Modellazione multibody di veicoli ferroviari: sviluppo ed implementazione di modelli innovativi per l'analisi del contatto ruota - rotaia

The wheel - rail contact analysis plays a fundamental role in the multibody modeling of railway vehicles. A good contact model must provide an accurate description of the global contact phenomena (contact forces and torques, number and position of the contact points) and of the local contact phenomena (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements). The model has also to assure high numerical efficiency (in order to be implemented directly online within multibody models) and a good compatibility with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The wheel - rail contact problem has been discussed by several authors and many models can be found in the literature. The contact models can be subdivided into two different categories: the global models and the local (or differential) models. Currently, as regards the global models, the main approaches to the problem are the so - called rigid contact formulation and the semi – elastic contact description. The rigid approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. The contact is imposed by means of constraint equations and the contact points are detected during the dynamic simulation by solving the nonlinear algebraic differential equations associated to the constrained multibody system. Indentation between the bodies is not permitted and the normal contact forces are calculated through the Lagrange multipliers. Finally the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces respectively. Also the semi - elastic approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. However in this case no kinematic constraints are imposed and the indentation between the bodies is permitted. The contact points are detected by means of approximated procedures (based on look - up tables and simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry). The normal contact forces are calculated as a function of the indentation while, as in the rigid approach, the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces. Both the described multibody approaches are computationally very efficient but their generality and accuracy turn out to be often insufficient because the physical hypotheses behind these theories are too restrictive and, in many circumstances, unverified. In order to obtain a complete description of the contact phenomena, local (or differential) contact models are needed. In other words wheel and rail have to be considered elastic bodies governed by the Navier’s equations and the contact has to be described by suitable analytical contact conditions. The contact between elastic bodies has been widely studied in literature both in the general case and in the rolling case. Many procedures based on variational inequalities, FEM techniques and convex optimization have been developed. This kind of approach assures high generality and accuracy but still needs very large computational costs and memory consumption. Due to the high computational load and memory consumption, referring to the current state of the art, the integration between multibody and differential modeling is almost absent in literature especially in the railway field. However this integration is very important because only the differential modeling allows an accurate analysis of the contact problem (in terms of contact forces and torques, position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) while the multibody modeling is the standard in the study of the railway dynamics. In this thesis some innovative wheel – rail contact models developed during the Ph. D. activity will be described. Concerning the global models, two new models belonging to the semi – elastic approach will be presented; the models satisfy the following specifics: 1) the models have to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the models have to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the models have to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the models have to evaluate the number and the position of the contact points and, for each point, the contact forces and torques 4) the models have to be implementable directly online within the multibody models without look - up tables 5) the models have to assure computation times comparable with those of commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail) and compatible with RT and HIL applications 6) the models have to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The most innovative aspect of the new global contact models regards the detection of the contact points. In particular both the models aim to reduce the algebraic problem dimension by means of suitable analytical techniques. This kind of reduction allows to obtain an high numerical efficiency that makes possible the online implementation of the new procedure and the achievement of performance comparable with those of commercial multibody software. At the same time the analytical approach assures high accuracy and generality. Concerning the local (or differential) contact models, one new model satisfying the following specifics will be presented: 1) the model has to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the model has to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the model has to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the model has to able to calculate both the global contact variables (contact forces and torques) and the local contact variables (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) 4) the model has to be implementable directly online within the multibody models 5) the model has to assure high numerical efficiency and a reduced memory consumption in order to achieve a good integration between multibody and differential modeling (the base for the local contact models) 6) the model has to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). In this case the most innovative aspects of the new local contact model regard the contact modeling (by means of suitable analytical conditions) and the implementation of the numerical algorithms needed to solve the discrete problem arising from the discretization of the original continuum problem. Moreover, during the development of the local model, the achievement of a good compromise between accuracy and efficiency turned out to be very important to obtain a good integration between multibody and differential modeling. At this point the contact models has been inserted within a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle to obtain a complete model of the wagon. The railway vehicle chosen as benchmark is the Manchester Wagon the physical and geometrical characteristics of which are easily available in the literature. The model of the whole railway vehicle (multibody model and contact model) has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The multibody model has been implemented in SimMechanics, a Matlab toolbox specifically designed for multibody dynamics, while, as regards the contact models, the CS – functions have been used; this particular Matlab architecture allows to efficiently connect the Matlab/Simulink and the C/C++ environment. The 3D multibody model of the same vehicle (this time equipped with a standard contact model based on the semi - elastic approach) has been then implemented also in Simpack Rail, a commercial multibody software for railway vehicles widely tested and validated. Finally numerical simulations of the vehicle dynamics have been carried out on many different railway tracks with the aim of evaluating the performances of the whole model. The comparison between the results obtained by the Matlab/ Simulink model and those obtained by the Simpack Rail model has allowed an accurate and reliable validation of the new contact models. In conclusion to this brief introduction to my Ph. D. thesis, we would like to thank Trenitalia and the Regione Toscana for the support provided during all the Ph. D. activity. Moreover we would also like to thank the INTEC GmbH, the society the develops the software Simpack Rail, with which we are currently working together to develop innovative toolboxes specifically designed for the wheel rail contact analysis.

Las actas con acuerdo en la Ley General Tributaria y en el Derecho Comparado

È la nostra intenzione, per mezzo di questa ricerca, effettuare uno studio metodico del procedure tributaria con gli actas con acuerdo, che costituisce una riflessione fedele delle tecniche convenzionali usate allo scopo di dare più sicurezza giurídica al contribuente ed evitare la formazione delle controversie inutili quando stabilisce la possibilità di raggiungere un accordo con la Amministrazione Finanziaria, per la indeterminatezza e la difficoltà che esistono nel sistema fiscale che ordina, per quanto l’interpretazione e l’applicazione della norma si riferisce. Per la realizzaione di questa ricerca ha usato i materiali possiedono del ambito giuridico, questo è, dottrina, giurisprudenza e il Diritto positive, tanto nazionale (spagnolo) quanto straniero, perché l’analisi interrotta di queste fonti, mette di rilievo adi atti relativi a lei actas con acuerdo, di cui la risposta non ha essere pacifica né l’uno né l’altro unanime, poichè abbiamo occasione da analizzare in questo lavoro che prova a contribuire nel minim misurato allo studio su questo tipo specifico di actas e, allo stesso tempo, per effettuare le considerazioni de lege ferenda sul relativo regime legale. Giustificato l’interesse dell’oggetto di studio e dei mezzi tematichi usare, risulta opportuno esporre dopo, il soddisfare di base che è stato seguito per l’elaborazione del lavoro, che consiste di quattro capitoli, a quale va fare il riferimento. Abbiamo considerato indovinato per cominciare, dedicare il capitolo I, titolato “Natura legale degli actas con acuerdo” all’analisi della domanda circa l’inserzione negli accordi nelle procedure fiscali, prendente como l’ipotesi di partenza la scrittura dall’articolo 88 dalla Legge dal Regime Giuridico delle Amministrazioni Pubbliche e la Procedura Amministrativa Comune, dall’applicazione ausiliaria alle procedure fiscale e da quale la possibilità è introdotta di fare gli accordi, i patti o i contratti fra l’Ammistrazione e gli amministrate che possono avere la considerazione dei rimorchi delle procedure amministrative o, a tali introduce dentro con il carattere precedente al relativo completamento, incomparabile con esso unilateralità caratteristico delle prestazioni amministrative. Anche se, dato che relativo adattato messo in funzione all’interno nell sistema fiscale, l’approvazione di una norma specifica, sarebbe consigliabile, che regola l’accordo corrispondente o l’accordo, perché solamente finora, le valutazioni specifiche sono state regolate soltanto como quale sono oggetto di analisi. Quando abbiamo fato l’esame delle caratteristiche che sono conformi la compilazione convenzizonale della procedura ed all’interno di questo primo capitolo, là sono imbarcati in il dibattito doctrinal discutibile su uno alle funzioni decisive degli actas con acuerdo, poichè è quello della sua natura legale, con l’obiettivo per incorniciarlo nella categoria di tecnica di patticio o di atto amministrativo, poiché del telaio in uno o l’altro, saranno fatti derivi il regime legale e le relative conseguenze; e così, dopo l’esame specifico di ogni delle teorie formulate, rendere specificamente la natura legale che abbiamo considerato più misura a la realtà di questa figura. D’altra parte, il secondo dei capitoli accende “La prospettiva dogmatica e costituzionale degli actas con acuerdo”, in cui ci siamo avvicinati alla compatibilità di questa figura con i principii principali del Finanziario che la costituzione spagnola allo scopo di ottenere un Sistema Finanziario del justo; e reso specifico nel principio di capacità contributiva, nel principio di uguaglianza, nel principio di legalità, nel principio di tutela giurisdizionale effetiva, nel principio di certezza e nel indisponibilità del credito tributario. L’analisi nel Diritto comparato è di base nello studio su tutta l’istituzione legale, non solo per affrontante le possibili carenze del nostro sistema fiscale, ma anche per capire la stessa realtà legale, per quel motivo, noi ha dedicato il terzo dei capitoli, “Risoluzione convenzionale delle polemiche del Finanziario nel quadro del Diritto comparato”, fare una descrizione separata del regime legale di ogni delle figure attuali dei differenti sisteme studiati; ma concentrandosi il nostro studio nella modalitá del accertamento con adesione di sistema italiano, perché gli actas con acuerdo sono basati, in grande misura, in questo modello, ragione per la quale il relativo esame concederà rilevare i problemi ed i successi principali, tanto teorico quanto pratico, che la relativa applizcazione ha causato in Italia e trasferirla all’ordenamento spagnolo. Il capitolo IV, “Regime legale degli actas con acuerdo”, costituisce il nucleo della nostra ricerca quando si avvicina l’esame della relativa portata dell’applicazione, obiettivo come tanto soggettivo, di questa categoria specifica delle Ufficio dell’Entrate, i preventivi che il legislatore depositato giù in moda da potere invitare l’attuario di controllo al contribuente per regolarizzare la sua situazione finanziaria prima dell’esistenza dei concetti legali indetermine, concretion della norma legale o della realizzazione delle misure, delle valutazioni o delle valutazioni per la determinazione dell’obbligo finanziario; così como la procedura che deve essere seguita, i requisiti richiesti per i relativo abbonamento, si sono riferiti all’autorizzazione dall’organo competente per liquidare i debiti, la costituzione della garanzia dovuta per assicurare i tutela dell credito tributario egli effetti legali derivato dalla relativa formalizzazione. Per concludere la nostra ricerca, poichè è tradizionale in questi casi, un’ultima sezione è dedicata per riunire le conclusioni principali che derivano dallo studio si sono presentate nelle pagine precedere, provante a fornire una visione globale delle domande imbarcate nel lavoro, così como dei problemi provocati e, nel relativo caso, delle soluzioni possibili.

Il ruolo dei Sirfidi nell'agricoltura sostenibile: analisi del potenziale delle specie afidifaghe nella lotta biologica conservativa

Scopo della presente ricerca era quello di approfondire il ruolo dei Sirfidi afidifagi ponendo particolare attenzione alle interazioni multitrofiche e all'effetto del paesaggio sul popolamento di Sirfidi. Larve e pupe di Sirfidi sono state monitorate in siti a diverso impatto antropico, in particolare in monocolture di mais e frumento ed in aree a maggiore diversità. La percentuale di parassitizzazione è risultata significativamente maggiore in aree a maggiore semplificazione, in particolare nei campi di mais. Anche la tipologia dei parassitoidi di Sirfidi è risultata diversa: mentre Pachyneuron (Encyrtidae) è il parassitoide chiave nel mais, in altri siti i Diplazontini (Ichneumonidae) sono risultati più frequenti. La distribuzione spaziale di Sirfidi ed altri predatori/parassitoidi afidifagi è stata analizzata in campi di mais e frumento dal 2007 al 2009. I pattern di distribuzione spaziale e temporale sembrano tali da impedire la sovrapposizione degli afidifagi favorendo una partizione di nicchia. Il popolamento di Sirfidi in un'area rurale caratterizzata da forte ricchezza in elementi di naturalità è stata analizzata per tre anni consecutivi, permettendo il ritrovamento di specie molto rare come Criorhina pachymera. Ai dati ottenuti è stato applicato Syrph the Net per la valutazione dello stato di conservazione del sito; è stata riscontrata una percentuale elevata di specie osservate ma non attese confermando come questo parametro può essere molto utile nella valutazione del paesaggio soprattutto in ambienti rurali. Infine Syrph the Net è stato applicato al popolamento di Sirfidi della provincia di Ferrara confermando l'utilità di questa tecnica per la valutazione della conservazione degli habitat anche in comprensori molto ampi.

Analisi e valutazione degli effetti dell'esposizione a nanoparticelle di minerali pesanti e sostanze inquinanti sul personale italiano impiegato selle missioni di pace all'estero. Evoluzione delle ipotesi etiopatogenetiche.

This study focus on pathologies - caused by impoverished uranium and other heavy-metals’ nanoparticles environmental pollution - developed in international military personnel deployed in critical areas; the pathologies are then placed in a general and chronological schema. This study shows an impressive collection of data on impoverished uranium characteristics and its employment in civil and military context and a map of impoverished uranium most polluted areas. The studies on this subject commissioned by two Italian Parliamentary Court of Inquiry and by other nations are then analyzed. Further etiopathogenetic hypothesis are assessed – as multivaccination – comparing vaccination protocols adopted by different NATO nations and their possible effects. Finally the study defines the objectives and the operational protocols of an ongoing epidemiological serial prospective study (time-frame scheduled of 30 years) on military personnel deployed in critical areas for the possible presence of genotoxic agents.

Modelli non lineari statici e dinamici su dati microeconomici: analisi delle condizioni finanziarie delle famiglie italiane

The thesis studies the economic and financial conditions of Italian households, by using microeconomic data of the Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) over the period 1998-2006. It develops along two lines of enquiry. First it studies the determinants of households holdings of assets and liabilities and estimates their correlation degree. After a review of the literature, it estimates two non-linear multivariate models on the interactions between assets and liabilities with repeated cross-sections. Second, it analyses households financial difficulties. It defines a quantitative measure of financial distress and tests, by means of non-linear dynamic probit models, whether the probability of experiencing financial difficulties is persistent over time. Chapter 1 provides a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature on the estimation of assets and liabilities holdings, on their interactions and on households net wealth. The review stresses the fact that a large part of the literature explain households debt holdings as a function, among others, of net wealth, an assumption that runs into possible endogeneity problems. Chapter 2 defines two non-linear multivariate models to study the interactions between assets and liabilities held by Italian households. Estimation refers to a pooling of cross-sections of SHIW. The first model is a bivariate tobit that estimates factors affecting assets and liabilities and their degree of correlation with results coherent with theoretical expectations. To tackle the presence of non normality and heteroskedasticity in the error term, generating non consistent tobit estimators, semi-parametric estimates are provided that confirm the results of the tobit model. The second model is a quadrivariate probit on three different assets (safe, risky and real) and total liabilities; the results show the expected patterns of interdependence suggested by theoretical considerations. Chapter 3 reviews the methodologies for estimating non-linear dynamic panel data models, drawing attention to the problems to be dealt with to obtain consistent estimators. Specific attention is given to the initial condition problem raised by the inclusion of the lagged dependent variable in the set of explanatory variables. The advantage of using dynamic panel data models lies in the fact that they allow to simultaneously account for true state dependence, via the lagged variable, and unobserved heterogeneity via individual effects specification. Chapter 4 applies the models reviewed in Chapter 3 to analyse financial difficulties of Italian households, by using information on net wealth as provided in the panel component of the SHIW. The aim is to test whether households persistently experience financial difficulties over time. A thorough discussion is provided of the alternative approaches proposed by the literature (subjective/qualitative indicators versus quantitative indexes) to identify households in financial distress. Households in financial difficulties are identified as those holding amounts of net wealth lower than the value corresponding to the first quartile of net wealth distribution. Estimation is conducted via four different methods: the pooled probit model, the random effects probit model with exogenous initial conditions, the Heckman model and the recently developed Wooldridge model. Results obtained from all estimators accept the null hypothesis of true state dependence and show that, according with the literature, less sophisticated models, namely the pooled and exogenous models, over-estimate such persistence.

Il concetto di sezione nel metodo compositivo di Aldo Rossi.

Purpose of this research is to deepen the study on the section in architecture. The survey aims as important elements in the project Teatro Domestico by Aldo Rossi built for the XVII Triennale di Milano in 1986 and, through the implementation on several topics of architecture, verify the timeliness and fertility in the new compositional exercises. Through the study of certain areas of the Rossi’s theory we tried to find a common thread for the reading of the theater project. The theater is the place of the ephemeral and the artificial, which is why his destiny is the end and the fatal loss. The design and construction of theater setting has always had a double meaning between the value of civil architecture and testing of new technologies available. Rossi's experience in this area are clear examples of the inseparable relationship between the representation of architecture as art and design of architecture as a model of reality. In the Teatro Domestico, the distinction between representation and the real world is constantly canceled and returned through the reversal of the meaning and through the skip of scale. At present, studies conducted on the work of Rossi concern the report that the architectural composition is the theory of form, focusing compositional development of a manufacturing process between the typological analysis and form invention. The research, through the analysis of some projects few designs, will try to analyze this issue through the rules of composition both graphical and concrete construction, hoping to decipher the mechanism underlying the invention. The almost total lack of published material on the project Teatro Domestico and the opportunity to visit the archives that preserve the drawings, has allowed the author of this study to deepen the internal issues in the project, thus placing this search as a first step toward possible further analysis on the works of Rossi linked to performance world. The final aim is therefore to produce material that can best describe the work of Rossi. Through the reading of the material published by the same author and the vision of unpublished material preserved in the archives, it was possible to develop new material and increasing knowledge about the work, otherwise difficult to analyze. The research is divided into two groups. The first, taking into account the close relationship most frequently mentioned by Rossi himself between archeology and architectural composition, stresses the importance of tipo such as urban composition reading system as well as open tool of invention. Resuming Ezio Bonfanti’s essay on the work of the architect we wanted to investigate how the paratactic method is applied to the early work conceived and, subsequently as the process reaches a complexity accentuated, while keeping stable the basic terms. Following a brief introduction related to the concept of the section and the different interpretations that over time the term had, we tried to identify with this facility a methodology for reading Rossi’s projects. The result is a constant typological interpretation of the term, not only related to the composition in plant but also through the elevation plans. The section is therefore intended as the overturning of such elevation is marked on the same plane of the terms used, there is a different approach, but a similarity of characters. The identification of architectural phonemes allows comparison with other arts. The research goes in the direction of language trying to identify the relationship between representation and construction, between the ephemeral and the real world. In this sense it will highlight the similarities between the graphic material produced by Ross and some important examples of contemporary author. The comparison between the composition system with the surrealist world of painting and literature will facilitate the understanding and identification of possible rules applied by Rossi. The second part of the research is characterized by a focus on the intent of the project chosen. Teatro Domestico embodies a number of elements that seem to conclude (assuming an end point but also to start) a curriculum author. With it, the experiments carried out on the theater started with the project for the Teatrino Scientifico (1978) through the project for the Teatro del Mondo (1979), into a Laic Tabernacle representative collective and private memory of the city. Starting from a reading of the draft, through the collection of published material, we’ve made an analysis on the explicit themes of the work, finding the conceptual references. Following the taking view of the original materials not published kept at Aldo Rossi's Archive Collection of the Canadian Center for Architecture in Montréal, will be implemented through the existing techniques for digital representation, a virtual reconstruction of the project, adding little to the material, a new element for future studies. The reconstruction is part of a larger research studies where the current technologies of composition and representation in architecture stand side by side with research on the method of composition of this architect. The results achieved are in addition to experiences in the past dealt with the reconstruction of some of the lost works of Aldo Rossi. A partial objective is to reactivate a discourse around this work is considered non-principal, among others born in the prolific activities. Reassessment of development projects which would bring the level of ephemeral works most frequented by giving them the value earned. In conclusion, the research aims to open a new field of interest on the part not only as a technical instrument of representation of an idea but as an actual mechanism through which composition is formed and the idea is developed.

Applicazione della LCA alla valorizzazione delle risorse primarie e secondarie. Caso studio: analisi del ciclo di vita della gestione integrata dei rifiuti urbani

Il progetto prevede l’applicazione dell’analisi del ciclo di vita al sistema integrato di raccolta, riciclaggio e smaltimento dei rifiuti urbani e assimilati. La struttura di una LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) è determinata dalla serie di norme UNI EN ISO 14040 e si può considerare come “un procedimento oggettivo di valutazione dei carichi energetici e ambientali relativi a un processo o un’attività, effettuato attraverso l’identificazione dell’energia e dei materiali usati e dei rifiuti rilasciati nell’ambiente. La valutazione include l’intero ciclo di vita del processo o attività, comprendendo l’estrazione e il trattamento delle materie prime, la fabbricazione, il trasporto, la distribuzione, l’uso, il riuso, il riciclo e lo smaltimento finale”. Questa definizione si riassume nella frase “ from cradle to grave” (dalla culla alla tomba). Lo scopo dello studio è l’applicazione di una LCA alla gestione complessiva dei rifiuti valutata in tre territori diversi individuati presso tre gestori italiani. Due di questi si contraddistinguono per modelli di raccolta con elevati livelli di raccolta differenziata e con preminenza del sistema di raccolta domiciliarizzato, mentre sul territorio del terzo gestore prevale il sistema di raccolta con contenitori stradali e con livelli di raccolta differenziata buoni, ma significativamente inferiori rispetto ai Gestori prima descritti. Nella fase iniziale sono stati individuati sul territorio dei tre Gestori uno o più Comuni con caratteristiche abbastanza simili come urbanizzazione, contesto sociale, numero di utenze domestiche e non domestiche. Nella scelta dei Comuni sono state privilegiate le realtà che hanno maturato il passaggio dal modello di raccolta a contenitori stradali a quello a raccolta porta a porta. Attuata l’identificazione delle aree da sottoporre a studio, è stato realizzato, per ognuna di queste aree, uno studio LCA dell’intero sistema di gestione dei rifiuti, dalla raccolta allo smaltimento e riciclaggio dei rifiuti urbani e assimilati. Lo studio ha posto anche minuziosa attenzione al passaggio dal sistema di raccolta a contenitori al sistema di raccolta porta a porta, evidenziando il confronto fra le due realtà, nelle fasi pre e post passaggio, in particolare sono stati realizzati tre LCA di confronto attraverso i quali è stato possibile individuare il sistema di gestione con minori impatti ambientali.