Pet food: quality and quality improvement

Today’s pet food industry is growing rapidly, with pet owners demanding high-quality diets for their pets. The primary role of diet is to provide enough nutrients to meet metabolic requirements, while giving the consumer a feeling of well-being. Diet nutrient composition and digestibility are of crucial importance for health and well being of animals. A recent strategy to improve the quality of food is the use of “nutraceuticals” or “Functional foods”. At the moment, probiotics and prebiotics are among the most studied and frequently used functional food compounds in pet foods. The present thesis reported results from three different studies. The first study aimed to develop a simple laboratory method to predict pet foods digestibility. The developed method was based on the two-step multi-enzymatic incubation assay described by Vervaeke et al. (1989), with some modification in order to better represent the digestive physiology of dogs. A trial was then conducted to compare in vivo digestibility of pet-foods and in vitro digestibility using the newly developed method. Correlation coefficients showed a close correlation between digestibility data of total dry matter and crude protein obtained with in vivo and in vitro methods (0.9976 and 0.9957, respectively). Ether extract presented a lower correlation coefficient, although close to 1 (0.9098). Based on the present results, the new method could be considered as an alternative system of evaluation of dog foods digestibility, reducing the need for using experimental animals in digestibility trials. The second parte of the study aimed to isolate from dog faeces a Lactobacillus strain capable of exert a probiotic effect on dog intestinal microflora. A L. animalis strain was isolated from the faeces of 17 adult healthy dogs..The isolated strain was first studied in vitro when it was added to a canine faecal inoculum (at a final concentration of 6 Log CFU/mL) that was incubated in anaerobic serum bottles and syringes which simulated the large intestine of dogs. Samples of fermentation fluid were collected at 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours for analysis (ammonia, SCFA, pH, lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms, clostridia). Consequently, the L. animalis strain was fed to nine dogs having lactobacilli counts lower than 4.5 Log CFU per g of faeces. The study indicated that the L animalis strain was able to survive gastrointestinal passage and transitorily colonize the dog intestine. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that the L. animalis strain positively influenced composition and metabolism of the intestinal microflora of dogs. The third trail investigated in vitro the effects of several non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on dog intestinal microflora composition and metabolism. Substrates were fermented using a canine faecal inoculum that was incubated in anaerobic serum bottles and syringes. Substrates were added at the final concentration of 1g/L (inulin, FOS, pectin, lactitol, gluconic acid) or 4g/L (chicory). Samples of fermentation fluid were collected at 0, 6, and 24 hours for analysis (ammonia, SCFA, pH, lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms). Gas production was measured throughout the 24 h of the study. Among the tested NDO lactitol showed the best prebiotic properties. In fact, it reduced coliforms and increased lactobacilli counts, enhanced microbial fermentation and promoted the production of SCFA while decreasing BCFA. All the substrates that were investigated showed one or more positive effects on dog faecal microflora metabolism or composition. Further studies (in particular in vivo studies with dogs) will be needed to confirm the prebiotic properties of lactitol and evaluate its optimal level of inclusion in the diet.

Il cane come modello animale spontaneo di patologie neoplastiche dell'uomo: ene Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Nnella predisposizione al cancro ed importanza dei riarrangimanti genici dei geni Ig/TCR per la diagnosi e prognosi delle malattie linfoproliferative

“Naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs and humans share many features, including histological appearance, tumour genetics, molecular targets, biological behaviour and response to conventional therapies. Studying dogs with cancer is likely to provide a valuable perspective that is distinct from that generated by the study of human or rodent cancers alone. The value of this opportunity has been increasingly recognized in the field of cancer research for the identification of cancer-associated genes, the study of environmental risk factors, understanding tumour biology and progression, and, perhaps most importantly, the evaluation and development of novel cancer therapeutics”.(Paoloni and Khanna, 2008) In last years, the author has investigated some molecular features of cancer in dogs. The Thesis is articulated in two main sections. In section 1, the preliminary results of a research project aimed at investigating the role of somatic mutations of Ataxia-Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene in predisposing to cancer in boxer dogs, are presented. The canine boxer breed may be considered an unique opportunity to disclose the role of ATM somatic mutation since boxer dogs are known to be dramatically susceptible to cancer and since they may be considered a closed gene pool. Furthermore, dogs share with human the some environment. Overall, the abovementioned features could be considered extremely useful for our purposes. In the section 2, the results of our studies aimed at setting up accurate and sensitive molecular assays for diagnosing and assessing minimal residual disease in lymphoproliferative disorders of dogs, are presented. The results of those molecular assay may be directly translated in the field of Veterinary practice as well as the may be used to improve our objective evaluation of new investigational drugs effectiveness in canine cancer trials.

Equine and human mutual welfare: a whole subject? Critical aspects and possible strategies in equine-assisted activities and therapies

General aim of the study is equine welfare, particularly concerning different husbandry methodic and inter-specific relational factors. Specific aim is the evaluation of possible mutual (to humans and to equines) benefits and the analysis of critical factors/strength points, of human-horse relationship within Therapeutic Riding context (TR). The peculiarities of human-horse relationship (compared to the bond with “Pet”) are analyzed, concerning their socio-anthropological, psychological, psycho-dynamic distinctive characteristics. 8 European representative therapeutic riding centers (TRC) were therefore selected (on the basis of their different animals’ husbandry criteria, and of the different rehabilitative methodologies adopted). TRC were investigated through 2 different questionnaires, specifically settled to access objective/subjective animal welfare parameters; the quality of human-horse relationship; technicians’ emotional experienced. 3 Centers were further selected, and behavioral (145 hours of behavioral recording) and physiological parameters (heart rate and heart rate variability) were evaluated, aimed to access equine welfare and horses’ adaptive responses/coping (towards general environment and towards TR job). Moreover a specific “handling-task” was ideated and experimented, aimed to measure the quality of TR technicians-horses relationship. We did therefore evaluate both the individual horses’ responses and the possible differences among Centers. Data collected highlight the lack of univocal standardized methodic, concerning the general animals’ management and the specific methodologies (aimed to improve animal welfare and to empower TR efficacy). Some positive and some critical aspects were detected concerning TR personnel-horse relationship. Another experimental approach did evaluate the efficacy (concerning the mutual benefits’ empowerment) of an “ethologically-fitted” TR intervention, aimed to educate children to and through the relationship with horses. Our data evidenced that the improvement of human horse relationship, through structured educational programs for TR personnel might have important consequences both to human and equine welfare.

Food safety and zoonotic enteric pathogens: sources, risk factors and transmission routes of human salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis

Salmonella and Campylobacter are common causes of human gastroenteritis. Their epidemiology is complex and a multi-tiered approach to control is needed, taking into account the different reservoirs, pathways and risk factors. In this thesis, trends in human gastroenteritis and food-borne outbreak notifications in Italy were explored. Moreover, the improved sensitivity of two recently-implemented regional surveillance systems in Lombardy and Piedmont was evidenced, providing a basis for improving notification at the national level. Trends in human Salmonella serovars were explored: serovars Enteritidis and Infantis decreased, Typhimurium remained stable and 4,[5],12:i:-, Derby and Napoli increased, suggesting that sources of infection have changed over time. Attribution analysis identified pigs as the main source of human salmonellosis in Italy, accounting for 43–60% of infections, followed by Gallus gallus (18–34%). Attributions to pigs and Gallus gallus showed increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Potential bias and sampling issues related to the use of non-local/non-recent multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data in Campylobacter jejuni/coli source attribution using the Asymmetric Island (AI) model were investigated. As MLST data become increasingly dissimilar with increasing geographical/temporal distance, attributions to sources not sampled close to human cases can be underestimated. A combined case-control and source attribution analysis was developed to investigate risk factors for human Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection of chicken, ruminant, environmental, pet and exotic origin in The Netherlands. Most infections (~87%) were attributed to chicken and cattle. Individuals infected from different reservoirs had different associated risk factors: chicken consumption increased the risk for chicken-attributed infections; animal contact, barbecuing, tripe consumption, and never/seldom chicken consumption increased that for ruminant-attributed infections; game consumption and attending swimming pools increased that for environment-attributed infections; and dog ownership increased that for environment- and pet-attributed infections. Person-to-person contacts around holiday periods were risk factors for infections with exotic strains, putatively introduced by returning travellers.

Farmacocinetica della buprenorfina, e del suo metabolita norbuprenorfina, somministrata come infusione costante nel periodo post-operatorio in cagne sane sottoposte ad ovariectomia

Il dolore non è solo una conseguenza della malattia ma un fattore patogeno che è di per se stesso in grado di perpetuare il danno all’organismo. Il suo trattamento non è quindi solo un atto di umanità ma un contributo ad arrestare la malattia e restituire la salute al paziente. Tra i farmaci più popolari per la terapia del dolore negli animali da affezione si trova la buprenorfina. Questa molecola viene impiegata con successo da anni nel cane e nel gatto per motivi riconducibili, oltre che alla sua efficacia (la sua potenza è diverse volte quella della morfina), alla lunga durata d’azione e alla scarsità degli effetti collaterali. Nonostante l’ampia diffusione e longevità del suo utilizzo, però, sappiamo poco della farmacocinetica di questa molecola negli animali da affezione; i dosaggi clinicamente impiegati sono di fatto estrapolati dagli studi nell’uomo oppure basati su semplici osservazioni degli effetti; i pochi dati farmacocinetici ottenuti nel cane fanno riferimento a singoli boli di dosi che non sempre corrispondono a quelle clinicamente impiegate. Nonostante la buprenorfina trovi il suo principale impiego nelle somministrazioni protratte a lungo (durante il periodo post-operatorio o la degenza ospedaliera) non è mai stato indagato il profilo farmacocinetico della molecola somministrata a boli ripetuti o come infusione continua. Il nostro studio si pone come obiettivo di indagare la farmacocinetica della buprenorfina somministrata come bolo di carico seguito da un’infusione costante a dosaggi considerati clinici in cani sani nel periodo post operatorio. Lo scopo ultimo è quello di sviluppare un protocollo per la somministrazione di questa molecola in modo prolungato in pazienti degenti ed addolorati per poi, in futuro, confrontare la somministrazione come infusione continua con i tradizionali boli ripetuti. Per lo studio sono state utilizzate giovani cagne adulte di taglia media o grande sottoposte ad intervento di ovariectomia.

Studio di alcuni tratti del temperamento nel cane

Il temperamento può essere definito come l’attitudine che un cane esprime verso le persone e verso altri animali, la combinazione di tratti fisici e mentali, acquisiti e non, che determinano il comportamento del cane. Tale parametro delinea perciò il carattere di un individuo, inclinazioni e tendenze, eccitabilità, tristezza, rabbia e il modo caratteristico di comportarsi di un individuo, con particolare riferimento alle interazioni sociali. La presente tesi di Dottorato rappresenta uno studio su alcuni tratti del temperamento nel cane domestico elaborato in 3 progetti sperimentali. Nei primi due progetti sono state analizzate le differenze attitudinali tra alcune razze canine attraverso l’applicazione di un test di temperamento in cuccioli di 60 giorni e in cani adulti, per valutare e confrontarne il temperamento, la socialità ed identificare profili tipici di razza. Nel terzo progetto un campione di cani morsicatori di canile e di proprietà è stato confrontato con due rispettivi gruppi di controllo. Analizzando i risultati è stato possibile mettere in evidenza caratteristiche di razza omogenee nell’interazione con stimoli inanimati, nelle interazioni sociali e in relazione alla possessività e sono stati delineati profili di razza sia nei cuccioli sia negli adulti. Si sono tuttavia, osservate variabilità individuali, intra-razza e intra-cucciolata, a testimonianza dell’influenza complessa e multifattoriale delle componenti genetica e ambientale sul comportamento dei cani. Il confronto tra cani morsicatori di canile e di proprietà ha messo in luce interessanti differenze tra i soggetti in termini di reattività, socievolezza, propensione all’interazione con il proprietario o con un estraneo, comportamenti di evitamento e velocità di reazione agli stimoli presentati. Il test applicato è risultato un valido strumento per valutare il temperamento di cani dichiarati aggressivi che sono stati sottoposti a situazioni nuove e a stimoli sconosciuti per poter ottenere una migliore visione d’insieme del temperamento del soggetto.

Messa a punto e validazione di metodiche analitiche per la determinazione di micotossine in matrici biologiche mediante UPLC-MS/MS

La presenza di micotossine nelle materie prime desta grande preoccupazione a causa delle importanti implicazioni nella sicurezza di alimenti e mangimi. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di mettere a punto e validare una metodica analitica rapida e semplice, in cromatografia liquida ad ultra prestazione accoppiata a spettrometria di massa-tandem (UPLC-MS/MS), per la determinazione simultanea di differenti micotossine: aflatossine (B1, B2, G1, G2), ocratossina A, fumonisine (B1, B2), deossinivalenolo e zearalenone in matrici biologiche. Il metodo sviluppato per l’analisi di campioni di mangime secco per cani ha mostrato prestazioni adeguate ed è stato applicato a 49 campioni reperibili in commercio, al fine di valutare la sua efficacia e di ottenere alcuni dati preliminari sulla contaminazione da micotossine in alimenti per cani disponibili sul mercato italiano. Lo studio ha evidenziato una percentuale alta di campioni positivi, contenenti principalmente fumonisine, deossinivalenolo e ocratossina A; tutti i tenori si sono dimostrati inferiori al limite di legge previsto (Racc. CE 576/2006). Una seconda metodica è stata messa a punto e validata per l’identificazione e la quantificazione micotossine in campioni di formaggio; per questa matrice è stata inserita anche l’aflatossina M1, specifica dei prodotti lattiero - caseari. Le differenti proprietà chimico-fisiche degli analiti e la complessità della matrice hanno implicato alcune difficoltà nello sviluppo della metodica. Tuttavia, il metodo validato si è mostrato rapido, semplice ed affidabile ed è stato applicato a diversi tipi di formaggi per verificarne la versatilità. I risultati preliminari hanno mostrato l’assenza di contaminazione da parte delle micotossine in oggetto. Entrambi i metodi si sono dimostrati utili per il monitoraggio di contaminanti in matrici complesse ad oggi ancora poco studiate.

Studio longitudinale sulle capacità cognitive del cane: discriminazione di quantità ed apprendimento per imitazione in relazione all'attaccamento

Il presente studio ha indagato e valutato alcune abilità cognitive del cane: la capacità di discriminare quantità e le capacità di apprendimento mediante imitazione; quest’ultima è poi stata messa in relazione con l’attaccamento nei confronti del proprietario. Per l’esecuzione della prima indagine sono stati messi appunto due test: il primo si è basato esclusivamente sulla presentazione di uno stimolo visivo: diversi quantitativi di cibo, differenti tra loro del 50%, sono stati presentati al cane; la scelta effettuata dai soggetti testati è stata premiata con differenti tipi di rinforzo differenziale o non differenziale. Il secondo test è stato diviso in due parti: sono stati presentati al cane diversi quantitativi di cibo sempre differenti tra loro del 50% ma nella prima parte del test l’input sensoriale per il cane è stato esclusivamente uditivo mentre nella seconda parte è stato sia uditivo che visivo. Ove è stato possibile è stato applicato ai cani un cardiofrequenzimetro al fine di eseguire una valutazione delle variazioni della frequenza cardiaca nel corso del test. Lo scopo è stato quello di valutare se i soggetti testati erano in grado di discriminare la quantità maggiore. La seconda indagine ha analizzato le capacità di apprendimento di 36 soggetti che sono stati suddivisi in cani da lavoro e pet. I soggetti protagonisti dello studio hanno eseguito il Mirror Test per la valutazione dell’apprendimento per imitazione. I soggetti presi in considerazione, sono stati sottoposti a scansione termografica all’inizio ed al termine del test ed è stata rilevata la loro frequenza respiratoria nella fase iniziale e finale del test. In 11 soggetti che hanno eseguito il precedente test è stato possibile eseguire anche il Strange Situation Test per la valutazione dell’attaccamento al proprietario; i test in questione sono stati videoregistrati ed analizzati per mezzo di un software preposto (OBSERVER XT 10).

Diagnosi e terapia dei tumori delle cavita' nasali del cane

Lo studio è stato condotto su pazienti affetti da carcinoma nasale trattati con radioterapia presso il Centro Oncologico Veterinario (Sasso Marconi, BO). Lo studio, prospettico, randomizzato e in doppio cieco, ha valutato l’efficacia del trattamento radioterapico in combinazione o meno con firocoxib, un inibitore selettivo dell’enzima ciclossigenasi 2 (COX-2). Sono stati inclusi pazienti con diagnosi istologica di carcinoma nasale sottoposti a stadiazione completa. I pazienti sono stati successivamente suddivisi in due gruppi in base alla tipologia di trattamento: radioterapia associata a firocoxib (Gruppo 1) o solo radioterapia (Gruppo 2). Dopo il trattamento, i pazienti sono stati monitorati a intervalli di 3 mesi sia clinicamente che mediante esami collaterali, al fine di valutare condizioni generali del paziente, un’eventuale tossicità dovuta alla somministrazione di firocoxib e la risposta oggettiva al trattamento. Per valutare la qualità di vita dei pazienti durante la terapia, è stato richiesto ai proprietari la compilazione mensile di un questionario. La mediana del tempo libero da progressione (PFI) è stata di 228 giorni (range 73-525) nel gruppo dei pazienti trattati con radioterapia e firocoxib e di 234 giorni (range 50-475) nei pazienti trattati solo con radioterapia. La sopravvivenza mediana (OS) nel Gruppo 1 è stata di 335 giorni (range 74-620) e di 244 giorni (range 85-505) nel Gruppo 2. Non si sono riscontrate differenze significative di PFI e OS tra i due gruppi. La presenza di metastasi ai linfonodi regionali condizionava negativamente PFI e sopravvivenza (P = 0.004). I pazienti trattati con firocoxib hanno mostrato un significativo beneficio in termini di qualità di vita rispetto ai pazienti trattati con sola radioterapia (P=0.008). La radioterapia può essere considerata un’efficace opzione terapeutica per i cani affetti da neoplasie nasali. Firocoxib non sembra migliorare significativamente i tempi di sopravvivenza, ma risulta utile al fine di garantire una migliore qualità di vita.

Prediction Nomogram for 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in different clinical settings of PSA failure after radical treatment for Prostate Cancer

Objective The objective of this study was to develop a clinical nomogram to predict gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT) positivity in different clinical settings of PSA failure. Materials and methods Seven hundred three (n = 703) prostate cancer (PCa) patients with confirmed PSA failure after radical therapy were enrolled. Patients were stratified according to different clinical settings (first-time biochemical recurrence [BCR]: group 1; BCR after salvage therapy: group 2; biochemical persistence after radical prostatectomy [BCP]: group 3; advanced stage PCa before second-line systemic therapies: group 4). First, we assessed 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT positivity rate. Second, multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine predictors of positive scan. Third, regression-based coefficients were used to develop a nomogram predicting positive 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT result and 200 bootstrap resamples were used for internal validation. Fourth, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify the most informative nomogram’s derived cut-off. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was implemented to quantify nomogram’s clinical benefit. Results 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT overall positivity rate was 51.2%, while it was 40.3% in group 1, 54% in group 2, 60.5% in group 3, and 86.9% in group 4 (p < 0.001). At multivariable analyses, ISUP grade, PSA, PSA doubling time, and clinical setting were independent predictors of a positive scan (all p ≤ 0.04). A nomogram based on covariates included in the multivariate model demonstrated a bootstrap-corrected accuracy of 82%. The nomogram-derived best cut-off value was 40%. In DCA, the nomogram revealed clinical net benefit of > 10%. Conclusions This novel nomogram proved its good accuracy in predicting a positive scan, with values ≥ 40% providing the most informative cut-off in counselling patients to 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT. This tool might be important as a guide to clinicians in the best use of PSMA-based PET imaging.

Tumor burden as assessed by 18 F FDG PET scan as predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint blockers in advanced NSCLC - a multi centric study

Introduction Only a proportion of patients with advanced NSCLC benefit from Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs). No biomarker is validated to choose between ICBs monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy (Chemo-ICB) when PD-L1 expression is above 50%. The aim of the present study is to validate the biomarker validity of total Metabolic Tumor Volume (tMTV) as assessed by 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) Material and methods This is a multicentric retrospective study. Patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICBs, chemotherapy plus ICBs and chemotherapy were enrolled in 12 institutions from 4 countries. Inclusion criteria was a positive PET scan performed within 42 days from treatment start. TMTV was analyzed at each center based on a 42% SUVmax threshold. High tMTV was defined ad tMTV>median Results 493 patients were included, 163 treated with ICBs alone, 236 with chemo-ICBs and 94 with CT. No correlation was found between PD-L1 expression and tMTV. Median PFS for patients with high tMTV (100.1 cm3) was 3.26 months (95% CI 1.94–6.38) vs 14.70 (95% CI 11.51–22.59) for those with low tMTV (p=0.0005). Similarly median OS for pts with high tMTV was 11.4 months (95% CI 8.42 – 19.1) vs 33.1 months for those with low tMTV (95% CI 22.59 – NA), p .00067. In chemo-ICBs treated patients no correlation was found for OS (p = 0.11) and a borderline correlation was found for PFS (p=0.059). Patients with high tMTV and PD-L1 ≥ 50% had a better PFS when treated with combination of chemotherapy and ICBs respect to ICBs alone, with 3.26 months (95% CI 1.94 – 5.79) for ICBs vs 11.94 (95% CI 5.75 – NA) for Chemo ICBs (p = 0.043). Conclusion tMTV is predictive of ICBs benefit, not to CT benefit. tMTV can help to select the best upfront strategy in patients with high tMTV.

A prospective study on the early evaluation of response to androgen receptor-targeted agents with 11C-Choline, 68Ga-PSMA and 18F-FACBC PET in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a single center experience.

Background: The early identification of responsive and resistant patients to androgen-receptor targeting agents (ARTA) in metastatic castration resistant-prostate cancer (CRPC) is not completely possible with PSA assessment and conventional imaging. Considering its ability to determine metabolic activity of lesions, PET assessment might be a promising tool. Materials and methods: We performed a monocentric prospective study in patients with metastatic CRPC under treatment with ARTA to evaluate the role of different PET radiotracers: 49 patients were randomized to receive 11C-Choline, 18F-FACBC or 68Ga-PSMA PET, one scan before therapy onset and one two months later. The primary aim was to investigate the performance of three different novel PET radiotracers for the early evaluation of response to ARTA in metastatic CRPC patients; with regards to this aim, the outcome evaluated was biochemical response (PSA reduction ≥50%). The secondary aim was to investigate the prognostic role of several semiquantitative PET parameters and their variations with the different radiotracers in terms of biochemical PFS (bPFS) and overall survival (OS). The study was promoted by the Italian Department of Health (code RF-2016-02364809). Results: With regards to the primary endpoint, at univariate analysis a statistically significant correlation was found between MTV_VARIATION% (p=0.018) and TLA_VARIATION% (p=0.025) with 68Ga-PSMA PET and biochemical response. As for the secondary endpoints, significant correlations with bPFS were found for 68Ga-PSMA PET MTV_TOT_PET1 (p=0.001), TLA_TOT_PET1 (p=0.025), MTV_VARIATION% (p=0.031). For OS, statistically significant correlations were found for: MAJ_SUV_MAX_PET1 with 11C-Choline PET (p=0.007); MTV_TOT_PET1 (p=0.004), MAJ_SUV_MAX_PET1 (p=0.029), SUVMAX_VARIATION% (p=0.04), MTV_VARIATION% (p=0.015), TLA_VARIATION% (p=0.03) with 68Ga-PSMA PET,; MTV_TOT_PET1 (p=0.011), TLA_TOT_PET1 (p=0.009), MAJ_SUV_MAX_PET1 (p=0.027), MTV_VARIATION% (p=0.048) with 18F-FACBC. Conclusions: Our prospective study highlighted that several 68Ga-PSMA and 18F-FACBC semiquantitative PET parameters and their variations present a prognostic value in terms of OS and bPFS and a correlation with biochemical response, that could help to assess response to ARTA.