Digital 3D reconstruction as a research environment in art and architecture history: uncertainty classification and visualisation

The dissertation addresses the still not solved challenges concerned with the source-based digital 3D reconstruction, visualisation and documentation in the domain of archaeology, art and architecture history. The emerging BIM methodology and the exchange data format IFC are changing the way of collaboration, visualisation and documentation in the planning, construction and facility management process. The introduction and development of the Semantic Web (Web 3.0), spreading the idea of structured, formalised and linked data, offers semantically enriched human- and machine-readable data. In contrast to civil engineering and cultural heritage, academic object-oriented disciplines, like archaeology, art and architecture history, are acting as outside spectators. Since the 1990s, it has been argued that a 3D model is not likely to be considered a scientific reconstruction unless it is grounded on accurate documentation and visualisation. However, these standards are still missing and the validation of the outcomes is not fulfilled. Meanwhile, the digital research data remain ephemeral and continue to fill the growing digital cemeteries. This study focuses, therefore, on the evaluation of the source-based digital 3D reconstructions and, especially, on uncertainty assessment in the case of hypothetical reconstructions of destroyed or never built artefacts according to scientific principles, making the models shareable and reusable by a potentially wide audience. The work initially focuses on terminology and on the definition of a workflow especially related to the classification and visualisation of uncertainty. The workflow is then applied to specific cases of 3D models uploaded to the DFG repository of the AI Mainz. In this way, the available methods of documenting, visualising and communicating uncertainty are analysed. In the end, this process will lead to a validation or a correction of the workflow and the initial assumptions, but also (dealing with different hypotheses) to a better definition of the levels of uncertainty.

Epos orale russo tra oralità e scrittura: problemi e proposte di traduzione

In the present thesis, I discuss the role of orality in translation, taking into account the problems arising while translating Russian folk epics. I investigate the meaning of orality in the context of folkloristic translation, trying to define a concept of oral poetry, and exploring its consequences for translation. In the first chapter, I try to identify the main differences between written literature and oral modes of expression, with special reference to folklore. Oral verbal art is performed, sung or recited, and based on a vital and dynamic interrelation between kinesics, sound, speech and gestures. According to Muhawi (2006), performance provides an interpretive frame enabling a correct interpretation of the message conveyed beyond the literal meaning. Transposing certain performance elements into print is one of the most controversial problems in folklore studies. However, formulas and formal stylistic devices may be rendered in transcription, building a bridge between oral and written elements. In the translation of oral poetry in transcription, this interconnection between orality and literacy might be emphasized, thus creating a hybrid dimension where oral and literary features coexist. In the second chapter, I introduce and describe the genre of Russian folk epics, transmitted orally, and transcribed between the 19th and 20th centuries, from a historical, linguistic and stylistic point of view. In the third and fourth chapters, I explore the issue of translation of Russian oral poetry. I first analyse existing Italian translations of Russian epics, and then present and discuss my own translation, based on a philological, scholarly approach. Thus, in my translation, which is followed by a rich commentary, I try to focus on the rendering of formulas as one of the most relevant aspects of Russian epics. At the same time, oral devices combine with literary features, thus creating a sort of frozen orality.

Strati, piano, rizoma. John Cage e la filosofia di Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari

In base ad una recensione esaustiva dei riferimenti alla musica e al sonoro nella produzione filosofica di Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, la presente ricerca s’incentra sulla posizione che il pensiero musicale di John Cage occupa in alcuni testi deleuziani. Il primo capitolo tratta del periodo creativo di Cage fra il 1939 e il 1952, focalizzandosi su due aspetti principali: la struttura micro-macrocosmica che contraddistingue i suoi primi lavori, e i quattro elementi che in questo momento sintetizzano per Cage la composizione musicale. Questi ultimi sono considerati in riferimento alla teoria della doppia articolazione che Deleuze e Guattari riprendono da Hjelmslev; entrambi gli aspetti rimandano al sistema degli strati e della stratificazione esposta su Mille piani. Il secondo capitolo analizza la musica dei decenni centrali della produzione cagiana alla luce del luogo in Mille piani dove Cage è messo in rapporto al concetto di “piano fisso sonoro”. Un’attenzione particolare è posta al modo in cui Cage concepisce il rapporto fra durata e materiali sonori, e al grado variabile in cui sono presenti il caso e l’indeterminazione. Le composizioni del periodo in questione sono inoltre viste in riferimento al concetto deleuzo-guattariano di cartografia, e nelle loro implicazioni per il tempo musicale. L’ultimo quindicennio della produzione di Cage è considerata attraverso il concetto di rizoma inteso come teoria delle molteplicità. In primo luogo è esaminata la partitura di Sylvano Bussotti che figura all’inizio di Mille piani; in seguito, i lavori testuali e musicali di Cage sono considerati secondo le procedure compositive cagiane del mesostico, delle parentesi di tempo che concorrono a formare una struttura variabile, e dell’armonia anarchica dell’ultimo Cage.

Salomé et Jean Baptiste. Réinvestissements symboliques et récritures d'un mythe dans la littérature et dans l'art (1870-1914)

La publication de nombreuses œuvres, à la fois littéraires et picturales, entre 1870 et 1914, inspirées par l’épisode biblique du meurtre de Jean Baptiste par Salomé, s’inscrit dans une crise qui touche à cette époque, en Europe, aussi bien le sujet que la notion de représentation. Le mythe de Salomé permet de poursuivre une réflexion de nature littéraire, historique et esthétique concernant le processus d’autonomisation de l’art. À partir des sources bibliques et antiques, dans lesquelles Salomé et Jean Baptiste incarnent respectivement le monde païen en conflit avec le monde chrétien, ces deux personnages font graduellement leur entrée dans l’univers de la fiction. Ils sont au cœur de la transition d’une lecture transcendante — reliée particulièrement à la tradition catholique — de l’épisode tragique qui les unit, à une lecture immanente qui en fait deux instances purement esthétiques. La danseuse et le dernier des prophètes émergent dans la littérature et dans l’art occidentaux comme deux pôles symboliques, liés l’un à l’autre par différents types de relation, susceptibles d’être librement réinvestis par de nouvelles significations et à l’écart des conventions. Si, dans la première partie du XIXe siècle, Salomé et Jean Baptiste sont encore liés à leur sens orthodoxe, au tournant du siècle ils finissent par s’autonomiser de l’Écriture et donnent lieu à de multiples récritures et à des adaptations inattendues. Celles-ci ressortissent alors moins du blasphème à proprement parler que d’un témoignage emblématique d’une transformation du rapport que l’artiste entretient avec son œuvre. Celui-ci, en s’identifiant avec le prophète décollé, se mesure à l’œuvre d’art, qui est incarnée par Salomé. La relation entre Salomé et Jean Baptiste, dans ces diverses représentations, exprime et reflète le moment où art et littérature se reconnaissent comme fictions.

Mathematical Optimization Applied to Thermal and Electrical Energy Systems

This Thesis aims at building and discussing mathematical models applications focused on Energy problems, both on the thermal and electrical side. The objective is to show how mathematical programming techniques developed within Operational Research can give useful answers in the Energy Sector, how they can provide tools to support decision making processes of Companies operating in the Energy production and distribution and how they can be successfully used to make simulations and sensitivity analyses to better understand the state of the art and convenience of a particular technology by comparing it with the available alternatives. The first part discusses the fundamental mathematical background followed by a comprehensive literature review about mathematical modelling in the Energy Sector. The second part presents mathematical models for the District Heating strategic network design and incremental network design. The objective is the selection of an optimal set of new users to be connected to an existing thermal network, maximizing revenues, minimizing infrastructure and operational costs and taking into account the main technical requirements of the real world application. Results on real and randomly generated benchmark networks are discussed with particular attention to instances characterized by big networks dimensions. The third part is devoted to the development of linear programming models for optimal battery operation in off-grid solar power schemes, with consideration of battery degradation. The key contribution of this work is the inclusion of battery degradation costs in the optimisation models. As available data on relating degradation costs to the nature of charge/discharge cycles are limited, we concentrate on investigating the sensitivity of operational patterns to the degradation cost structure. The objective is to investigate the combination of battery costs and performance at which such systems become economic. We also investigate how the system design should change when battery degradation is taken into account.

Investigation of the Impacts of Parental Chronic Illness on Youth Caregiving Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment.

Objective: Parental chronic illness has an impact on several aspects of offspring’s life. Three major impediments to research progress in this field are undeveloped and untested theoretical frameworks, no clear conceptualization of youth caregiving, and no available instrument to assess such construct in Italian. To address these weaknesses, the aims of this PhD dissertation were: (1) to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Young Caregiver of Parents Inventory-Revised (YCOPI-R); (2) to empirically examine a model of the effects of parental illness on youth and family functioning innovatively analyzing the role of psychological flexibility; (3) to test a refined conceptualization of youth caregiving. Methods: A total of 501 adolescents aged 11 to 24 (295 young caregivers and 206 young noncaregivers) completed a questionnaire regarding youth caregiving, parental illness, and youth adjustment. In the first study, young caregivers were compared to noncaregivers, while the other studies used only the young carers subgroup. Results: The first study indicated that the Italian version of the YCOPI-R demonstrated sound psychometric and was able to discriminate between young caregivers and noncaregivers. The second study underlined the key protective role of psychological flexibility in shaping youth adjustment and family functioning in the context of parental illness. The third study innovatively clarified the nature of youth caregiving, indicating that it is a tripartite construct related to both positive and negative youth adjustment outcomes. Conclusions. This PhD project drew attention towards youth of chronically ill parents, a segment of the young population which is presently almost completely neglected in Italy by health policies and healthcare providers. This PhD project ultimately shed light into the processes through which parental illness results in detrimental youth outcomes and highlighted avenues for interventions that target empirically supported mechanisms which ameliorate the detrimental effects of parental illness on youth.

Ethical Perspectives on Big Data in Agri-food: Ownership and Governance for Safety

Big data are reshaping the way we interact with technology, thus fostering new applications to increase the safety-assessment of foods. An extraordinary amount of information is analysed using machine learning approaches aimed at detecting the existence or predicting the likelihood of future risks. Food business operators have to share the results of these analyses when applying to place on the market regulated products, whereas agri-food safety agencies (including the European Food Safety Authority) are exploring new avenues to increase the accuracy of their evaluations by processing Big data. Such an informational endowment brings with it opportunities and risks correlated to the extraction of meaningful inferences from data. However, conflicting interests and tensions among the involved entities - the industry, food safety agencies, and consumers - hinder the finding of shared methods to steer the processing of Big data in a sound, transparent and trustworthy way. A recent reform in the EU sectoral legislation, the lack of trust and the presence of a considerable number of stakeholders highlight the need of ethical contributions aimed at steering the development and the deployment of Big data applications. Moreover, Artificial Intelligence guidelines and charters published by European Union institutions and Member States have to be discussed in light of applied contexts, including the one at stake. This thesis aims to contribute to these goals by discussing what principles should be put forward when processing Big data in the context of agri-food safety-risk assessment. The research focuses on two interviewed topics - data ownership and data governance - by evaluating how the regulatory framework addresses the challenges raised by Big data analysis in these domains. The outcome of the project is a tentative Roadmap aimed to identify the principles to be observed when processing Big data in this domain and their possible implementations.

Victorian letter writing and its representation in literature and painting: the case study of love letters

One of the main features of nineteenth-century fiction is the quasi-total disappearance of the epistolary novel that had had its heydays in the previous century. For this reason, some scholars have declared the “death” of the letter in literature after the transitional romantic period. However, Victorian novels overflow with letters that are embedded, quoted in part or described and commented on by narrators or characters. Even when its content is not revealed to the reader, the letter becomes a signifier loaded with meanings, also and particularly so, when it is burnt, torn, hidden, found or buried. The Postal Reform of 1839-40 caused the number of letters sent every year in Britain to grow from 75 to 410 million in only 14 years, and the mediatic campaign that supported it drew the attention of the population to the material aspects concerning this means of communication. Newspapers became more affordable too and they promoted a taste for sensationalism that often involved the “spectacularization” of private correspondence. Starting from an excursus on the history of the letter aimed at identifying the key aspects of the genre, this work deals with some real love correspondences from people belonging to different classes in the period from 1840 to the 1870s, to then analyse their fictional and pictorial counterparts. The general picture that emerges from this analysis is that of a Victorian society where letters were able to break down the boundaries between high and low forms of cultural expressions and where, more than ever, letters were present in people’s everyday lives as well as in the art and literature they enjoyed.

Active control of sound radiated by vibrating surfaces on a McLaren supercar

Sound radiators based on forced vibrations of plates are becoming widely employed, mainly for active sound enhancement and noise cancelling systems, both in music and automotive environment. Active sound enhancement solutions based on electromagnetic shakers hence find increasing interest. Mostly diffused applications deal with active noise control (ANC) and active vibration control systems for improving the acoustic experience inside or outside the vehicle. This requires investigating vibrational and, consequently, vibro-acoustic characteristics of vehicles. Therefore, simulation and processing methods capable of reducing the calculation time and providing high-accuracy results, are strongly demanded. In this work, an ideal case study on rectangular plates in fully clamped conditions preceded a real case analysis on vehicle panels. The sound radiation generated by a vibrating flat or shallow surface can be calculated by means of Rayleigh’s integral. The analytical solution of the problem is here calculated implementing the equations in MATLAB. Then, the results are compared with a numerical model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics, employing Finite Element Method (FEM). A very good matching between analytical and numerical solutions is shown, thus the cross validation of the two methods is achieved. The shift to the real case study, on a McLaren super car, led to the development of a mixed analytical-numerical method. Optimum results were obtained with mini shakers excitement, showing good matching of the recorded SPL with the calculated one over all the selected frequency band. In addition, a set of directivity measurements of the hood were realized, to start studying the spatiality of sound, which is fundamental to active noise control systems.