Creazione e sviluppo di un sistema di controllo in tempo reale per un sistema fuel cell

The control of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system (PEM FC) for domestic heat and power supply requires extensive control measures to handle the complicated process. Highly dynamic and non linear behavior, increase drastically the difficulties to find the optimal design and control strategies. The objective is to design, implement and commission a controller for the entire fuel cell system. The fuel cell process and the control system are engineered simultaneously; therefore there is no access to the process hardware during the control system development. Therefore the method of choice was a model based design approach, following the rapid control prototyping (RCP) methodology. The fuel cell system is simulated using a fuel cell library which allowed thermodynamic calculations. In the course of the development the process model is continuously adapted to the real system. The controller application is designed and developed in parallel and thereby tested and verified against the process model. Furthermore, after the commissioning of the real system, the process model can be also better identified and parameterized utilizing measurement data to perform optimization procedures. The process model and the controller application are implemented in Simulink using Mathworks` Real Time Workshop (RTW) and the xPC development suite for MiL (model-in-theloop) and HiL (hardware-in-the-loop) testing. It is possible to completely develop, verify and validate the controller application without depending on the real fuel cell system, which is not available for testing during the development process. The fuel cell system can be immediately taken into operation after connecting the controller to the process.

Sviluppo di algoritmi avanzati di analisi e diagnosi combustione in tempo reale per motori endotermici alternativi

Increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits and higher fuel economy are the main drivers of the engine development process. As a consequence, the complexity of the propulsion units and its subsystems increase, due to the extensive use of sensors and actuators needed to obtain a precise control over the combustion phase. Since engine calibration process consumes most of the development time, new tools and methodologies are needed to shorten the development time and increase the performance attainable. Real time combustion analysis, based on the in-cylinder pressure signal, can significantly improve the calibration of the engine control strategies and the development of new algorithms, giving instantaneous feedback on the engine behavior. A complete combustion analysis and diagnosis system has been developed, capable of evaluating the most important indicators about the combustion process, such as indicated mean effective pressure, heat release, mass fraction burned and knock indexes. Such a tool is built on top of a flexible, modular and affordable hardware platform, capable of satisfying the requirements needed for accuracy and precision, but also enabling the use directly on-board the vehicle, due to its small form factor.

Sviluppo di modelli motore e veicolo per l'analisi di strategie di controllo in applicazioni Software e Hardware In the Loop

This work describes the development of a simulation tool which allows the simulation of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), the transmission and the vehicle dynamics. It is a control oriented simulation tool, designed in order to perform both off-line (Software In the Loop) and on-line (Hardware In the Loop) simulation. In the first case the simulation tool can be used in order to optimize Engine Control Unit strategies (as far as regard, for example, the fuel consumption or the performance of the engine), while in the second case it can be used in order to test the control system. In recent years the use of HIL simulations has proved to be very useful in developing and testing of control systems. Hardware In the Loop simulation is a technology where the actual vehicles, engines or other components are replaced by a real time simulation, based on a mathematical model and running in a real time processor. The processor reads ECU (Engine Control Unit) output signals which would normally feed the actuators and, by using mathematical models, provides the signals which would be produced by the actual sensors. The simulation tool, fully designed within Simulink, includes the possibility to simulate the only engine, the transmission and vehicle dynamics and the engine along with the vehicle and transmission dynamics, allowing in this case to evaluate the performance and the operating conditions of the Internal Combustion Engine, once it is installed on a given vehicle. Furthermore the simulation tool includes different level of complexity, since it is possible to use, for example, either a zero-dimensional or a one-dimensional model of the intake system (in this case only for off-line application, because of the higher computational effort). Given these preliminary remarks, an important goal of this work is the development of a simulation environment that can be easily adapted to different engine types (single- or multi-cylinder, four-stroke or two-stroke, diesel or gasoline) and transmission architecture without reprogramming. Also, the same simulation tool can be rapidly configured both for off-line and real-time application. The Matlab-Simulink environment has been adopted to achieve such objectives, since its graphical programming interface allows building flexible and reconfigurable models, and real-time simulation is possible with standard, off-the-shelf software and hardware platforms (such as dSPACE systems).

Sviluppo di algoritmi di RCP per la stima della coppia indicata erogata da un motore a combustione interna.

Combustion control is one of the key factors to obtain better performances and lower pollutant emissions for diesel, spark ignition and HCCI engines. An algorithm that allows estimating, as an example, the mean indicated torque for each cylinder, could be easily used in control strategies, in order to carry out cylinders trade-off, control the cycle to cycle variation, or detect misfires. A tool that allows evaluating the 50% of Mass Fraction Burned (MFB50), or the net Cumulative Heat Release (CHRNET), or the ROHR peak value (Rate of Heat Release), could be used to optimize spark advance or to detect knock in gasoline engines and to optimize injection pattern in diesel engines. Modern management systems are based on the control of the mean indicated torque produced by the engine: they need a real or virtual sensor in order to compare the measured value with the target one. Many studies have been performed in order to obtain an accurate and reliable over time torque estimation. The aim of this PhD activity was to develop two different algorithms: the first one is based on the instantaneous engine speed fluctuations measurement. The speed signal is picked up directly from the sensor facing the toothed wheel mounted on the engine for other control purposes. The engine speed fluctuation amplitudes depend on the combustion and on the amount of torque delivered by each cylinder. The second algorithm processes in-cylinder pressure signals in the angular domain. In this case a crankshaft encoder is not necessary, because the angular reference can be obtained using a standard sensor wheel. The results obtained with these two methodologies are compared in order to evaluate which one is suitable for on board applications, depending on the accuracy required.

Riccardo Lombardi nel socialismo italiano (1947-1964)

Il primo capitolo della tesi verte sull’ultimo anno di vita del Partito d’Azione, sulle modalità di partecipazione di Lombardi allo scontro elettorale del 1948 nelle liste del Fronte democratico popolare, e sul breve periodo di direzione ‘centrista’ del Psi a cavallo tra il 1948 e il 1949, quando Lombardi, appena entratovi, fu magna pars nel gruppo dirigente del partito. Il secondo capitolo abbraccia il periodo in cui Lombardi agì all’interno del Psi ‘morandiano’, o frontista: si è cercato di dare ragione sia dell’inserimento di Lombardi nelle logiche del frontismo socialista, sia della peculiarità di quell’inserimento negli ambiti privilegiati della politica economica e della politica estera. Oggetto del terzo capitolo è il ruolo giocato da Lombardi nella definizione delle linee guida dell’autonomismo socialista, un ruolo fattosi via via più pregnante a partire dal 1956, che ebbe la sua massima consacrazione col XXXIV Congresso del Psi, celebrato a Milano nel 1961: centrale in questo periodo la riflessione lombardiana sulle «riforme di struttura», un argomento che ci si è sforzati di inquadrare storicamente, sfuggendo dai luoghi comuni storiografici di cui spesso – con lodevoli eccezioni – è caduto vittima. Tali «riforme di struttura» Lombardi avrebbe voluto alla base dei governi di centro-sinistra. La tesi si chiude con un ultimo capitolo dedicato ad illustrare l’apporto di Lombardi al quarto Governo Fanfani e al primo Governo Moro, il ruolo da lui giocato nella loro nascita e il suo progressivo allontanamento da quell’esperimento che era stato, in gran parte, sua creatura.

Comparative Analysis of Alternative Hybrid Systems for Automotive Applications

The main objective of this work was to investigate the impact of different hybridization concepts and levels of hybridization on fuel economy of a standard road vehicle where both conventional and non-conventional hybrid architectures are treated exactly in the same way from the point of view of overall energy flow optimization. Hybrid component models were developed and presented in detail as well as the simulations results mainly for NEDC cycle. The analysis was performed on four different parallel hybrid powertrain concepts: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), High Speed Flywheel Hybrid Vehicle (HSF-HV), Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle (HHV) and Pneumatic Hybrid Vehicle (PHV). In order to perform equitable analysis of different hybrid systems, comparison was performed also on the basis of the same usable system energy storage capacity (i.e. 625kJ for HEV, HSF and the HHV) but in the case of pneumatic hybrid systems maximal storage capacity was limited by the size of the systems in order to comply with the packaging requirements of the vehicle. The simulations were performed within the IAV Gmbh - VeLoDyn software simulator based on Matlab / Simulink software package. Advanced cycle independent control strategy (ECMS) was implemented into the hybrid supervisory control unit in order to solve power management problem for all hybrid powertrain solutions. In order to maintain State of Charge within desired boundaries during different cycles and to facilitate easy implementation and recalibration of the control strategy for very different hybrid systems, Charge Sustaining Algorithm was added into the ECMS framework. Also, a Variable Shift Pattern VSP-ECMS algorithm was proposed as an extension of ECMS capabilities so as to include gear selection into the determination of minimal (energy) cost function of the hybrid system. Further, cycle-based energetic analysis was performed in all the simulated cases, and the results have been reported in the corresponding chapters.

La drammatizzazione della storia. Uno studio del secondo Novecento attraverso i racconti del teatro di narrazione.

Sorto alla fine degli anni ottanta del Novecento, il teatro di narrazione ha raggiunto un notevole successo di pubblico a partire dagli anni Novanta. I suoi legami con il giornalismo d'inchiesta hanno condotto questo genere teatrale verso la narrazione di alcuni tra gli eventi pi controversi della storia dell'Italia repubblicana; eventi non ancora risolti sul piano processuale o al centro di una memoria storica fortemente divisa. Marco Baliani, Marco Paolini e Ascanio Celestini sono i tre autori che abbiamo scelto per affrontare un'analisi delle loro narrazioni in merito, rispettivamente, all'omicidio di Aldo Moro, alla strage di Ustica e all'eccidio delle Fosse Ardeatine. Oggetto della ricerca l'analisi dell'utilizzo delle fonti da dichiarate o comunque utilizzate dai narratori per la costruzione delle loro performances la loro selezione, la loro interpretazione e la loro disposizione nel testo e la messa in evidenza del problema della verità e del suo rapporto con il verosimile nelle narrazioni teatrali di eventi storici. Particolare attenzione viene inoltre posta al grande dibattito internazionale tra storia e fiction, alle strategie di coinvolgimento dell'opinione pubblica su temi morali e politici nonché all'analisi dei fattori economici e delle committenze che sono alla base di tali narrazioni.

Complex chemical dynamics through engineering-like methods

Most of the problems in modern structural design can be described with a set of equation; solutions of these mathematical models can lead the engineer and designer to get info during the design stage. The same holds true for physical-chemistry; this branch of chemistry uses mathematics and physics in order to explain real chemical phenomena. In this work two extremely different chemical processes will be studied; the dynamic of an artificial molecular motor and the generation and propagation of the nervous signals between excitable cells and tissues like neurons and axons. These two processes, in spite of their chemical and physical differences, can be both described successfully by partial differential equations, that are, respectively the Fokker-Planck equation and the Hodgkin and Huxley model. With the aid of an advanced engineering software these two processes have been modeled and simulated in order to extract a lot of physical informations about them and to predict a lot of properties that can be, in future, extremely useful during the design stage of both molecular motors and devices which rely their actions on the nervous communications between active fibres.

Nanoscale surface properties and interaction with fundamental biomolecules of chlorite and phlogopite

The surface properties of minerals have important implications in geology, environment, industry and biotechnology and for certain aspects in the research on the origin of life. This research project aims to widen the knowledge on the nanoscale surface properties of chlorite and phlogopite by means of advanced methodologies, and also to investigate the interaction of fundamental biomolecules, such as nucleotides, RNA, DNA and amino acid glycine with the surface of the selected phyllosilicates. Multiple advanced and complex experimental approaches based on scanning probe microscopy and spatially resolved spectroscopy were used and in some cases specifically developed. The results demonstrate that chlorite exposes at the surface atomically flat terraces with 0.5 nm steps typically generated by the fragmentation of the octahedral sheet of the interlayer (brucitic-type). This fragmentation at the nanoscale generates a high anisotropy and inhomogeneity with surface type and isomorphous cationic substitutions determining variations of the effective surface potential difference, ranging between 50-100 mV and 400-500 mV, when measured in air, between the TOT surface and the interlayer brucitic sheet. The surface potential was ascribed to be the driving force of the observed high affinity of the surface with the fundamental biomolecules, like single molecules of nucleotides, DNA, RNA and amino acids. Phlogopite was also observed to present an extended atomically flat surface, featuring negative surface potential values of some hundreds of millivolts and no significant local variations. Phlogopite surface was sometimes observed to present curvature features that may be ascribed to local substitutions of the interlayer cations or the presence of a crystal lattice mismatch or structural defects, such as stacking faults or dislocation loops. Surface chemistry was found similar to the bulk. The study of the interaction with nucleotides and glycine revealed a lower affinity with respect to the brucite-like surface of chlorite.

Optimal Supervisory Control of Hybrid Vehicles

Hybrid vehicles (HV), comprising a conventional ICE-based powertrain and a secondary energy source, to be converted into mechanical power as well, represent a well-established alternative to substantially reduce both fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions of passenger cars. Several HV architectures are either being studied or already available on market, e.g. Mechanical, Electric, Hydraulic and Pneumatic Hybrid Vehicles. Among the others, Electric (HEV) and Mechanical (HSF-HV) parallel Hybrid configurations are examined throughout this Thesis. To fully exploit the HVs potential, an optimal choice of the hybrid components to be installed must be properly designed, while an effective Supervisory Control must be adopted to coordinate the way the different power sources are managed and how they interact. Real-time controllers can be derived starting from the obtained optimal benchmark results. However, the application of these powerful instruments require a simplified and yet reliable and accurate model of the hybrid vehicle system. This can be a complex task, especially when the complexity of the system grows, i.e. a HSF-HV system assessed in this Thesis. The first task of the following dissertation is to establish the optimal modeling approach for an innovative and promising mechanical hybrid vehicle architecture. It will be shown how the chosen modeling paradigm can affect the goodness and the amount of computational effort of the solution, using an optimization technique based on Dynamic Programming. The second goal concerns the control of pollutant emissions in a parallel Diesel-HEV. The emissions level obtained under real world driving conditions is substantially higher than the usual result obtained in a homologation cycle. For this reason, an on-line control strategy capable of guaranteeing the respect of the desired emissions level, while minimizing fuel consumption and avoiding excessive battery depletion is the target of the corresponding section of the Thesis.

Simulazione dinamica di un veicolo dotato di powertrain ibrido endotermico-elettrico

Nel panorama motoristico ed automobilistico moderno lo sviluppo di motori a combustione interna e veicoli è fortemente influenzato da diverse esigenze che spesso sono in contrasto le une con le altre. Infatti gli obiettivi di economicità e riduzione dei costi riguardanti la produzione e la commercializzazione dei prodotti sono in contrasto con gli sforzi che devono essere operati dalle case produttrici per soddisfare le sempre più stringenti normative riguardanti le emissioni inquinanti ed i consumi di carburante dei veicoli. Fra le numerose soluzioni presenti i veicoli ibridi rappresentano una alternativa che allo stato attuale è già presente sul mercato in varie forme, a seconda della tipologie di energie accoppiate. In letteratura è possibile trovare numerosi studi che trattano l’ottimizzazione dei componenti o delle strategie di controllo di queste tipologie di veicoli: in moltissimi casi l’obiettivo è quello di minimizzare consumi ed emissioni inquinanti. Normalmente non viene posta particolare attenzione agli effetti che l’aggiunta delle macchine elettriche e dei componenti necessari per il funzionamento delle stesse hanno sulla dinamica del veicolo. Il presente lavoro di tesi è incentrato su questi aspetti: si è considerata la tipologia di veicoli ibridi termici-elettrici di tipo parallelo andando ad analizzare come cambiasse il comportamento dinamico del veicolo in funzione del tipo di installazione considerato per la parte elettrica del powertrain. In primo luogo è stato quindi necessario costruire ed implementare un modello dinamico di veicolo che permettesse di applicare coppie alle quattro ruote in maniera indipendente per considerare diverse tipologie di powertrain. In seguito si sono analizzate le differenze di comportamento dinamico fra il veicolo considerato e l’equivalente versione ibrida e i possibili utilizzi delle macchine elettriche per correggere eventuali deterioramenti o cambiamenti indesiderati nelle prestazioni del veicolo.

Learning Methods and Algorithms for Semantic Text Classification across Multiple Domains

Information is nowadays a key resource: machine learning and data mining techniques have been developed to extract high-level information from great amounts of data. As most data comes in form of unstructured text in natural languages, research on text mining is currently very active and dealing with practical problems. Among these, text categorization deals with the automatic organization of large quantities of documents in priorly defined taxonomies of topic categories, possibly arranged in large hierarchies. In commonly proposed machine learning approaches, classifiers are automatically trained from pre-labeled documents: they can perform very accurate classification, but often require a consistent training set and notable computational effort. Methods for cross-domain text categorization have been proposed, allowing to leverage a set of labeled documents of one domain to classify those of another one. Most methods use advanced statistical techniques, usually involving tuning of parameters. A first contribution presented here is a method based on nearest centroid classification, where profiles of categories are generated from the known domain and then iteratively adapted to the unknown one. Despite being conceptually simple and having easily tuned parameters, this method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in most benchmark datasets with fast running times. A second, deeper contribution involves the design of a domain-independent model to distinguish the degree and type of relatedness between arbitrary documents and topics, inferred from the different types of semantic relationships between respective representative words, identified by specific search algorithms. The application of this model is tested on both flat and hierarchical text categorization, where it potentially allows the efficient addition of new categories during classification. Results show that classification accuracy still requires improvements, but models generated from one domain are shown to be effectively able to be reused in a different one.