Il sindacato della Corte di cassazione sul travisamento della prova

Sect. 606, par. 1, e), as modified by Law 46, enacted on Februray 20th, 2006 introduced the chance to appeal to the Court of cassation in case of inconsistent reasoning and extended control on its existence and on other flaws and lack of obvious logic over the text of the contested decision, namely “to other acts the process specified in the grounds of burden”. The renewed provision seems to properly reappoint the “distortion of the evidence”, i.e. the omitted or distorted evidence that could be relevant and conclusive one, in the peculiar context of the grounds' vice. After a general review of the obligation to state reasons for judicial decisions, we analyze the innovative status of the vice of “distortion of evidence” and the conditions and the limits - defined by the law - within we can contest a resolution for illegitimacy. Then, we outline the systematic spin-off brought by the new form of sect. 606, par. 1, e) on some institutions in the code of criminal procedure. Finally, we make the role of the Court of cassation clear in the modern criminal trial, since the 2006 reform gave no definite answer on this fundamental aspect of the question.

Alle origini del «romanzo giudiziario» italiano: la figura del delinquente tra letteratura, diritto e scienze mediche

In questo lavoro si conduce un’indagine sulle relazioni tra letteratura, diritto e scienze mediche all’interno del romanzo cosiddetto "giudiziario", sviluppatosi in Italia nel periodo compreso tra l’Unità e i primi anni del XX secolo. La nostra analisi si concentra in particolare sulla costruzione della figura del delinquente, intesa come prodotto specifico della suddetta relazione interdisciplinare. In questa prospettiva, abbiamo rilevato che la caratterizzazione di tale figura costituisce il principale tra i procedimenti narrativi osservabili in vari romanzi del periodo postunitario. Concentrandoci inoltre sulla definizione del genere, abbiamo affrontato l’ormai annoso dibattito sulla nascita (quando non sull’esistenza stessa) del poliziesco italiano, dimostrando come solo all’interno di una stretta relazione tra letteratura, diritto e scienze mediche sia possibile cogliere a pieno il valore di questi romanzi nel processo di costruzione dell’identità nazionale. Il lavoro è diviso in due parti. Nella prima, di carattere storico, si propone una nuova definizione del genere "giudiziario", dopo aver vagliato e discusso le ipotesi sino ad ora avanzate dalla critica. Nella seconda parte si affrontano due casi di studio esemplari: La colonia felice di Carlo Dossi e Il romanzo di Misdea di Edoardo Scarfoglio. Su ognuno di essi abbiamo condotto un’accurata analisi testuale, che ci ha permesso di esaminare la caratterizzazione delle diverse figure delinquenti dimostrando l’efficacia del metodo interdisciplinare adottato con particolare riguardo alle teorie di Cesare Lombroso.

L'utilizzabilità degli atti nella fase investigativa. La prova per le indagini preliminari

The doctorate’s theme of research - Abstract My doctorate’s theme of research is about the Investigation in the Italian criminal proceedings. The Italian Code of criminal procedure of 1988 is the fruit of a new ideology that marks a departure from Italy’s prior inquisitorial tradition. According to criminal procedure Code of 1988, an accusatorial system separates the investigation and trial stages and the judge’s decision is based only on evidence collected in oral form in his presence in a public trial containing adversarial dynamics. The Italian Code of 1988 created a separation between criminal investigations and trial. Investigations are conducted by Public Prosecutor: he conducts the investigation phase in order to deem whether to file a formal charge against the defendant or to dismiss the case and the investigative evidence collected should serve only for this purpose. According to so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule, the evidence collected during investigations by prosecutor is not usable during trial by the judge: the results of the investigative efforts displayed by the parties should be kept outside of court. If the proceedings go on to trial, the case shall be deemed with only evidence collected in front of the judge. To create the separation of the trial phase from the investigation stage, there is the double-dossier system. During the investigations, evidence are collected in an investigation dossier. The trial judge will never see the investigation dossier and the trial judge’s decision is based on a new dossier, the trial dossier, with the evidence collected during the trial. The issue of my research is about the investigation, the so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule and also the exclusionary rules that concern the investigative phase and the decisions pronounced during the investigations (for example, the decisions concerning pre-trial confinement). 2 In fact, the exclusionary rule system (so called “inutilizzabilità patologica”) provides that evidence cannot be used in Italian criminal proceedings if it was the result of illegal inquiry.

Modificazioni soggettive del rapporto obbligatorio e garanzie reali

Lo studio del lato soggettivo del rapporto è centrale nella teoria dell’obbligazione. Ci si chiede se la modificazione di una o anche di entrambe le parti del rapporto determini sempre la sua estinzione o se, invece, si conservi la sua unitarietà oggettiva. La risposta a questo interrogativo è stata diversa a seconda delle diverse epoche storiche. Nel diritto romano si riteneva che la variazione di qualunque soggetto determinasse l’estinzione del rapporto e la costituzione di una nuova obbligazione (novazione soggettiva). Tale soluzione è stata osteggiata dai codificatori moderni per i quali, in caso di modifica delle personae non si ha estinzione del rapporto, ma solo il mutamento di uno dei suoi elementi. Quanto ai diritti di garanzia, in particolare l’ipoteca, i principi generali essenzali sono la specialità e l’accessorietà. Quest’ultima caratteristica è dirimente in caso di modificazione soggettiva del rapporto e ciò emerge in sede di trattazione delle singole fattispecie del Codice Civile che la determinano, sia quanto al creditore sia quanto al debitore. Per velocizzare il subentro nel credito, nel 2007 è stato approvato il decreto Bersani (sulla portabilità del mutuo) che ha consentito di rimuovere vincoli a tale circolazione, nell’ambito dei rapporti bancari. Le caratteristiche della modificazione del rapporto obbligatorio, tuttavia, possono minare l’efficacia della riforma Bersani. Questo è il motivo per il quale taluni studiosi ritengono necessario procedere a un’ampia rivisitazione dell’intero diritto ipotecario, eliminando, sulla scia di quanto accaduto in altri ordinamenti europei, il requisito dell’accessorietà del vincolo. Nonostante ciò, a causa dei rischi connessi a questa riforma, si ritiene preferibile affinare il meccanismo di perfezionamento della portabilità, eliminandone le criticità, senza però pregiudicare le sicurezze dell’attuale sistema giuridico, di cui l’accessorietà dell’ipoteca rispetto al credito costituisce un importante caposaldo.

Legal Ontologies for Public Procurement Management

The thesis explores ways to formalize the legal knowledge concerning the public procurement domain by means of ontological patterns suitable, on one hand, to support awarding authorities in conducting procurement procedures and, on the other hand, to help citizens and economic operators in accessing procurement's notices and data. Such an investigation on the making up of conceptual models for the public procurement domain, in turn, inspires and motivates a reflection on the role of legal ontologies nowadays, as in the past, retracing the steps of the ``ontological legal thinking'' from Roman Law up to now. I try, at the same time, to forecast the impact, in terms of benefits, challenges and critical issues, of the application of computational models of Law in future e-Governance scenarios.

El depósito irregular de dinero: una aproximación teórica, histórica y ética

El análisis económico de las instituciones jurídicas ha adquirido una importancia considerable en los últimos años. Precisamente, el objetivo esencial de este trabajo se centra en el estudio del análisis económico del contrato de depósito irregular de dinero mediante tres enfoques metodológicos diferentes. El primer capítulo de este trabajo analiza la naturaleza jurídica del contrato de depósito irregular de dinero, examinando las principales características respecto al contrato de préstamo o mutuo. Igualmente, este capítulo estudiará la lógica jurídica propia de ambas instituciones, y cómo los principios generales del derecho fueron descubiertos desde el derecho romano clásico. El segundo capítulo trata de analizar la historia de los hechos económicos y, en particular, el proceso histórico de la violación de los principios tradicionales del derecho en relación al contrato de depósito irregular de dinero. Por último, el capítulo tercero examina los distintos intentos doctrinales realizados para elaborar un nuevo tipo de contrato de depósito bancario de dinero, con el único objetivo de legitimar un sistema bancario con un coeficiente de caja de reserva fraccionaria.

Arresto e fermo: Prassi applicative e prospettive di riforma

Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto l’esame della disciplina dell’arresto in flagranza e del fermo di indiziato di delitto: istituti profondamente “utili” e “d’impatto” (anche mass-mediatico) perché ontologicamente tesi, soprattutto il primo, all’immediata repressione del fenomeno criminale. Scopo e ragione di questo studio, è dunque l’individuazione di altre e più profonde finalità di tali istituti, passando per una piena comprensione del ruolo loro assegnato nel vigente impianto codicistico. La ricerca, dunque, si è sviluppata lungo tre direttrici, ciascuna rappresentata – anche dal punto di vista grafico-strutturale – nelle tre parti cin cui è diviso l’elaborato finale e ciascuna singolarmente riferibile, in un’immaginaria linea del tempo, allo ieri (e ai principi), all’oggi e al domani della disciplina delle misure coercitive di polizia giudiziaria. Nella prima parte, infatti, partendo dall’analisi storica degli istituti in esame, si è proceduto all’esame della disciplina e della giurisprudenza costituzionale in tema di strumenti di polizia giudiziari provvisoriamente limitativi della libertà personale; l’obiettivo primo di tale approfondimento, cui poi sarà informato l’analisi della dinamica degli istituti, è proprio l’individuazione delle finalità – conformi a Costituzione – dell’arresto e del fermo di indiziato di delitto. Seguirà l’analisi del concetto di libertà personale, e dei margini consentiti per la sua limitazione, in seno al sistema della Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo. La seconda parte contiene un’analisi critica degli istituti dell’arresto in flagranza, del fermo di indiziato di delitto e dell’arresto urgente a fini estradizionale. Infine, la terza e ultima parte ha ad oggetto l’ulteriore di linea di ricerca che si è sviluppata a mo’ di conclusione delle predette analisi, riguardante la possibilità di utilizzare lo strumento del fermo, ampliandone le maglie applicative, come viatico per l’introduzione del contraddittorio anticipato rispetto all’applicazione delle misure cautelari personali

Reexamining the Role of Incarceration and Stigma in Criminal Law

One of the ways by which the legal system has responded to different sets of problems is the blurring of the traditional boundaries of criminal law, both procedural and substantive. This study aims to explore under what conditions does this trend lead to the improvement of society's welfare by focusing on two distinguishing sanctions in criminal law, incarceration and social stigma. In analyzing how incarceration affects the incentive to an individual to violate a legal standard, we considered the crucial role of the time constraint. This aspect has not been fully explored in the literature on law and economics, especially with respect to the analysis of the beneficiality of imposing either a fine or a prison term. We observed that that when individuals are heterogeneous with respect to wealth and wage income, and when the level of activity can be considered a normal good, only the middle wage and middle income groups can be adequately deterred by a fixed fines alone regime. The existing literature only considers the case of the very poor, deemed as judgment proof. However, since imprisonment is a socially costly way to deprive individuals of their time, other alternatives may be sought such as the imposition of discriminatory monetary fine, partial incapacitation and other alternative sanctions. According to traditional legal theory, the reason why criminal law is obeyed is not mainly due to the monetary sanctions but to the stigma arising from the community’s moral condemnation that accompanies conviction or merely suspicion. However, it is not sufficiently clear whether social stigma always accompanies a criminal conviction. We addressed this issue by identifying the circumstances wherein a criminal conviction carries an additional social stigma. Our results show that social stigma is seen to accompany a conviction under the following conditions: first, when the law coincides with the society's social norms; and second, when the prohibited act provides information on an unobservable attribute or trait of an individual -- crucial in establishing or maintaining social relationships beyond mere economic relationships. Thus, even if the social planner does not impose the social sanction directly, the impact of social stigma can still be influenced by the probability of conviction and the level of the monetary fine imposed as well as the varying degree of correlation between the legal standard violated and the social traits or attributes of the individual. In this respect, criminal law serves as an institution that facilitates cognitive efficiency in the process of imposing the social sanction to the extent that the rest of society is boundedly rational and use judgment heuristics. Paradoxically, using criminal law in order to invoke stigma for the violation of a legal standard may also serve to undermine its strength. To sum, the results of our analysis reveal that the scope of criminal law is narrow both for the purposes of deterrence and cognitive efficiency. While there are certain conditions where the enforcement of criminal law may lead to an increase in social welfare, particularly with respect to incarceration and stigma, we have also identified the channels through which they could affect behavior. Since such mechanisms can be replicated in less costly ways, society should first try or seek to employ these legal institutions before turning to criminal law as a last resort.

A Law and Economics Analysis of Lobbying Regulation Towards an optimal structure through the Cost Indicator Index

This research primarily represents a contribution to the lobbying regulation research arena. It introduces an index which for the first time attempts to measure the direct compliance costs of lobbying regulation. The Cost Indicator Index (CII) offers a brand new platform for qualitative and quantitative assessment of adopted lobbying laws and proposals of those laws, both in the comparative and the sui generis dimension. The CII is not just the only new tool introduced in the last decade, but it is the only tool available for comparative assessments of the costs of lobbying regulations. Beside the qualitative contribution, the research introduces an additional theoretical framework for complementary qualitative analysis of the lobbying laws. The Ninefold theory allows a more structured assessment and classification of lobbying regulations, both by indication of benefits and costs. Lastly, this research introduces the Cost-Benefit Labels (CBL). These labels might improve an ex-ante lobbying regulation impact assessment procedure, primarily in the sui generis perspective. In its final part, the research focuses on four South East European countries (Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia), and for the first time brings them into the discussion and calculates their CPI and CII scores. The special focus of the application was on Serbia, whose proposal on the Law on Lobbying has been extensively analysed in qualitative and quantitative terms, taking into consideration specific political and economic circumstances of the country. Although the obtained results are of an indicative nature, the CII will probably find its place within the academic and policymaking arena, and will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of lobbying regulations worldwide.

Fighting corruption with pyramids: A Law and Economics approach to combating corruption in post-socialist countries

Corruption is, in the last two decades, considered as one of the biggest problems within the international community, which harms not only a particular state or society but the whole world. The discussion on corruption in law and economics approach is mainly run under the veil of Public choice theory and principal-agent model. Based on this approach the strong international initiatives taken by the UN, the OECD and the Council of Europe, provided various measures and tools in order to support and guide countries in their combat against corruption. These anti-corruption policies created a repression -prevention-transparency model for corruption combat. Applying this model, countries around the world adopted anti-corruption strategies as part of their legal rules. Nevertheless, the recent researches on the effects of this move show non impressive results. Critics argue that “one size does not fit all” because the institutional setting of countries around the world varies. Among the countries which experience problems of corruption, even though they follow the dominant anti-corruption trends, are transitional, post-socialist countries. To this group belong the countries which are emerging from centrally planned to an open market economy. The socialist past left traces on institutional setting, mentality of the individuals and their interrelation, particularly in the domain of public administration. If the idiosyncrasy of these countries is taken into account the suggestion in this thesis is that in public administration in post-socialist countries, instead of dominant anti-corruption scheme repression-prevention-transparency, corruption combat should be improved through the implementation of a new one, structure-conduct-performance. The implementation of this model is based on three regulatory pyramids: anti-corruption, disciplinary anti-corruption and criminal anti-corruption pyramid. This approach asks public administration itself to engage in corruption combat, leaving criminal justice system as the ultimate weapon, used only for the very harmful misdeeds.