Interazioni piante-insetti mediate da semiochimici

Numerosi parassitoidi localizzano i propri ospiti sfruttando le miscele di composti volatili rilasciate dalle piante infestate, che sono segnali più facilmente reperibili nell’ambiente rispetto agli odori emessi dai soli fitofagi. Anche Diglyphus isaea (Walker), un ectoparassitoide paleartico impiegato nella lotta biologica contro vari fillominatori, localizza l’ospite Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera Agromyzidae) sfruttando gli odori emessi dal complesso pianta (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) – minatore (L. trifolii). L’obbiettivo di questa ricerca è stato di mettere a punto una procedura che consentisse di estrarre in vivo, da piante di fagiolo infestate da larve di L. trifolii, i composti volatili responsabili dell’attrazione del parassitoide D. isaea e permettesse di individuare i composti biologicamente attivi presenti nella miscela. A tal fine sono state messe a confronto due metodologie, ovvero la tecnica statica dell’SPME e quella dinamica dell’Air Entrainment, impiegate in ecologia chimica per identificare e quantificare i composti organici volatili da numerose matrici biologiche. Le miscele estratte dai campioni sono state sia analizzate al gascromatografo/spettrometro di massa, che saggiate all’olfattometro a Y. Alla luce dei risultati ottenuti, si può affermare che la tecnica dell’Air Entrainment si è rivelata più adatta al raggiungimento degli obbiettivi di questo studio. Grazie a questa metodologia infatti è stato possibile verificare l’attività biologica delle miscele estratte nei confronti di D. isaea e identificare i composti volatili imputabili, con buona probabilità, unicamente all’attività trofica del fillominatore. Si tratta principalmente di terpenoidi volatili, sostanze spesso indicate come importanti segnali utilizzati da predatori e parassitoidi per localizzare le proprie prede o i propri ospiti. Questi composti sono stati diluiti in etere e saggiati a tre diverse concentrazioni (1 ng; 10 ng; 100 ng) contro l’etere (controllo). L’analisi statistica delle differenze registrate nelle scelte definitive compiute da D. isaea, nel corso delle prove condotte con i composti puri (indolo; α-copaene; β-cariofillene; α-cariofillene; α-farnesene), ha messo in luce come questo parassitoide risulti attratto solo dall’α-cariofillene, mentre l’α-farnesene sembra avere nei confronti dell’eulofide un effetto repellente.

Two fluid numerical model for coastal applications

Wave breaking is an important coastal process, influencing hydro-morphodynamic processes such as turbulence generation and wave energy dissipation, run-up on the beach and overtopping of coastal defence structures. During breaking, waves are complex mixtures of air and water (“white water”) whose properties affect velocity and pressure fields in the vicinity of the free surface and, depending on the breaker characteristics, different mechanisms for air entrainment are usually observed. Several laboratory experiments have been performed to investigate the role of air bubbles in the wave breaking process (Chanson & Cummings, 1994, among others) and in wave loading on vertical wall (Oumeraci et al., 2001; Peregrine et al., 2006, among others), showing that the air phase is not negligible since the turbulent energy dissipation involves air-water mixture. The recent advancement of numerical models has given valuable insights in the knowledge of wave transformation and interaction with coastal structures. Among these models, some solve the RANS equations coupled with a free-surface tracking algorithm and describe velocity, pressure, turbulence and vorticity fields (Lara et al. 2006 a-b, Clementi et al., 2007). The single-phase numerical model, in which the constitutive equations are solved only for the liquid phase, neglects effects induced by air movement and trapped air bubbles in water. Numerical approximations at the free surface may induce errors in predicting breaking point and wave height and moreover, entrapped air bubbles and water splash in air are not properly represented. The aim of the present thesis is to develop a new two-phase model called COBRAS2 (stands for Cornell Breaking waves And Structures 2 phases), that is the enhancement of the single-phase code COBRAS0, originally developed at Cornell University (Lin & Liu, 1998). In the first part of the work, both fluids are considered as incompressible, while the second part will treat air compressibility modelling. The mathematical formulation and the numerical resolution of the governing equations of COBRAS2 are derived and some model-experiment comparisons are shown. In particular, validation tests are performed in order to prove model stability and accuracy. The simulation of the rising of a large air bubble in an otherwise quiescent water pool reveals the model capability to reproduce the process physics in a realistic way. Analytical solutions for stationary and internal waves are compared with corresponding numerical results, in order to test processes involving wide range of density difference. Waves induced by dam-break in different scenarios (on dry and wet beds, as well as on a ramp) are studied, focusing on the role of air as the medium in which the water wave propagates and on the numerical representation of bubble dynamics. Simulations of solitary and regular waves, characterized by both spilling and plunging breakers, are analyzed with comparisons with experimental data and other numerical model in order to investigate air influence on wave breaking mechanisms and underline model capability and accuracy. Finally, modelling of air compressibility is included in the new developed model and is validated, revealing an accurate reproduction of processes. Some preliminary tests on wave impact on vertical walls are performed: since air flow modelling allows to have a more realistic reproduction of breaking wave propagation, the dependence of wave breaker shapes and aeration characteristics on impact pressure values is studied and, on the basis of a qualitative comparison with experimental observations, the numerical simulations achieve good results.