Stem cell pathways in the basal-like breast carcinoma: the role of beta-catenin and HIF-1alpha

Basal-like tumor is an aggressive breast carcinoma subtype that displays an expression signature similar to that of the basal/myoepithelial cells of the breast tissue. Basal-like carcinoma are characterized by over-expression of the Epidermal Growth Factor receptor (EGFR), high frequency of p53 mutations, cytoplasmic/nuclear localization of beta-catenin, overexpression of the Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha target Carbonic Anhydrase isoenzime 9 (CA9) and a gene expression pattern similar to that of normal and cancer stem cells, including the over-expression of the mammary stem cell markers CD44. In this study we investigated the role of p53, EGFR, beta-catenin and HIF-1alpha in the regulation of stem cell features and genes associated with the basal-like gene expression profile. The findings reported in this investigation indicate that p53 inactivation in ductal breast carcinoma cells leads to increased EGFR mRNA and protein levels. In our experimental model, EGFR overexpression induces beta-catenin cytoplasmatic stabilization and transcriptional activity and, by that, leads to increased aggressive features including mammosphere (MS) forming and growth capacity, invasive potential and overexpression of the mammary stem cell gene CD44. Moreover we found that EGFR/beta-catenin axis promotes hypoxia survival in breast carcinoma cells via increased CA9 expression. Indeed beta-catenin positively regulates CA9 expression upon hypoxia exposure. Interestingly we found that beta-catenin inhibits HIF-1alpha transcriptional activity. Looking for the mechanism, we found that CA9 expression is promoted by HIF-1alpha and cytoplasmatic beta-catenin further increased it post-transcriptionally, via direct mRNA binding and stabilization. These data reveal a functional beta-catenin/HIF-1alpha interplay among hallmarks of basal-like tumors and unveil a new functional role for cytoplasmic beta-catenin in the phenotype of such tumors. Therefore it can be proposed that the interplay here described among EGFR/beta-catenin and HIF-1alpha may play a role in breast cancer stem cell survival and function.

Ruolo dei recettori degli estrogeni nella trasduzione del segnale nella neoplasia ovarica

Oestrogen induction of cell proliferation is critical in carcinogenesis of gynaecologic tissues. The effects of oestrogens are mediated by Oestrogen receptor (ER) ERα and ERβ, which are members of the nuclear steroid receptor superfamily. The balance between the ERα/ERβ levels seems critical during carcinogenesis due to their different role in proliferation and apoptosis. SERMs are a class of drugs targeting ERs used especially in the treatment of breast cancer, that despite their usefulness, cause side effects. Therefore, it’s important to develop new active molecules without side effects. In a previous work Andreani et al.(2007) investigated the antitumor activity of a new class of indole-derivatives in 60 different human cancer cell lines. In particular they noted that compound named 3L was able to induce a strong antiproliferative effect in cell lines derived from breast, cervix, ovary ,CNS and colon. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the biological effect in ovarian carcinoma cells (IGROV-1), colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT29), cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HelaS3) and breast cancer cells (MCF7). Among the effect exerted on the other cell lines, the most interesting is the cytostatic effect on IGROV-1. In order to identify the 3L molecular target we monitored the 3L concentration in the IGROV-1 nuclear fractions. The analysis revealed that the drug localizes in the nucleus starting from 6 hrs after treatment, suggesting a nuclear target. The stimulation with oestrogen did not increase the proliferation rate in 3L treated cells, suggesting a possible involvement with oestrogen receptors. Due to the 3L fluorescent properties, we demonstrated a colocalization between the ER and the 3L compound. In particular, a chromatin binding assay revealed the presence of a 3L-ERβ complex bound to DNA, interaction that may be the cause of the observed antiproliferative effect.

The role of interleuchin 6 (IL-6) in the promotion of an aggressive and stem cell-like phenotype in human breast cancer cells and in stem/progenitor cells expanded in vitro as mammospheres

High serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) correlate with poor outcome in breast cancer patients. However no data are available on the relationship between IL-6 and stem/progenitor cells which may fuel the genesis of breast cancer in vivo. Herein, we address this issue in mammospheres (MS), multi-cellular structures enriched in stem/progenitor cells of the mammary gland, and also in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We show that MS from node invasive breast carcinoma tissues express IL-6 mRNA at higher levels than MS from matched non-neoplastic mammary glands. We find that IL-6 mRNA is detectable only in basal-like breast carcinoma tissues, an aggressive variant showing stem cell features. Our results reveal that IL-6 triggers a Notch-3-dependent up-regulation of the Notch ligand Jagged-1, whose interaction with Notch-3 promotes the growth of MS and MCF-7 derived spheroids. Moreover, IL-6 induces a Notch-3-dependent up-regulation of the carbonic anhydrase IX gene, which promotes a hypoxia-resistant/invasive phenotype in MCF-7 cells and MS. Finally, an autocrine IL-6 loop relies upon Notch-3 activity to sustain the aggressive features of MCF-7-derived hypoxia-selected cells. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that IL-6 induces malignant features in Notch-3 expressing, stem/progenitor cells from human ductal breast carcinoma and normal mammary gland.

Changes in tumor stiffness for early prediction of tumor response to sorafenib: a proof-of-concept study with elastosonography in an animal model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Background and aims: Sorafenib is the reference therapy for advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). No method exists to predict in the very early period subsequent individual response. Starting from the clinical experience in humans that subcutaneous metastases may rapidly change consistency under sorafenib and that elastosonography a new ultrasound based technique allows assessment of tissue stiffness, we investigated the role of elastonography in the very early prediction of tumor response to sorafenib in a HCC animal model. Methods: HCC (Huh7 cells) subcutaneous xenografting in mice was utilized. Mice were randomized to vehicle or treatment with sorafenib when tumor size was 5-10 mm. Elastosonography (Mylab 70XVG, Esaote, Genova, Italy) of the whole tumor mass on a sagittal plane with a 10 MHz linear transducer was performed at different time points from treatment start (day 0, +2, +4, +7 and +14) until mice were sacrified (day +14), with the operator blind to treatment. In order to overcome variability in absolute elasticity measurement when assessing changes over time, values were expressed in arbitrary units as relative stiffness of the tumor tissue in comparison to the stiffness of a standard reference stand-off pad lying on the skin over the tumor. Results: Sor-treated mice showed a smaller tumor size increase at day +14 in comparison to vehicle-treated (tumor volume increase +192.76% vs +747.56%, p=0.06). Among Sor-treated tumors, 6 mice showed a better response to treatment than the other 4 (increase in volume +177% vs +553%, p=0.011). At day +2, median tumor elasticity increased in Sor-treated group (+6.69%, range –30.17-+58.51%), while decreased in the vehicle group (-3.19%, range –53.32-+37.94%) leading to a significant difference in absolute values (p=0.034). From this time point onward, elasticity decreased in both groups, with similar speed over time, not being statistically different anymore. In Sor-treated mice all 6 best responders at day 14 showed an increase in elasticity at day +2 (ranging from +3.30% to +58.51%) in comparison to baseline, whereas 3 of the 4 poorer responders showed a decrease. Interestingly, these 3 tumours showed elasticity values higher than responder tumours at day 0. Conclusions: Elastosonography appears a promising non-invasive new technique for the early prediction of HCC tumor response to sorafenib. Indeed, we proved that responder tumours are characterized by an early increase in elasticity. The possibility to distinguish a priori between responders and non responders based on the higher elasticity of the latter needs to be validated in ad-hoc experiments as well as a confirmation of our results in humans is warranted.

L’inibizione della lattico deidrogenasi: una possibile strategia per migliorare il trattamento farmacologico del carcinoma epatocellulare

Il lavoro svolto nel corso del mio dottorato ha avuto per oggetto lo studio dell’ inibizione della glicolisi aerobia (il principale processo metabolico utilizzato dalle cellule neoplastiche per produrre energia) ottenuta mediante il blocco dell’enzima lattato deidrogenasi (LDH). La mia attività si è concentrata sulla possibilità di utilizzare questo approccio allo scopo di migliorare l’efficacia della terapia antitumorale, valutandone gli effetti su colture di carcinoma epatocellulare umano Inizialmente, per valutare gli effetti della inibizione della LDH, è stato usato l’acido ossamico ( OXA). Questo composto è l’unico inibitore noto specifico per LDH ; è una molecola non tossica in vivo, ma attiva a concentrazioni troppo elevate per consentirne un uso terapeutico. Un importante risultato ottenuto è stata la dimostrazione che l’ inibizione della LDH ottenuta con OXA non è solo in grado di innescare una risposta di morte nelle cellule trattate, ma, associata alla somministrazione di sorafenib, aumenta fortemente l’efficacia di questo farmaco, determinando un effetto di sinergismo. Questo forte effetto di potenziamento dell’azione del farmaco è stato spiegato con la dimostrazione che il sorafenib ha la capacità di inibire il consumo di ossigeno delle cellule trattate, rendendole più dipendenti dalla glicolisi. Grazie alla collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche il nostro gruppo di ricerca è arrivato alla identificazione di un composto (galloflavina) che inibisce la LDH con una efficienza molto maggiore di OXA. I risultati preliminari ottenuti sulle cellule di epatocarcinoma suggeriscono che la galloflavina potrebbe essere un composto promettente nel campo degli inibitori metabolici tumorali e inducono a una sua valutazione più approfondita come potenziale farmaco antineoplastico.