Luminescent Ionic Transition-Metal Complexes for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

The European Union set the ambitious target of reducing energy consumption by 20% within 2020. This goal demands a tremendous change in how we generate and consume energy and urgently calls for an aggressive policy on energy efficiency. Since 19% of the European electrical energy is used for lighting, considerable savings can be achieved with the development of novel and more efficient lighting systems. In this thesis, accomplished in the frame of the EU project CELLO, I report some selected goals we achieved attempting to develop highly efficient, flat, low cost and flexible light sources using Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs), based on ionic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. After an extensive introduction about LECs and solid-state lighting in general, I focus on the research we carried out on cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes displaying deep-blue emission, which has turned out to be a rather challenging task. In order to demonstrate the wide versatility of this class of compounds, I also report a case in which some tailored iridium(III) complexes act as near-infrared (NIR) sources. In fact, standard NIR emitting devices are typically expensive and, also in this case, LECs could serve as low-cost alternatives in fields were NIR luminescence is crucial, such as telecommunications and bioimaging. Since LECs are based on only one active material, in the last chapter I stress the importance of an integrated approach toward the right selection of suitable emitters not only from the photophysical, but also from the point of view of material science. An iridium(III) complex, once in the device, is interacting with ionic liquids, metal cathodes, electric fields, etc. All these interactions should be taken in to account if Europe really wants to implement more efficient lighting paradigms, generating light beyond research labs.

Electrochemical sensing strategies for the detection of interactions between biological macromolecules

Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal, enabling the development of cheap, small, portable and simple devices, that allow multiplex and real-time detection. At the same time nanobiotechnology is drastically revolutionizing the biosensors development and different transduction strategies exploit concepts developed in these field to simplify the analysis operations for operators and end users, offering higher specificity, higher sensitivity, higher operational stability, integrated sample treatments and shorter analysis time. The aim of this PhD work has been the application of nanobiotechnological strategies to electrochemical biosensors for the detection of biological macromolecules. Specifically, one project was focused on the application of a DNA nanotechnology called hybridization chain reaction (HCR), to amplify the hybridization signal in an electrochemical DNA biosensor. Another project on which the research activity was focused concerns the development of an electrochemical biosensor based on a biological model membrane anchored to a solid surface (tBLM), for the recognition of interactions between the lipid membrane and different types of target molecules.

Electrochemical surface modification of Single walled carbon nanotubes and graphene-based electrodes for (bio)sensing applications

Sensors are devices that have shown widespread use, from the detection of gas molecules to the tracking of chemical signals in biological cells. Single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and graphene based electrodes have demonstrated to be an excellent material for the development of electrochemical biosensors as they display remarkable electronic properties and the ability to act as individual nanoelectrodes, display an excellent low-dimensional charge carrier transport, and promote surface electrocatalysis. The present work aims at the preparation and investigation of electrochemically modified SWCNT and graphene-based electrodes for applications in the field of biosensors. We initially studied SWCNT films and focused on their topography and surface composition, electrical and optical properties. Parallel to SWCNTs, graphene films were investigated. Higher resistance values were obtained in comparison with nanotubes films. The electrochemical surface modification of both electrodes was investigated following two routes (i) the electrografting of aryl diazonium salts, and (ii) the electrophylic addition of 1, 3-benzodithiolylium tetrafluoroborate (BDYT). Both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the modified electrode surfaces were studied such as the degree of functionalization and their surface composition. The combination of Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, electrochemistry and other techniques, has demonstrated that selected precursors could be covalently anchored to the nanotubes and graphene-based electrode surfaces through novel carbon-carbon formation.