Seismic mitigation of existing masonry structures by means of added damping and stiffness

In this work seismic upgrading of existing masonry structures by means of hysteretic ADAS dampers is treated. ADAS are installed on external concrete walls, which are built parallel to the building, and then linked to the building's slab by means of steel rod connection system. In order to assess the effectiveness of the intervention, a parametric study considering variation of damper main features has been conducted. To this aim, the concepts of equivalent linear system (ELS) or equivalent viscous damping are deepen. Simplified equivalent linear model results are then checked respect results of the yielding structures. Two alternative displacement based methods for damper design are herein proposed. Both methods have been validated through non linear time history analyses with spectrum compatible accelerograms. Finally ADAS arrangement for the non conventional implementation is proposed.

"Experimental and computational approaches to historical masonry structures: A study in the direction of filling the gap"

The assessment of historical structures is a significant need for the next generations, as historical monuments represent the community’s identity and have an important cultural value to society. Most of historical structures built by using masonry which is one of the oldest and most common construction materials used in the building sector since the ancient time. Also it is considered a complex material, as it is a composition of brick units and mortar, which affects the structural performance of the building by having different mechanical behaviour with respect to different geometry and qualities given by the components.

N-Heterocyclic carbene complexes of silver, rhodium and iron: structures, dynamics and catalysis

The research performed in the framework of this Master Thesis has been directly inspired by the recent work of an organometallic research group led by Professor Maria Cristina Cassani on a topic related to the structures, dynamics and catalytic activity of N-heterocyclic carbene-amide rhodium(I) complexes1. A series of [BocNHCH2CH2ImR]X (R = Me, X = I, 1a’; R = Bz, X = Br, 1b’; R = trityl, X = Cl, 1c’) amide-functionalized imidazolium salts bearing increasingly bulky N-alkyl substituents were synthetized and characterized. Subsequently, these organic precursors were employed in the synthesis of silver(I) complexes as intermediate compounds on a way to rhodium(I) complexes [Rh(NBD)X(NHC)] (NHC = 1-(2-NHBoc-ethyl)-3-R-imidazolin-2-ylidene; X = Cl, R = Me (3a’), R = Bz (3b’), R = trityl (3c’); X = I, R = Me (4a’)). VT NMR studies of these complexes revealed a restricted rotation barriers about the metal-carbene bond. However, while the rotation barriers calculated for the complexes in which R = Me, Bz (3a’,b’ and 4a) matched the experimental values, this was not true in the trityl case 3c’, where the experimental value was very similar to that obtained for compound 3b’ and much smaller with respect to the calculated one. In addition, the energy barrier derived for 3c’ from line shape simulation showed a strong dependence on the temperature, while the barriers measured for 3a’,b’ did not show this effect. In view of these results and in order to establish the reasons for the previously found inconsistency between calculated and experimental thermodynamic data, the first objective of this master thesis was the preparation of a series of rhodium(I) complexes [Rh(NBD)X(NHC)] (NHC = 1-benzyl-3-R-imidazolin-2-ylidene; X = Cl, R = Me, Bz, trityl, tBu), containing the benzyl substituent as a chiral probe, followed by full characterization. The second objective of this work was to investigate the catalytic activity of the new rhodium compounds in the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes for comparison purposes with the reported complexes. Another purpose of this work was to employ the prepared N-heterocyclic ligands in the synthesis of iron(II)-NHC complexes.

Modellazione numerica del comportamento di una struttura in muratura

In questi ultimi anni il tema della sicurezza sismica degli edifici storici in muratura ha assunto particolare rilievo in quanto a partire soprattutto dall’ordinanza 3274 del 2003, emanata in seguito al sisma che colpì il Molise nel 2002, la normativa ha imposto un monitoraggio ed una classificazione degli edifici storici sotto tutela per quanto riguarda la vulnerabilità sismica (nel 2008, quest’anno, scade il termine per attuare quest’opera di classificazione). Si è posto per questo in modo più urgente il problema dello studio del comportamento degli edifici storici (non solo quelli che costituiscono monumento, ma anche e soprattutto quelli minori) e della loro sicurezza. Le Linee Guida di applicazione dell’Ordinanza 3274 nascono con l’intento di fornire strumenti e metodologie semplici ed efficaci per affrontare questo studio nei tempi previsti. Il problema si pone in modo particolare per le chiese, presenti in grande quantità sul territorio italiano e di cui costituiscono gran parte del patrimonio culturale; questi edifici, composti di solito da grandi elementi murari, non presentano comportamento scatolare, mancando orizzontamenti, elementi di collegamento efficace e muri di spina interni e sono particolarmente vulnerabili ad azioni sismiche; presentano inoltre un comportamento strutturale a sollecitazioni orizzontali che non può essere colto con un approccio globale basato, ad esempio, su un’analisi modale lineare: non ci sono modi di vibrare che coinvolgano una sufficiente parte di massa della struttura; si hanno valori dei coefficienti di partecipazione dei varii modi di vibrare minori del 10% (in generale molto più bassi). Per questo motivo l’esperienza e l’osservazione di casi reali suggeriscono un approccio di studio degli edifici storici sacri in muratura attraverso l’analisi della sicurezza sismica dei cosiddetti “macroelementi” in cui si può suddividere un edificio murario, i quali sono elementi che presentano un comportamento strutturale autonomo. Questo lavoro si inserisce in uno studio più ampio iniziato con una tesi di laurea dal titolo “Analisi Limite di Strutture in Muratura. Teoria e Applicazione all'Arco Trionfale” (M. Temprati), che ha studiato il comportamento dell’arco trionfale della chiesa collegiata di Santa Maria del Borgo a San Nicandro Garganico (FG). Suddividere un edificio in muratura in più elementi è il metodo proposto nelle Linee Guida, di cui si parla nel primo capitolo del presente lavoro: la vulnerabilità delle strutture può essere studiata tramite il moltiplicatore di collasso quale parametro in grado di esprimere il livello di sicurezza sismica. Nel secondo capitolo si illustra il calcolo degli indici di vulnerabilità e delle accelerazioni di danno per la chiesa di Santa Maria del Borgo, attraverso la compilazione delle schede dette “di II livello”, secondo quanto indicato nelle Linee Guida. Nel terzo capitolo viene riportato il calcolo del moltiplicatore di collasso a ribaltamento della facciata della chiesa. Su questo elemento si è incentrata l’attenzione nel presente lavoro. A causa della complessità dello schema strutturale della facciata connessa ad altri elementi dell’edificio, si è fatto uso del codice di calcolo agli elementi finiti ABAQUS. Della modellazione del materiale e del settaggio dei parametri del software si è discusso nel quarto capitolo. Nel quinto capitolo si illustra l’analisi condotta tramite ABAQUS sullo stesso schema della facciata utilizzato per il calcolo manuale nel capitolo tre: l’utilizzo combinato dell’analisi cinematica e del metodo agli elementi finiti permette per esempi semplici di convalidare i risultati ottenibili con un’analisi non-lineare agli elementi finiti e di estenderne la validità a schemi più completi e più complessi. Nel sesto capitolo infatti si riportano i risultati delle analisi condotte con ABAQUS su schemi strutturali in cui si considerano anche gli elementi connessi alla facciata. Si riesce in questo modo ad individuare con chiarezza il meccanismo di collasso di più facile attivazione per la facciata e a trarre importanti informazioni sul comportamento strutturale delle varie parti, anche in vista di un intervento di ristrutturazione e miglioramento sismico.

ALMASat-1, ALMASat-EO and beyond: evolution of structural concepts and technologies towards multifunctional structures for microsatellites

Multifunctional Structures (MFS) represent one of the most promising disruptive technologies in the space industry. The possibility to merge spacecraft primary and secondary structures as well as attitude control, power management and onboard computing functions is expected to allow for mass, volume and integration effort savings. Additionally, this will bring the modular construction of spacecraft to a whole new level, by making the development and integration of spacecraft modules, or building blocks, leaner, reducing lead times from commissioning to launch from the current 3-6 years down to the order of 10 months, as foreseen by the latest Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) initiatives. Several basic functionalities have been integrated and tested in specimens of various natures over the last two decades. However, a more integrated, system-level approach was yet to be developed. The activity reported in this thesis was focused on the system-level approach to multifunctional structures for spacecraft, namely in the context of nano- and micro-satellites. This thesis documents the work undertaken in the context of the MFS program promoted by the European Space Agency under the Technology Readiness Program (TRP): a feasibility study, including specimens manufacturing and testing. The work sequence covered a state of the art review, with particular attention to traditional modular architectures implemented in ALMASat-1 and ALMASat-EO satellites, and requirements definition, followed by the development of a modular multi-purpose nano-spacecraft concept, and finally by the design, integration and testing of integrated MFS specimens. The approach for the integration of several critical functionalities into nano-spacecraft modules was validated and the overall performance of the system was verified through relevant functional and environmental testing at University of Bologna and University of Southampton laboratories.

Life cycle assessment in construction field: A life cycle cost analysis of reinforcement concrete bridge

The present work is included in the context of the assessment of sustainability in the construction field and is aimed at estimating and analyzing life cycle cost of the existing reinforced concrete bridge “Viadotto delle Capre” during its entire life. This was accomplished by a comprehensive data collection and results evaluation. In detail, the economic analysis of the project is performed. The work has investigated possible design alternatives for maintenance/rehabilitation and end-of-life operations, when structural, functional, economic and also environmental requirements have to be fulfilled. In detail, the economic impact of different design options for the given reinforced concrete bridge have been assessed, whereupon the most economically, structurally and environmentally efficient scenario was chosen. The Integrated Life-Cycle Analysis procedure and Environmental Impact Assessment were also discussed in this work. The scope of this thesis is to illustrate that Life Cycle Cost analysis as part of Life Cycle Assessment approach could be effectively used to drive the design and management strategy of new and existing structures. The final objective of this contribution is to show how an economic analysis can influence decision-making in the definition of the most sustainable design alternatives. The designers can monitor the economic impact of different design strategies in order to identify the most appropriate option.

Creep deflection of low-strength reinforced concrete flexural members strengthened with carbon fiber composite sheets

The low-strength concrete is defined as a concrete where the compressive cubic strength is less than 15 MPa. Since the beginning of the last century, many low-strength concrete buildings and bridges have been built all over the world. Being short of deeper study, composite sheets are prohibited in strengthening of low-strength reinforced concrete members (CECS 146; ACI 440). Moreover, there are few relevant information about the long-term behavior and durability of strengthened RC members. This fact undoubtedly limits the use of the composite materials in the strengthening applications, therefore, it is necessary to study the behaviours of low-strength concrete elements strengthened with composite materials (FRP) for the preservation of historic constructions and innovation in the strengthening technology. Deformability is one of criteria in the design of concrete structures, and this for functionality, durability and aesthetics reasons. Civil engineer possibly encounters more deflection problems in the structural design than any other type of problem. Many materials common in structural engineering such as wood, concrete and composite materials, suffer creep; if the creep phenomenon is taken into account, checks for serviceability limit state criteria can become onerous, because the creep deformation in these materials is in the same order of magnitude as the elastic deformation. The thesis presents the results of an experimental study on the long-term behavior of low-strength reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber composite sheets (CFRP). The work has investigated the accuracy of the long-term deflection predictions made by some analytical procedures existing in literature, as well as by the most widely used design codes (Eurocode 2, ACI-318, ACI-435).