Cheering the soul: Ibn Qāḍī Baʿlabakk’s Mufarriḥ an-Nafs. Arabic edition, english translation, study and glossaries

The Mufarriḥ an-nafs (Soul-Cheerer), attributed to Badr ad-Dīn Muẓaffar Ibn Qāḍī Baʿlabakk, who served under the Ayyubids as the Chief Medical Officer of Damascus in the mid-13th century, was written as a comprehensive guide for physicians outlining different approaches to cheering the soul. The tractate is divided into ten chapters, which explore the nature of the soul, its distinction to the body as well as their connection through sensorial perception. Ibn Qāḍī Baʿlabakk distinguishes the bodily senses – hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch – and the inner senses, which he sees as stimulated through activities such as hunting and engagement in poetry and the sciences. The seventh chapter of the Mufarriḥ an-nafs includes an extended encyclopedia on materia medica as well as dispensatory of simple and compound drugs, which is devoted to treating the soul and remains unparalleled in the history of Islamicate medicine. My doctoral dissertation offers a complete recension and translation of the Mufarriḥ an-nafs based on a stemma codicum drawn from the seventeen extant text witnesses. The dissertation contextualizes the work, its author as well as sources, and features a text commentary that seeks to enable the reader to easily place and understand the Mufarriḥ an-nafs within the tradition of Galenic medicine. The glossaries on materia medica found at the end of the dissertation are aimed at facilitating access to the pharmacological dispensatory included in the seventh chapter.

Insulin and TOR pathways regulate cellular and organismal growth through the myc oncogene in Drosophila

A large body of literature documents in both mice and Drosophila the involvement of Insulin pathway in growth regulation, probably due to its role in glucose and lipid import, nutrient storage, and translation of RNAs implicated in ribosome biogenesis (Vanhaesebroeck et al. 2001). Moreover several lines of evidence implicate this pathway as a causal factor in cancer (Sale, 2008; Zeng and Yee 2007; Hursting et al., 2007; Chan et al., 2008). With regards to Myc, studies in cell culture have implied this family of transcription factors as regulators of the cell cycle that are rapidly induced in response to growth factors. Myc is a potent oncogene, rearranged and overexpressed in a wide range of human tumors and necessary during development. Its conditional knock-out in mice results in reduction of body weight due to defect in cell proliferation (Trumpp et al. 2001). Evidence from in vivo studies in Drosophila and mammals suggests a critical function for myc in cell growth regulation (Iritani and Eisenman 1999; Johnston et al. 1999; Kim et al. 2000; de Alboran et al. 2001; Douglas et al. 2001). This role is supported by our analysis of Myc target genes in Drosophila, which include genes involved in RNA binding, processing, ribosome biogenesis and nucleolar function (Orain et al 2003, Bellosta et al., 2005, Hulf et al, 2005). The fact that Insulin signaling and Myc have both been associated with growth control suggests that they may interact with each other. However, genetic evidence suggesting that Insulin signaling regulates Myc in vivo is lacking. In this work we were able to show, for the first time, a direct modulation of dMyc in response to Insulin stimulation/silencing both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that dMyc up-regulation in response to DILPs signaling occurs both at the mRNA and potein level. We believe dMyc protein accumulation after Insulin signaling activation is conditioned to AKT-dependent GSK3β/sgg inactivation. In fact, we were able to demonstate that dMyc protein stabilization through phosphorylation is a conserved feature between Drosophila and vertebrates and requires multiple events. The final phosphorylation step, that results in a non-stable form of dMyc protein, ready to be degraded by the proteasome, is performed by GSK3β/sgg kinase (Sears, 2004). At the same time we demonstrated that CKI family of protein kinase are required to prime dMyc phosphorylation. DILPs and TOR/Nutrient signalings are known to communicate at several levels (Neufeld, 2003). For this reason we further investigated TOR contribution to dMyc-dependent growth regulation. dMyc protein accumulates in S2 cells after aminoacid stimulation, while its mRNA does not seem to be affected upon TORC1 inhibition, suggesting that the Nutrient pathway regulates dMyc mostly post-transcriptionally. In support to this hypothesis, we observed a TORC1-dependent GSK3β/sgg inactivation, further confirming a synergic effect of DILPs and Nutrients on dMyc protein stability. On the other hand, our data show that Rheb but not S6K, both downstream of the TOR kinase, contributes to the dMyc-induced growth of the eye tissue, suggesting that Rheb controls growth independently of S6K.. Moreover, Rheb seems to be able to regulate organ size during development inducing cell death, a mechanism no longer occurring in absence of dmyc. These observations suggest that Rheb might control growth through a new pathway independent of TOR/S6K but still dependent on dMyc. In order to dissect the mechanism of dMyc regulation in response to these events, we analyzed the relative contribution of Rheb, TOR and S6K to dMyc expression, biochemically in S2 cells and in vivo in morphogenetic clones and we further confirmed an interplay between Rheb and Myc that seems to be indipendent from TOR. In this work we clarified the mechanisms that stabilize dMyc protein in vitro and in vivo and we observed for the first time dMyc responsiveness to DILPs and TOR. At the same time, we discovered a new branch of the Nutrient pathway that appears to drive growth through dMyc but indipendently from TOR. We believe our work shed light on the mechanisms cells use to grow or restrain growth in presence/absence of growth promoting cues and for this reason it contributes to understand the physiology of growth control.

Kraus e/o Shakespeare. Intertestualità in prospettiva: tradurre, citare, inscrivere

The thesis focuses on Karl Kraus’s rewritings of some Shakespeare plays and copes with the concepts of “translation” and “quotation” as commensurable forms of intertextuality. Building his Shakespeare’s Bearbeitungen as a montage of quotations of previous German translations, Karl Kraus creates a new kind of hybrid intertextuality that goes beyond the boundaries between quotation and translation. In my opinion, Karl Kraus understands quotation and translation as spatial concepts: in his rewritings he puts Shakespeare’s text into his geometrical and critical “perspective”. The thesis focuses also on the evolution of quotation and translation in Karl Kraus’s work: even maintaining their satirical and destruens function, they develop an “affirmative” role and are used in order to redefine the literary canon. The thesis investigates this form of intertextuality from a comparative point of view, referring to the translation studies (Hermans, Bassnett, Lefevere, Apel, Berman, Meschonnic), theories of intertextuality (Genette, Barthes, Worton, Orr), studies on quotation and montage (Compagnon; Möbius, Hage), and studies on Karl Kraus (Kraft, Ribeiro, Scheichl, Fischer, Timms, Canetti and the famous essay of Walter Benjamin). It also contains a survey of Theater der Dichtung’s historical framework and several comparisons between Karl Kraus’s and other early 20th translations of Shakespeare’s plays.

Creazione e sviluppo di corpora multimediali. Nuove metodologie di ricerca nella traduzione audiovisiva

The construction and use of multimedia corpora has been advocated for a while in the literature as one of the expected future application fields of Corpus Linguistics. This research project represents a pioneering experience aimed at applying a data-driven methodology to the study of the field of AVT, similarly to what has been done in the last few decades in the macro-field of Translation Studies. This research was based on the experience of Forlixt 1, the Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation, developed at the University of Bologna’s Department of Interdisciplinary Studies in Translation, Languages and Culture. As a matter of fact, in order to quantify strategies of linguistic transfer of an AV product, we need to take into consideration not only the linguistic aspect of such a product but all the meaning-making resources deployed in the filmic text. Provided that one major benefit of Forlixt 1 is the combination of audiovisual and textual data, this corpus allows the user to access primary data for scientific investigation, and thus no longer rely on pre-processed material such as traditional annotated transcriptions. Based on this rationale, the first chapter of the thesis sets out to illustrate the state of the art of research in the disciplinary fields involved. The primary objective was to underline the main repercussions on multimedia texts resulting from the interaction of a double support, audio and video, and, accordingly, on procedures, means, and methods adopted in their translation. By drawing on previous research in semiotics and film studies, the relevant codes at work in visual and acoustic channels were outlined. Subsequently, we concentrated on the analysis of the verbal component and on the peculiar characteristics of filmic orality as opposed to spontaneous dialogic production. In the second part, an overview of the main AVT modalities was presented (dubbing, voice-over, interlinguistic and intra-linguistic subtitling, audio-description, etc.) in order to define the different technologies, processes and professional qualifications that this umbrella term presently includes. The second chapter focuses diachronically on various theories’ contribution to the application of Corpus Linguistics’ methods and tools to the field of Translation Studies (i.e. Descriptive Translation Studies, Polysystem Theory). In particular, we discussed how the use of corpora can favourably help reduce the gap existing between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Subsequently, we reviewed the tools traditionally employed by Corpus Linguistics in regard to the construction of traditional “written language” corpora, to assess whether and how they can be adapted to meet the needs of multimedia corpora. In particular, we reviewed existing speech and spoken corpora, as well as multimedia corpora specifically designed to investigate Translation. The third chapter reviews Forlixt 1's main developing steps, from a technical (IT design principles, data query functions) and methodological point of view, by laying down extensive scientific foundations for the annotation methods adopted, which presently encompass categories of pragmatic, sociolinguistic, linguacultural and semiotic nature. Finally, we described the main query tools (free search, guided search, advanced search and combined search) and the main intended uses of the database in a pedagogical perspective. The fourth chapter lists specific compilation criteria retained, as well as statistics of the two sub-corpora, by presenting data broken down by language pair (French-Italian and German-Italian) and genre (cinema’s comedies, television’s soapoperas and crime series). Next, we concentrated on the discussion of the results obtained from the analysis of summary tables reporting the frequency of categories applied to the French-Italian sub-corpus. The detailed observation of the distribution of categories identified in the original and dubbed corpus allowed us to empirically confirm some of the theories put forward in the literature and notably concerning the nature of the filmic text, the dubbing process and Italian dubbed language’s features. This was possible by looking into some of the most problematic aspects, like the rendering of socio-linguistic variation. The corpus equally allowed us to consider so far neglected aspects, such as pragmatic, prosodic, kinetic, facial, and semiotic elements, and their combination. At the end of this first exploration, some specific observations concerning possible macrotranslation trends were made for each type of sub-genre considered (cinematic and TV genre). On the grounds of this first quantitative investigation, the fifth chapter intended to further examine data, by applying ad hoc models of analysis. Given the virtually infinite number of combinations of categories adopted, and of the latter with searchable textual units, three possible qualitative and quantitative methods were designed, each of which was to concentrate on a particular translation dimension of the filmic text. The first one was the cultural dimension, which specifically focused on the rendering of selected cultural references and on the investigation of recurrent translation choices and strategies justified on the basis of the occurrence of specific clusters of categories. The second analysis was conducted on the linguistic dimension by exploring the occurrence of phrasal verbs in the Italian dubbed corpus and by ascertaining the influence on the adoption of related translation strategies of possible semiotic traits, such as gestures and facial expressions. Finally, the main aim of the third study was to verify whether, under which circumstances, and through which modality, graphic and iconic elements were translated into Italian from an original corpus of both German and French films. After having reviewed the main translation techniques at work, an exhaustive account of possible causes for their non-translation was equally provided. By way of conclusion, the discussion of results obtained from the distribution of annotation categories on the French-Italian corpus, as well as the application of specific models of analysis allowed us to underline possible advantages and drawbacks related to the adoption of a corpus-based approach to AVT studies. Even though possible updating and improvement were proposed in order to help solve some of the problems identified, it is argued that the added value of Forlixt 1 lies ultimately in having created a valuable instrument, allowing to carry out empirically-sound contrastive studies that may be usefully replicated on different language pairs and several types of multimedia texts. Furthermore, multimedia corpora can also play a crucial role in L2 and translation teaching, two disciplines in which their use still lacks systematic investigation.

Forme di appartenenza, forme di resistenza: orizzonti e società della provincia turca di Iğdır

La ricerca nasce da un lavoro di campo condotto nella provincia turca di Iğdır, un altopiano al confine con l'Armenia e il Nakhichevan, vicino alla Georgia e all'Iran, ma morfologicamente isolato dal resto della Turchia. Dopo due secoli alquanto turbolenti, la società locale è oggi caratterizzata dalla presenza di un’ampia componente turco-azera (sciita) e di un’altrettanto ampia componente turco-curda (sunnita shafiita). Inizialmente, la ricerca propone un’analisi diacronica di alcune rappresentazioni europee dell’altopiano, con particolare attenzione alle migrazioni (James Clifford, 1997, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century), ai confini, ai limiti e alle frontiere, quest’ultime intese come orizzonti dell’immaginario (Vincent Crapanzano, 2003, Imaginative Horizons: An Essay in Literary-Philosophical Anthropology). Quindi, prendendo spunto dall’inserimento nella società di Iğdır di un insegnante originario della Turchia centrale, analizzo la pratica dello spazio pubblico come fenomenologia delle forme di appartenenza e di resistenza ai gruppi locali. In questa sezione, dopo un capitolo di disamina dell’etnia azera, lo studio affronta i modi di abitare il territorio, con una prospettiva che unisce il centro urbano di Iğdır e, attraverso una fitta rete stradale e sociale, il paese di Ortaköy — alla cui analisi dell'organizzazione sociale dello spazio, delle forme di appartenenza e di resistenza, dedico l’ultima riflessione.

Les TICE pour la production écrite et la traduction de l'italien vers le français : le cas de la SSLMIT de Forlì

Les recherches relatives à l'utilisation des TICE se concentrent fréquemment soit sur la dimension cognitive, sur la dimension linguistique ou sur la dimension culturelle. Le plus souvent, les recherches empiriques se proposent d'évaluer les effets directs des TICE sur les performances langagières des apprenants. En outre, les recherches, surtout en psychologie cognitive, sont le plus souvent effectuées en laboratoire. C'est pourquoi le travail présenté dans cette thèse se propose d'inscrire l'utilisation des TICE dans une perspective écologique, et de proposer une approche intégrée pour l'analyse des pratiques effectives aussi bien en didactique des langues qu'en didactique de la traduction. En ce qui concerne les aspects cognitifs, nous recourons à un concept apprécié des praticiens, celui de stratégies d'apprentissage. Les quatre premiers chapitres de la présente thèse sont consacrés à l'élaboration du cadre théorique dans lequel nous inscrivons notre recherche. Nous aborderons en premier lieu les aspects disciplinaires, et notamment l’interdisciplinarité de nos deux champs de référence. Ensuite nous traiterons les stratégies d'apprentissage et les stratégies de traduction. Dans un troisième mouvement, nous nous efforcerons de définir les deux compétences visées par notre recherche : la production écrite et la traduction. Dans un quatrième temps, nous nous intéresserons aux modifications introduites par les TICE dans les pratiques d'enseignement et d'apprentissage de ces deux compétences. Le cinquième chapitre a pour objet la présentation, l'analyse des données recueillies auprès de groupes d'enseignants et d'étudiants de la section de français de la SSLMIT. Il s’agira dans un premier temps, de présenter notre corpus. Ensuite nous procéderons à l’analyse des données. Enfin, nous présenterons, après une synthèse globale, des pistes didactiques et scientifiques à même de prolonger notre travail.

Un protagonista del commercio librario nell'Italia dei lumi: Moïsè Beniamino Foà (1730-1821)

Nell’alveo delle indagini sulla storia del commercio librario nell’Italia del Settecento, attente a individuare i legami fra circolazione del libro, diffusione delle idee illuministe e riforme politiche nella seconda metà del secolo, la ricerca ha l’obiettivo di offrire un quadro articolato della fisionomia di un mercante del libro attivo nel periodo più intenso del riformismo estense nel ducato di Modena: Moïsè Beniamino Foà (1730-1821). Il primo capitolo della tesi riguarda le cariche ufficiali che questi ricoprì al servizio delle istituzioni culturali promosse da Francesco III d’Este, le vicende che lo implicarono nelle maglie della censura e il suo impegno civile e politico a favore dei processi di emancipazione degli ebrei in età giacobina e napoleonica. Il secondo tenta di interpretare la genesi della sua fortuna economica attraverso l’esame del testamento e dell’inventario dell’asse ereditario: nel panorama di precarietà dei mestieri del libro dal secolo dei lumi ai primi decenni della Restaurazione, pare arduo individuare un libraio comparabile a Foà per solidità e capacità di investimento. All’analisi della clientela del mercante è dedicato il terzo capitolo, che si sviluppa seguendo il filo dei rapporti diplomatici intessuti da Francesco III con le corti italiane nell’orbita dell’influenza politica e culturale asburgica. Si descrivono, quindi, i viaggi europei e la rete dei contatti commerciali che garantirono la ricchezza dell’offerta rispecchiata dai numerosi cataloghi librari pubblicati nel corso di oltre un cinquantennio. Di questi si offre una descrizione bibliografica e quantitativa con un affondo sulla diffusione del libro scientifico. Con la fisionomia del mercante viaggiatore, Foà coniugava quella dell’erudito bibliofilo: la ricerca si conclude con la presentazione della sua biblioteca e dei suoi rapporti con i filologi dell’epoca.

Il trattato ‘Practica musice’ di Franchino Gaffurio (1496). Genesi, tradizione del testo, trascrizione interpretativa e traduzione.

La ricerca consiste nell’edizione e traduzione del trattato ‘Practica musice’ di Franchino Gaffurio corredata da apparati critici e storico-contestuali. Si inizia con la biografia dell’autore redatta secondo gli ultimi dati disponibili e si presenta una esposizione del contenuto del trattato con proposte di chiarimenti dei passi più oscuri. Segue quindi uno studio dei cambiamenti intercorsi tra le parti del trattato come trasmesse nei manoscritti preparatori e la sua versione finale a stampa, seguito da una indagine sulle edizioni successive all’editio princeps, con tabelle sulle varianti tra le edizioni. Vengono quindi offerte la trascrizione interpretativa del testo latino del trattato (che può essere considerata la più corretta attualmente disponibile ed è l’unica a riportare numeri di partizione testuale) seguita dalla sua traduzione in italiano, con trascrizione degli esempi musicali. Il trattato, diviso in quattro libri, ha per argomenti rispettivamente il cantus planus e le scale modali gregoriane, la musica misurata e le figure della notazione, l’arte del contrappunto e la più ampia casistica disponibile sulle proporzioni ritmiche.

La letteratura escatologica ebraica tra XI e XIII secolo: aspettative messianiche e di redenzione alla luce delle persecuzioni del periodo delle crociate

Questo lavoro prende in analisi le aspettative messianiche e di redenzione ebraiche nel periodo delle crociate, ossia tra l’XI e il XIII secolo. Fu, questa, un’epoca di importanti persecuzioni nei confronti delle comunità ebraiche – stanziate soprattutto in Germania –, sottoposte ad attacchi e a conversioni forzate da parte dei crociati diretti a Gerusalemme. In quel periodo venne copiato e rielaborato un gran numero di testi di carattere apocalittico-escatologico, il cui scopo, secondo la mia ricostruzione, era quello di infondere speranza negli ebrei oppressi e di consolarli in merito all’imminente liberazione dal giogo straniero che l’era messianica avrebbe comportato. Nella prima parte del lavoro ricostruisco il quadro storico in cui tali testi circolavano, mentre nella seconda propongo un’edizione e una traduzione italiana degli scritti più rilevanti per la discussione.

Spazi postcoloniali: dislocazioni, diaspore, cartografie

La presente tesi di dottorato si propone di ricostruire criticamente la riflessione postcoloniale sullo spazio, riconoscendo nella critica postcoloniale l’introduzione di una fondamentale interrogazione degli spazi che sviluppa cartografie concettuali originali. Il lavoro si concentra sulla duplice operazione svolta dagli studi postcoloniali rispetto al tema degli spazi, riguardando, da una parte, le istanze critiche volte a condannare e contraddire le diverse spazialità del dominio coloniale; dall’altra, elaborando in risposta delle alternative concettuali forti, tali da offrire nuove immagini e strumenti per ripensare in modo abilitante gli spazi politici per il presente globale. Rispecchiando questo duplice indirizzo, la tesi si divide in due parti, precedute da un capitolo introduttivo, volto a presentare una strategia di fondo del pensiero postcoloniale sugli spazi, quella di un "entanglement" atto a ingarbugliare produttivamente fra loro le spazialità sottoposte a divisione e segregazione da parte del dominio coloniale (capitolo 1). A seguire, una pars destruens indaga la contestazione postcoloniale di specifiche spazialità coloniali, (capitolo 2); e discute la critica postcoloniale mossa alla geografia e alla cartografia moderne, in quanto strumenti di potere/sapere coloniale, atti alla costruzione di uno spazio globale strutturalmente asimmetrico, a cui consegue però, da parte postcoloniale, l’elaborazione di contro-cartografie critiche (capitolo 3). Segue una pars construens, dedicata a due concetti-chiave della riflessione postcoloniale sullo spazio, ovvero il pianeta, indagato come “sovrascrittura del globo”, la riflessione sul quale inoltre si fa occasione, da parte del pensiero postcoloniale, per intercettare istanze ecologiche urgenti e, insieme, riflettere sul problema del cosmopolitismo (capitolo 4); e il confine, la cui ricca e complessa ri-significazione in una prospettiva postcoloniale viene qui ricostruita nelle sue molte dimensioni (capitolo 5). Seguono delle conclusioni a fare un riassunto e un bilancio degli argomenti così ripercorsi, mettendo in luce in particolare i temi della dislocazione, della diaspora e della traduzione.

What do rendering options tell us about the translating mind? Testing the choice network analysis hypothesis

Frame. Assessing the difficulty of source texts and parts thereof is important in CTIS, whether for research comparability, for didactic purposes or setting price differences in the market. In order to empirically measure it, Campbell & Hale (1999) and Campbell (2000) developed the Choice Network Analysis (CNA) framework. Basically, the CNA’s main hypothesis is that the more translation options (a group of) translators have to render a given source text stretch, the higher the difficulty of that text stretch will be. We will call this the CNA hypothesis. In a nutshell, this research project puts the CNA hypothesis to the test and studies whether it does actually measure difficulty. Data collection. Two groups of participants (n=29) of different profiles and from two universities in different countries had three translation tasks keylogged with Inputlog, and filled pre- and post-translation questionnaires. Participants translated from English (L2) into their L1s (Spanish or Italian), and worked—first in class and then at home—using their own computers, on texts ca. 800–1000 words long. Each text was translated in approximately equal halves in two 1-hour sessions, in three consecutive weeks. Only the parts translated at home were considered in the study. Results. A very different picture emerged from data than that which the CNA hypothesis might predict: there was no prevalence of disfluent task segments when there were many translation options, nor was a prevalence of fluent task segments associated to fewer translation options. Indeed, there was no correlation between the number of translation options (many and few) and behavioral fluency. Additionally, there was no correlation between pauses and both behavioral fluency and typing speed. The discussed theoretical flaws and the empirical evidence lead to the conclusion that the CNA framework does not and cannot measure text and translation difficulty.

The notion of equivalence and lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches

Abstract This dissertation investigates the notion of equivalence with particular reference to lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches. Lexical cohesion poses a particular challenge to the translators of political speeches and thus preserving lexical cohesion elements as one of the major elements of cohesion is undoubtedly crucial to their translation equivalence. We rely on Halliday’s (1994) classification of lexical cohesion which comprises: repetition, synonymy, antonymy, meronymy and hyponymy. Other traditional models of lexical cohesion are examined. We include Grammatical Parallelism for its role in creating textual semantic unity which is what cohesion is all about. The study shed light on the function of lexical cohesion elements as rhetorical device. The study also deals with lexical problems resulting from the transfer of lexical cohesion elements from the SL into the TL, which is often beset by many problems that most often result from the differences between languages. Three key issues are identified as being fundamental to equivalence and lexical cohesion in the translation of political speeches: sociosemiotic approach, register analysis, rhetoric, and poetic function. The study also investigates the lexical cohesion elements in the translation of political speeches from English into Arabic, Italian and French in relation to ideology, and its control, through bias and distortion. The findings are discussed, implications examined and topics for further research suggested.

The problems of equivalence in advertising translation: examples from English and Russian

Abstract The academic environment has recently recognized the importance and benefits that an extensive research on the translation of advertising can have for translation studies. Despite the growing interest and increasing research activity in the field it is still difficult to speak about a theory of advertising translation in general. There is a need for further study encompassing different languages and both heterogeneous and homogenous cultures that will give the possibility to receive a more complete map of what the translation of advertising is and should be. Previous studies have been concentrated, for the most part, on Western European language pairs. This study is a research into perfume and cosmetics print advertisements translated from English into Russian where both visual and verbal elements are considered. Three broad translation approaches have been identified in what concerns the verbal message: Translated message, parallel translation, recreated adverts, and three approaches in dealing with the image: similar images, modified images, completely different images. The thesis shows that where Russian advertisements for perfume products tend to have a message, or create one, this is often lacking in the English copy. The article ends by suggesting that perfume advertisements favor the standardization approach when entering Russian market. The attempts to localize the advert have also been noticed although they are obviously less numerous in perfume adverts and are rather instances of adaptation - a mix between the localization and standardization approaches since they keep drawing on the same globally accepted universals about female beauty and concern for ‘woman’s identity’ (we focused our analysis on products designed for female consumers). This study, complementing previous studies, aims to be a contribution to the description of laws and strategies that guide the translation of advertising texts into Russian.

mRNAs translation and tumorigenesis

Translational control has a direct impact on cancer development and progression. Quantitative and qualitative changes of cap-dependent translation initiation contribute to neoplastic transformation and progression. However, the idea that “alternative” mechanisms of translation initiation, such as IRES-dependent translation, can be involved in the tumorigenesis is emerging. Because the relevance of this kind of translation initiation in cancer progression is not so well clarified, the purpose of my work was to study the impact of IRES-dependent mRNA translation on tumourigenesis and cancer progression with particular regard for breast cancer. The data obtained clarify the function of cap-independent translation in cancer. Particularly they suggested that the deregulation of IRES-dependent translation can be considered a sort of pro-oncogenic stimulus characterized by the inhibition of the expression of some proteins that block cell growth and proliferation and by the over expression of other proteins that contributed to cell survival. In addition, under stress condition, such as a hypoxia, in immortalized epithelial cell lines, changes in cap-independent translation are associated with an induction of expression of stem cell markers, and with the selection of a sub group of cells that have an increased ability to self-renewing and therefore in the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype.