisi preliminare di missione per lanci aviotrasportati di microsatelliti

Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare e dimensionare una missione in orbita bassa per due microsatelliti di osservazione terrestre. I microsatelliti si stanno attualmente diffondendo su larga scala, grazie principalmente ai vantaggi economici garantiti dal fatto di lavorare con masse ridotte. Parallelamente alla diffusione dei microsatelliti, stanno nascendo numerosi progetti per lo sviluppo di sistemi di aviolancio, che consentono di attuare i vantaggi dei microsatelliti anche nella fase più dispendiosa della missione, cioè la messa in orbita. Vengono, inizialmente, introdotti i sistemi coinvolti nella missione, cioè l’aviolanciatore Pegasus XL, due microsatelliti del peso di 100 kg ciascuno, e un motore elettrico ad effetto Hall per ciascun satellite, usato per il trasferimento orbitale. Si introducono poi brevemente le equazioni del moto del razzo e alcuni cenni di meccanica celeste, specialmente quello che riguarda la definizione dei parametri orbitali. Segue la vera e propria analisi di missione, divisa in due parti: la prima relativa alla fase di aviolancio, con l’obbiettivo di stabilire se effettivamente il lanciatore è in grado di portare il payload prestabilito nell’orbita circolare di parcheggio, e di dimensionare alcune variabili di volo, quali l’angolo di traiettoria iniziale e i due tempi di coasting dovuti allo sgancio degli stadi del razzo; la seconda parte verte invece sull’analisi della missione in orbita, specialmente sul trasferimento a bassa spinta dall’orbita di partenza a quella target, tramite il motore ad effetto Hall. Anche in questo caso si vuole verificare se le prestazioni del motore elettrico sono adeguate al tipo di missione.

Determinazione delle tensioni residue in componenti metallici sottili mediante "incremental hole drilling"

La vita di un aeromobile è un elemento importante sia per quanto riguarda la sicurezza del payload, che da un punto di vista economico, a causa delle spese di manutenzione/rinnovamento della flotta che una compagnia aerea deve affrontare. Gli elementi costitutivi di un aeromobile sono soggetti a diverse tipologie di carichi, alcuni dei quali ciclici come la pressurizzazione/depressurizzazione della fusoliera; tali carichi, nel lungo periodo, possono provocare la nascita e la propagazione di eventuali cricche, le quali possono portare alla rottura del componente stesso causando gravi incidenti. Il legame tra tensioni residue e nascita/crescita delle cricche ha portato allo sviluppo di tecniche per contrastare questo fenomeno, come il processo del LSP. Per la misura delle tensioni residue esistono già normative di riferimento, le quali però non trattano componenti metallici di piccolo spessore mentre i pannelli di fusoliera rientrano in questa categoria. Scopo di questa tesi è quello di studiare una variante della tecnica HD adatta a valutare le tensioni residue in componenti metallici di piccolo spessore e confrontare i risultati con quelli ottenuti con la tecnica XRD. L’idea di partenza è l’implementazione di un supporto posteriore in resina che simuli la presenza di uno spessore maggiore.

Modeling, simulation, and control of a formation of multirotor aircraft for cooperative transportation of suspended loads

The work presented in this thesis aims to contribute to innovation in the Urban Air Mobility and Delivery sector and represents a solid starting point for air logistics and its future scenarios. The dissertation focuses on modeling, simulation, and control of a formation of multirotor aircraft for cooperative load transportation, with particular attention to environmental sustainability. First, a simulation and test environment is developed to assess technologies for suspended load stabilization. Starting from the mathematical model of two identical multirotors, formation-flight-keeping and collision-avoidance algorithms are analyzed. This approach guarantees both the safety of the vehicles within the formation and that of the payload, which may be made of people in the very near future. Afterwards, a mathematical model for the suspended load is implemented, as well as an active controller for its stabilization. The key focus of this part is represented by both analysis and control of payload oscillatory motion, by thoroughly investigating load kinetic energy decay. At this point, several test cases were introduced, in order to understand which strategy is the most effective and safe in terms of future applications in the field of air logistics.

Violazione della sicurezza di rete tramite costruzione di pacchetti anomali

La sicurezza informatica è la pratica di proteggere i sistemi critici e le informazioni sensibili dagli attacchi digitali. Note anche come sicurezza IT, le misure della sicurezza informatica sono progettate per combattere le minacce contro sistemi in rete e applicazioni, che hanno origine sia all’interno che all’esterno di un’organizzazione. Al giorno d'oggi, la minaccia informatica globale continua a evolversi ad un ritmo rapido, con un numero crescente di violazioni dei dati ogni anno. Lo scopo di questo documento è di offrire inizialmente una panoramica su quelli che sono i contesti della sicurezza informatica e le varie tipologie di attacco, per poi mostrare, attraverso la realizzazione di tre casi d'uso, delle modalità con cui violare la sicurezza di una rete tramite costruzione di pacchetti ARP anomali sfruttando l'utilizzo della libreria Scapy. La prima di queste simulerà una casistica di attacco noto come ARP Spoofing dove si tenta di andare ad avvelenare la tabella ARP di un host. Il secondo caso d'uso genera dei pacchetti ARP anomali con all'interno del payload relativo a datagrammi UDP o segmenti TCP causando un possibile sovraccarico della rete, potendo perciò simulare degli attacchi DoS. Il terzo e ultimo caso d'uso genera uno scambio di informazioni ARP tra host di due LAN differenti attraverso l'uso di pacchetti TCP o UDP creando una specie di tunneling tra i due host. I risultati finali permettono di verificare che tramite l'utilizzo di un semplice protocollo come ARP, si possano in realtà generare nuove modalità con cui minacciare la sicurezza informatica. Questo ci fa quindi dedurre la possibilità di poter creare numerose metodologie di attacco, utilizzando la vastità di protocolli utilizzati nelle reti, confermando che il cybercrimine è sempre in continua evoluzione

Design and management of a supply chain: a joint location-inventory problem under uncertainty (Part A)

In this paper, a joint location-inventory model is proposed that simultaneously optimises strategic supply chain design decisions such as facility location and customer allocation to facilities, and tactical-operational inventory management and production scheduling decisions. All this is analysed in a context of demand uncertainty and supply uncertainty. While demand uncertainty stems from potential fluctuations in customer demands over time, supply-side uncertainty is associated with the risk of “disruption” to which facilities may be subject. The latter is caused by external factors such as natural disasters, strikes, changes of ownership and information technology security incidents. The proposed model is formulated as a non-linear mixed integer programming problem to minimise the expected total cost, which includes four basic cost items: the fixed cost of locating facilities at candidate sites, the cost of transport from facilities to customers, the cost of working inventory, and the cost of safety stock. Next, since the optimisation problem is very complex and the number of evaluable instances is very low, a "matheuristic" solution is presented. This approach has a twofold objective: on the one hand, it considers a larger number of facilities and customers within the network in order to reproduce a supply chain configuration that more closely reflects a real-world context; on the other hand, it serves to generate a starting solution and perform a series of iterations to try to improve it. Thanks to this algorithm, it was possible to obtain a solution characterised by a lower total system cost than that observed for the initial solution. The study concludes with some reflections and the description of possible future insights.

Continual learning on nano drones

Miniaturized flying robotic platforms, called nano-drones, have the potential to revolutionize the autonomous robots industry sector thanks to their very small form factor. The nano-drones’ limited payload only allows for a sub-100mW microcontroller unit for the on-board computations. Therefore, traditional computer vision and control algorithms are too computationally expensive to be executed on board these palm-sized robots, and we are forced to rely on artificial intelligence to trade off accuracy in favor of lightweight pipelines for autonomous tasks. However, relying on deep learning exposes us to the problem of generalization since the deployment scenario of a convolutional neural network (CNN) is often composed by different visual cues and different features from those learned during training, leading to poor inference performances. Our objective is to develop and deploy and adaptation algorithm, based on the concept of latent replays, that would allow us to fine-tune a CNN to work in new and diverse deployment scenarios. To do so we start from an existing model for visual human pose estimation, called PULPFrontnet, which is used to identify the pose of a human subject in space through its 4 output variables, and we present the design of our novel adaptation algorithm, which features automatic data gathering and labeling and on-device deployment. We therefore showcase the ability of our algorithm to adapt PULP-Frontnet to new deployment scenarios, improving the R2 scores of the four network outputs, with respect to an unknown environment, from approximately [−0.2, 0.4, 0.0,−0.7] to [0.25, 0.45, 0.2, 0.1]. Finally we demonstrate how it is possible to fine-tune our neural network in real time (i.e., under 76 seconds), using the target parallel ultra-low power GAP 8 System-on-Chip on board the nano-drone, and we show how all adaptation operations can take place using less than 2mWh of energy, a small fraction of the available battery power.