207 resultados para Analisi matematica
Resumo:
Il progetto prevede l’applicazione dell’analisi del ciclo di vita al sistema integrato di raccolta, riciclaggio e smaltimento dei rifiuti urbani e assimilati. La struttura di una LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) è determinata dalla serie di norme UNI EN ISO 14040 e si può considerare come “un procedimento oggettivo di valutazione dei carichi energetici e ambientali relativi a un processo o un’attività, effettuato attraverso l’identificazione dell’energia e dei materiali usati e dei rifiuti rilasciati nell’ambiente. La valutazione include l’intero ciclo di vita del processo o attività, comprendendo l’estrazione e il trattamento delle materie prime, la fabbricazione, il trasporto, la distribuzione, l’uso, il riuso, il riciclo e lo smaltimento finale”. Questa definizione si riassume nella frase “ from cradle to grave” (dalla culla alla tomba). Lo scopo dello studio è l’applicazione di una LCA alla gestione complessiva dei rifiuti valutata in tre territori diversi individuati presso tre gestori italiani. Due di questi si contraddistinguono per modelli di raccolta con elevati livelli di raccolta differenziata e con preminenza del sistema di raccolta domiciliarizzato, mentre sul territorio del terzo gestore prevale il sistema di raccolta con contenitori stradali e con livelli di raccolta differenziata buoni, ma significativamente inferiori rispetto ai Gestori prima descritti. Nella fase iniziale sono stati individuati sul territorio dei tre Gestori uno o più Comuni con caratteristiche abbastanza simili come urbanizzazione, contesto sociale, numero di utenze domestiche e non domestiche. Nella scelta dei Comuni sono state privilegiate le realtà che hanno maturato il passaggio dal modello di raccolta a contenitori stradali a quello a raccolta porta a porta. Attuata l’identificazione delle aree da sottoporre a studio, è stato realizzato, per ognuna di queste aree, uno studio LCA dell’intero sistema di gestione dei rifiuti, dalla raccolta allo smaltimento e riciclaggio dei rifiuti urbani e assimilati. Lo studio ha posto anche minuziosa attenzione al passaggio dal sistema di raccolta a contenitori al sistema di raccolta porta a porta, evidenziando il confronto fra le due realtà, nelle fasi pre e post passaggio, in particolare sono stati realizzati tre LCA di confronto attraverso i quali è stato possibile individuare il sistema di gestione con minori impatti ambientali.
Resumo:
Environmental Management includes many components, among which we can include Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Environmental Reporting and Analysis, Environmental Information Systems and Environmental Communication. In this work two applications are presented: the developement and implementation of an Environmental Management System in local administrations, according to the European scheme "EMAS", and the analysis of a territorial energy system through scenario building and environmental sustainability assessment. Both applications are linked by the same objective, which is the quest for more scientifically sound elements; in fact, both EMS and energy planning are oftec carachterized by localism and poor comparability. Emergy synthesis, proposed by ecologist H.T. Odum and described in his book "Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making" (1996) has been chosen and applied as an environmental evaluation tool, in order complete the analysis with an assessment of the "global value" of goods and processes. In particular, eMergy syntesis has been applied in order to improve the evaluation of the significance of environmental aspects in an EMS, and in order to evaluate the environmental performance of three scenarios of future evolution of the energy system. Regarding EMS, in this work an application of an EMS together with the CLEAR methodology for environmental accounting is discussed, in order to improve the identification of the environmental aspects; data regarding environmental aspects and significant ones for 4 local authorities are also presented, together with a preliminary proposal for the integration of the assessment of the significance of environmental aspects with eMergy synthesis. Regarding the analysis of an energy system, in this work the carachterization of the current situation is presented together with the overall energy balance and the evaluation of the emissions of greenhouse gases; moreover, three scenarios of future evolution are described and discussed. The scenarios have been realized with the support of the LEAP software ("Long Term Energy Alternatives Planning System" by SEI - "Stockholm Environment Institute"). Finally, the eMergy synthesis of the current situation and of the three scenarios is shown.
Resumo:
This work describes the development of a simulation tool which allows the simulation of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), the transmission and the vehicle dynamics. It is a control oriented simulation tool, designed in order to perform both off-line (Software In the Loop) and on-line (Hardware In the Loop) simulation. In the first case the simulation tool can be used in order to optimize Engine Control Unit strategies (as far as regard, for example, the fuel consumption or the performance of the engine), while in the second case it can be used in order to test the control system. In recent years the use of HIL simulations has proved to be very useful in developing and testing of control systems. Hardware In the Loop simulation is a technology where the actual vehicles, engines or other components are replaced by a real time simulation, based on a mathematical model and running in a real time processor. The processor reads ECU (Engine Control Unit) output signals which would normally feed the actuators and, by using mathematical models, provides the signals which would be produced by the actual sensors. The simulation tool, fully designed within Simulink, includes the possibility to simulate the only engine, the transmission and vehicle dynamics and the engine along with the vehicle and transmission dynamics, allowing in this case to evaluate the performance and the operating conditions of the Internal Combustion Engine, once it is installed on a given vehicle. Furthermore the simulation tool includes different level of complexity, since it is possible to use, for example, either a zero-dimensional or a one-dimensional model of the intake system (in this case only for off-line application, because of the higher computational effort). Given these preliminary remarks, an important goal of this work is the development of a simulation environment that can be easily adapted to different engine types (single- or multi-cylinder, four-stroke or two-stroke, diesel or gasoline) and transmission architecture without reprogramming. Also, the same simulation tool can be rapidly configured both for off-line and real-time application. The Matlab-Simulink environment has been adopted to achieve such objectives, since its graphical programming interface allows building flexible and reconfigurable models, and real-time simulation is possible with standard, off-the-shelf software and hardware platforms (such as dSPACE systems).