Structural and functional characterization of Group B Streptococcus class C sortases

In Group B Streptococcus (GBS) three structurally distinct types of pili have been discovered as potential virulence factors and vaccine candidates. The pilus-forming proteins are assembled into high-molecular weight polymers via a transpeptidation mechanism mediated by specific class C sortases. Using a multidisciplinary approach including bioinformatics, structural and biochemical studies and in vivo mutagenesis we performed a broad characterization of GBS sortase C. The high resolution X-ray structure of the enzymes revealed that the active site, located into the β-barrel core of the enzyme, is made of the catalytic triad His157-Cys219-Arg228 and covered by a loop, known as the “lid”. We show that the catalytic triad and the predicted N- and C-terminal trans-membrane regions are required for the enzyme activity. Interestingly, by in vivo complementation mutagenesis studies we found that the deletion of the entire lid loop or mutations in specific lid key residues had no effect on catalytic activity of the enzyme. In addition, kinetic characterizations of recombinant enzymes indicate that the lid mutants can still recognize and cleave the substrate-mimicking peptide at least as well as the wild type protein.

Influenza del sistema immunogenetico KIR nell'alloreattività Natural Killer nel trapianto di rene

Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for the restoration of excretory and endocrine kidney function in patients with end-stage renal disease. The success of the transplant is linked to the genetic compatibility between donor and recipient, and upon progress in surgery and immunosuppressive therapy. Numerous studies have established the importance of innate immunity in transplantation tolerance, in particular natural killer (NK) cells represent a population of cells involved in defense against infectious agents and tumor cells. NK cells express on their surface the Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) which, by recognizing and binding to MHC class I antigens, prevent the killing of autologous cells. In solid organ transplantation context, and in particular the kidney, recent studies show some correlation between the incompatibility KIR / HLA and outcome of transplantation so as to represent an interesting perspective, especially as regards setting of immunosuppressive therapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess whether the incompatibility between recipient KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands of the donor could be a useful predictor in order to improve the survival of the transplanted kidney and also to select patients who might benefit of a reduced regimen. One hundred and thirteen renal transplant patients from 1999 to 2005 were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted for each of them and their donors and genotyping of HLA A, B, C and 14 KIR genes was carried out. Data analysis was conducted on two case-control studies: one aimed at assessing the outcome of acute rejection and the other to assess the long term transplant outcome. The results showed that two genes, KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1, are associated with the development of acute rejection (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). The presence of the KIR2DS3 gene is associated with a better performance of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) over time (4 and 5 years after transplantation, p <0.05), while in the presence of ligand, the serum creatinine and MDRD trend seems to get worse in the long term. The analysis performed on the population, according to whether there was deterioration of renal function or not in the long term, showed that the absence of the KIR2DL1 gene is strongly associated with an increase of 20% of the creatinine value at 5 years, with a relative risk to having a greater creatinine level than the median 5-year equal to 2.7 95% (95% CI: 1.7788 - 2.6631). Finally, the presence of a kidney resulting negative for HLA-A3 / A11, compared to a positive result, in patients with KIR3DL2, showed a relative risk of having a serum creatinine above the median at 5 years after transplantation of 0.6609 (95% CI: 0.4529 -0.9643), suggesting a protective effect given to the absence of this ligand.

I progetti di Oswald Mathias Ungers per la città di Treviri. Questioni di composizione architettonica

Abstract This PhD thesis focuses on two projects carried out by Oswald Mathias Ungers in the city of Trier. More specifi cally, this study focuses on the relationship between composition principles, architectural forms, historical context and the nature of the city where these buildings have been built. The works carried out by Ungers in Trier are unique experiences - if taken in this master’s works context - and each one of them refl ects - in its specifi c project and architectural composition theme - the results - in terms of design - of a complex research on the fundamentals of architecture carried out by Ungers in more than fi ve decades of his activity. The theoretical and compositional experiment aspect is one of the main subjects to defi ne these buildings in terms of architecture. This aspect is so crucial that it is possible to consider them as an example of radical and specifi c experiences, referred to a specifi c place and based on a specifi c theoretical corpus. More specifi cally, this study focuses on the design activity carried out by Ungers in this city, mainly between the 80s and 90s and in the fi rst decade of the 21st century. It puts forward an interpretation that does not only defi ne the essential features, elements and questions lying behind these two architectures, but fi rst and foremost analyzes the theoretical, methodological and compositional relationship between Ungers and Trier, his adopted city. An increasingly closer relationship between the architect and his city highlights the wider relationship network established between the place and the projects carried out by Ungers in this city and makes it possible to understand the importance of Trier in the work of this architect, in his education and in his way to see, think and make architecture. The projects analyzed - the Thermen am Forum Museum (1988-1996) and the Kaiserthermen entrance hall (2003-2007) - were analyzed in terms of their architectural composition in an attempt to highlight the poetry of these architectures and to fi nd out their progressive, rational - and therefore transmissible - character. This study is an attempt to assess and unveil the compositional themes characterizing these projects while detecting the compositional principles lying behind the works and verifying the design process through which such principles were translated into architecture. Looking at these works as architectural composition examples makes it possible to clarify Ungers’ hermeneutic relationship established with the city’s history and structure. More specifi cally, the main subject of this thesis is the relationship between the architect, his city and history in the architectural solutions offered by two exemplary case studies, which were both built and placed in the historical city center of Trier and both connected with the ancient core of the city. The Thermen am Forum Museum and the Kaiserthermen entrance hall projects are - though being developed at different times of Ungers’ architectural life and though being extremely different in terms of approach to their context, due to their architectural image - two works that can be compared with the historical heritage of the city and this makes them ideal examples of the relationship between architectural forms, history and environment.

Nuovi processi catalitici per la sintesi di prodotti ad attività farmacologica

The transition metal-catalyzed allylic alkylation (Tsuji-Trost type reaction) is a powerful tool for C-C, C-N, and C-O bond formation, which has been widely applied to organic chemistry over the last decades. Typical substrates for this transformation are activated allylic compounds such as halides, esters, carbonates, carbamates, phosphates, and so on. However, use of these substrates is associated with the disadvantage of generating a stoichiometric amount of chemical waste. Furthermore, these starting materials have to be prepared in an extra step from the corresponding allylic alcohol. Thus, ideal substrates would be the allylic alcohols themselves, with water being the only byproduct in this case. However, the scarse propensity of the hydroxyl moiety to act as good leaving group has significantly limited their use so far. During the last decade significant efforts have been made in order to develop more atom-economical and environmentally-friendly allylic alkylation protocols by employing allylic alcohols directly. In this PhD dissertation two main projects addressing this topic are presented. “Project 1” deals with the development of new metal-catalyzed intramolecular Friedel-Crafts (FC) allylic alkylations of electron-rich (PAPER A), as well as challenging electron-poor arenes (PAPER B) with alcohols. In “Project 2”, gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular and stereoselective allylic alkylation reactions are reported. In particular, a FC alkylation of indole-containing allylic alcohols is presented in PAPER C. While, an O-alkylation of aminol-containing allylic alcohols is reported in PAPER D. To the best of knowledge, these reports represent the first example of gold(I)-catalyzed stereoselective alkylations with alcohols.

Studio del processo CVI/CVD per lo sviluppo di compositi ceramici rinforzati a fibra lunga

The most relevant thermo-mechanical properties of SiC or C based CFCCs are high strength, high toughness, low weight, high reliability, thermal shock and fatigue resistance. Thanks to these special characteristics, the CFCCs are the best candidates to substitute metals and monolithic ceramics, traditionally employed to realize components in energy, aeronautic and nuclear fields. Among the commonly techniques for the CFCCs production, CVI still represents the most significant one. Its main advantages are the versatility, the high quality deposits and the fact that it is conducted under mild temperature conditions. On the other hand, this technique is quite complex, therefore the set up of all process parameters needs long development time. The main purpose of the present study was to analyze the parameters controlling the CVD and CVI processes. Specifically, deposition and infiltration of SiC and Py-C tests were conducted on non-porous and porous substrates. The experiments were performed with a pilot size Isothermal/Isobaric CVI plant, designed and developed by ENEA. To guarantee the control of the process parameters, a previously optimization of the plant was needed. Changing temperature, pressure, flow rates and methane/hydrogen ratio, the Py-C deposition rate value, for an optimal fibre/matrix interphase thickness, was determined. It was also underlined the hydrogen inhibiting effect over the Py-C deposition rate. Regarding SiC morphologies, a difference between the inner and outer substrate surfaces was observed, as a consequence of a flow rate non-uniformity. In the case of the Cf/C composites development, the key parameter of the CVI process was the gas residence time. In fact, the hydrogen inhibiting effect was evident only with high value of residence time. Furthermore, lower the residence time more homogeneous the Py-C deposition rate was obtained along the reaction chamber axis. Finally, a CVD and CVI theoretical modelling was performed.

Il deperimento dei geomateriali da costruzione: implicazioni sulla capacità sismica residua di edifici in CA e muratura ordinaria

This work is dedicated to the study of damaging phenomena involving reinforced concrete structures and masonry buildings and the consequences in terms of structural performances decay. In the Italian context there are many examples of structures that have already exceeded their service life, considering not only the ancient buildings but also infrastructures and R/C buildings that today are operating from more than 50th years. Climate change which is subject to the entire planet, with changing in seasonal weather and increasing in environmental pollution, is not excluded could have a harmful influence on the rate of building materials decay previously deemed as durables. If the aggressive input changes very fast, for example in a few decades, then it can also change the response of a construction material considered so far durable; in this way the knowledge about the art of good build, consolidated over the centuries, is thwarted. Hence this study is focused on the possibility to define the residual capacity for vertical or seismic loads for structures that are already at the limit of their service life, or for which is impossible to define a service life. The problem in an analysis of this kind, and that is what makes this research different from the main studies avaibles in the literature, is to keep in correlation – in a not so expensive computationally way – issues such as: - dangerous environmental inputs adequately simulated; - environmental conditions favorable to the spread of pollutants and development of the degradation reactions (decay’s speed); - link between environmental degradation and residual bearing capacity A more realistic assessment of materials residual performances that constitute the structure allows to leave the actual system for the residual load-bearing capacity estimation in which all factors are simply considered through the use of a safety factor on the materials properties.

Intensificazione di processi biologici per la Bioremediation aerobica di suoli contaminati

Enzyveba, a partially characterized complex consortium of not-adapted microorganisms developed through prolonged stabilization of organic wastes, was found to markedly intensify the aerobic remediation of aged PAH- and PCB-contaminated soil by acting as a source of exogenous specialized microorganisms and nutrients. Thus, Enzyveba was tested in the bioremediation of Diesel (G1) and HiQ Diesel (G2) contaminated soils under aerobic slurry-phase conditions by means of a chemical, microbiological, ecotoxicological integrated analytical procedure. The addition of Enzyveba resulted in a higher availability of cultivable specialized bacteria and fungi but this resulted in a slight intensification of soil remediation, probably because of the high content of nutrients and specialized microorganisms of the soil. In many cases, the biotreatability of soils impacted by diesel fuel is limited by their poor content of autochthonous pollutant-degrading microorganisms. Thus, bioaugmentation with stable and reproducible cultures with the required broad substrate specificity might be the solution for a successful remediation. Two microbial consortia, ENZ-G1 and ENZ-G2, were enriched from Enzyveba on G1 and G2. Both consortia consist of a similar composition of bacterial and fungal species. They exhibited a comparable and significant biodegradation capability by removing about 90% of 1 g/l of diesel fuel under liquid culture conditions. Given their remarkable biodegradation potential, richness of quite diverse microbes, stability and resistance after cryopreservation at -20 °C for several months, both consortia appear very interesting candidates for bioaugmentation on site. The mycoflora of a soil historically contaminated by high concentration of PCBs was characterised before, at the beginning and at the end of the biotreatment mentioned above. Several mitosporic fungi isolated from soil grew in presence of a mixture of three PCBs congeners when also glucose was provided. This is the first study in which 5 strains of mitosporic species able to biodegrade PCB are reported in the literature.

Il vaglio di ammissibilità dei ricorsi avanti alla Corte di Cassazione francese: premesse per uno studio comparato

Oggetto dell’elaborato è il vaglio di ammissibilità dei ricorsi in materia civile avanti alla Corte di cassazione francese. Il primo dei tre capitoli ha ad oggetto alcuni aspetti storici ed ordinamentali ritenuti essenziali per una migliore comprensione del giudizio civile di cassation: dalle origini storiche della Corte di cassazione, alle funzioni attualmente attribuite alla Cour de cassation, sino alla presentazione dei membri che la compongono e delle differenti formazioni, non solo giudicanti, nelle quali può riunirsi; in tale capitolo trova, altresì, spazio una rassegna delle riforme che si sono susseguite negli ultimi decenni, volte, in maniera più o meno diretta, a contrastare il sovraccarico di ricorsi che affliggeva la S.C. francese ed a rafforzarne la funzione nomofilattica. Il secondo capitolo è interamente dedicato all’analisi della disciplina del processo civile avanti alla Cour de cassation. Dopo aver affrontato la questione della classificazione del mezzo di impugnazione, vengono illustrati i caratteri tradizionalmente attribuiti al pourvoi en cassation (assenza di effetto devolutivo e di effetto sospensivo), nonché la c.d. ouverture del ricorso, ossia le condizioni di ammissibilità dello stesso; sono, infine, descritti le fasi in cui si svolge il giudizio e l’esito del procedimento. L’attenzione si rivolge, nel terzo capitolo, a quel peculiare momento del giudizio rappresentato dal vaglio preliminare di ammissibilità del ricorso. Dopo un breve excursus storico, la tesi si sofferma sulla disciplina odierna, trattando, in particolare, i criteri offerti alle formazioni ridotte per la valutazione di ammissibilità del pourvoi; le peculiarità del procedimento volto alla dichiarazione di non-admission del ricorso; la natura, il contenuto e gli effetti della decisione della formation restreinte. Particolare attenzione è prestata, in tale capitolo, alle prassi applicative che integrano la scarna disciplina dell’istituto ed alla compatibilità del vaglio preliminare con la Convenzione Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo.

Celti e Reti tra V e I sec. a.C. Oggetti tipo LaTène all'interno della cerchia culturale Fritzens-Sanzeno (arco alpino centro-orientale)

The study of the objects LaTène type found in middle-eastern alpine region (Trentino Alto Adige-Südtirol, Engadina, North Tirol, Voralberg and Villach basin) is aimed to a better comprehension of the complex net of relationships established among the Celts, settled both in the central Europe territories and, since the IV century b.C., in the Po Plain, and the local populations. The ancient authors, who called the inhabitants of this area Raeti, propose for this territory the usual pattern according to which, the population of a region was formed consequently to a migration or was caused by the hunting of pre-existing peoples. The archaeologists, in the last thirty years, recognized a cultural facies typical of the middle-eastern alpine territory during the second Iron Age, and defined that as Fritzens-Sanzeno culture (from the sites of Fritzens, Inn valley, and Sanzeno, Non Valley). The so-called Fritzens-Sanzeno culture spread out without breaks from the material culture of the final Bronze Age and the first Iron Age. This local substratum, characterized by a ceramic repertoire strongly standardized, by peculiar architectural solutions and by a particular typology of rural sacred places (Brandopferplätze), accepted, above all during the second Iron Age, the strong influences coming from the Etruscan world and from the Celtic one (evident in the presence of objects of ornament, of glass artefacts, of elements of the weaponry and of coins). The objects LaTène type become, with different degrees of reliability, important markers of the relationships existing between the Celts and the Raeti, although the ways of interaction (cultural influence, people's movements, commercial exchanges, gifts among élites etc.) is not still clear. The revision of published data and the study of unpublished materials allows to define a rich and articulated picture both to chronological level and to territorial one.

Agenti di encefalopatie spongiformi trasmissibili e zoonosi: tipizzazione molecolare

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are neurodegenerative diseases caused by the conversion of the host-encoded cellular protein (PrPC) to a disease-associated isoform (PrPSc). The agent responsible for prion diseases may exist as different strains with specific biological and biochemical properties. According to the protein-only hypothesis, prion strain diversity is enciphered in PrPSc conformation. Molecular strain typing methods are based on the electrophoretic mobility of protease resistant core of PrPSc, on the susceptibility to protease digestion, on the glycosylation profile of PrPres and on the conformational stability of PrPSc. In this study a new conformational stability assay was developed based on the differential solubility of PrPC and PrPSc: CSSA (conformational stability and solubility assay). The conformational stability assay was performed by measuring PrPSc solubility in homogenates treated with increasing concentrations of GdnHCl, in the absence of proteinase K. Indeed, dose-response curves allowed estimation of the concentration of GdnHCl able to solubilise 50% of PrPSc. The results showed that this method is valuable for the biochemical typing of strains in bank voles and it is also a promising tool for molecular analysis of natural prion isolates. CSSA also revealed strain-specific PrPSc conformational stabilities of ovine natural isolates so that this feature, combined with the N-terminal PrPSc cleavage, allowed differentiation of classical scrapie, including CH1641-like, from natural goat BSE and experimental sheep BSE. In view of the implications concerning strain similarity between animal and human TSEs, the physico-chemical properties of the Nor98 with two human prion diseases (VPSPr and GSS) were compared in order to investigate the extent of the similarity between animal and human prion strains. The results showed an unexpected heterogeneity of the molecular features among human and sheep TSEs associated with internal PrPres fragments with the possible exception of Nor98 and a case of GSS P102L. These similarities and differences need further investigation by N- and C-terminal sequencing and biological characterization.

La Liburnia settentrionale in età romana: studi di geografia ed istituzioni

Il lavoro è una rassegna di fonti letterarie antiche, greche e latine fino alla fine del II sec. d.C., della Liburnia, ossia la regione storica intorno al golfo del Quarnaro, comprese le isole. Oltre ad un’analisi dei singoli passi degli autori citati al termine di ogni città o altro luogo geografico indicato si trova una scheda riassuntiva in cui si fa il punto dei dati che derivano dalle fonti citate, per vedere in che cosa esse sono utili per tracciare un quadro complessivo dell’abitato nell’epoca antica. Naturalmente, per procedere ad un lavoro di questo genere, si fa un costante confronto con gli altri tipi di fonti presenti, in gran parte quelle archeologiche ed epigrafiche, necessarie per la storia sociale ed istituzionale delle località in questione. Laddove i toponimi non indichino città, ma altri luoghi piuttosto si dedica spazio alla localizzazione geografica in situazione spesso di contraddizione tra la dottrina, non sempre recente ed aggiornata con le ultime scoperte epigrafiche, in particolare di cippi confinari. Scopo finale della tesi è appunto quello di verificare luogo per luogo quali progressi possano essere fatti, per definire in modo preciso da un lato la geografia fisica della regione e dall’altro la storia istituzionale e la Romanizzazione dei centri, che non fu uniforme ed organica.

La testimonianza come fonte di conoscenza irriducibile

La testimonianza è riconosciuta in epistemologia come una fonte fondamentale di conoscenza. Meno consenso c’è riguardo lo status epistemico delle credenze formate e intrattenute su base testimoniale: la questione è se la testimonianza fornisca di per sé le ragioni per affidarvisi, o se tali ragioni siano riducibili alla giustificazione fornita da percezione, memoria e ragionamento. Il dibattito circa lo status epistemico delle credenze acquisite tramite testimonianza ha dato origine a due linee di pensiero contrapposte: il riduzionismo e l’anti-riduzionismo. Secondo gli antiriduzionisti, che si rifanno al pensiero di Thomas Reid, la testimonianza è una fonte basica di giustificazione, alla pari di percezione, memoria e ragionamento. Ciò significa che il soggetto che riceve testimonianza è giustificato a crederne il contenuto in assenza di defeaters rilevanti. I riduzionisti, che fanno capo al lavoro di David Hume, sostengono al contrario che, oltre all’assenza di defeaters rilevanti, per poter credere giustificatamente il contenuto di una testimonianza il soggetto deve essere in possesso di ragioni positive non-testimoniali. Queste ragioni sono normalmente rintracciate in un’induzione che parte dalla memoria dell’osservazione di una generale conformità tra i fatti e le testimonianze, e conclude che un certo tipo di testimone, di circostanza, di contesto, o di contenuto veicolato sono fonti attendibili di informazioni. La critica principale che viene mossa contro l’antiriduzionismo è che sembra approvare la credulità e l’irresponsabilità epistemica . Mostrerò al contrario che la conoscenza testimoniale non sia riducibile ad alcun tipo di inferenza e che la giustificazione che fornisce è in linea con un resoconto del processo che costituisce testimonianza in termini di norme e di committment. Sosterrò una tesi antiriduzionista basata su un resoconto affidabilista della giustificazione che si spiega nei termini dell’esercizio di abilità epistemiche acquisite entro un ambiente epistemico dove le stesse sono profondamente radicate. Un resoconto dell’asserzione nei termini delle norme da cui è regolata mostrerà che la credenza testimoniale è giustificata in virtù della conoscenza che è presupposta dall’asserzione, che della testimonianza è la forma paradigmatica.

La definizione di criminalità organizzata nella letteratura giuridica e nella normativa interna ed internazionale

Non può dirsi ancora raggiunta una completa, appagante e condivisa definizione di criminalità organizzata: eppure tale concetto viene ampiamente utilizzato, entrando nel linguaggio comune e –soprattutto- in quello normativo e giurisprudenziale. Attraverso il susseguirsi di numerosi interventi legislativi, abbiamo assistito alla progressiva elaborazione del c.d. doppio binario: di una normativa, cioè, ad hoc per i reati di criminalità organizzata, caratterizzata da un rilevante arretramento delle ordinarie soglie di garanzia previste dall’ordinamento giuridico. Alla luce di prioritarie esigenze di legalità si giustifica l’impellente necessità di giungere alla elaborazione di una precisa definizione di criminalità organizzata. A tale fine, nel corso del presente lavoro, sono stati esaminati i principali approcci definitori individuati a livello socio-criminologico, giurisprudenziale ed in ambito normativo, con particolare attenzione al diritto penale e processual-penalistico; si è inoltre proceduto all’analisi delle principali definizioni riscontrabili a livello comunitario ed internazionale.