Tachicardie atriali nel cardiopatico congenito adulto:incidenza, morbilità, e ruolo dell'ablazione transcatetere

PRESUPPOSTI: Le tachicardie atriali sono comuni nei GUCH sia dopo intervento correttivo o palliativo che in storia naturale, ma l’incidenza è significativamente più elevata nei pazienti sottoposti ad interventi che prevedono un’estesa manipolazione atriale (Mustard, Senning, Fontan). Il meccanismo più frequente delle tachicardie atriali nel paziente congenito adulto è il macrorientro atriale destro. L’ECG è poco utile nella previsione della localizzazione del circuito di rientro. Nei pazienti con cardiopatia congenita sottoposta a correzione biventricolare o in storia naturale il rientro peritricuspidale costituisce il circuito più frequente, invece nei pazienti con esiti di intervento di Fontan la sede più comune di macrorientro è la parete laterale dell’atrio destro. I farmaci antiaritmici sono poco efficaci nel trattamento di tali aritmie e comportano un’elevata incidenza di effetti avversi, soprattutto l’aggravamento della disfunzione sinusale preesistente ed il peggioramento della disfunzione ventricolare, e di effetti proaritmici. Vari studi hanno dimostrato la possibilità di trattare efficacemente le IART mediante l’ablazione transcatetere. I primi studi in cui le procedure venivano realizzate mediante fluoroscopia tradizionale, la documentazione di blocco di conduzione translesionale bidirezionale non era routinariamente eseguita e non tutti i circuiti di rientro venivano sottoposti ad ablazione, riportano un successo in acuto del 70% e una libertà da recidiva a 3 anni del 40%. I lavori più recenti riportano un successo in acuto del 94% ed un tasso di recidiva a 13 mesi del 6%. Questi ottimi risultati sono stati ottenuti con l’utilizzo delle moderne tecniche di mappaggio elettroanatomico e di cateteri muniti di sistemi di irrigazione per il raffreddamento della punta, inoltre la dimostrazione della presenza di blocco di conduzione translesionale bidirezionale, l’ablazione di tutti i circuiti indotti mediante stimolazione atriale programmata, nonché delle sedi potenziali di rientro identificate alla mappa di voltaggio sono stati considerati requisiti indispensabili per la definizione del successo della procedura. OBIETTIVI: riportare il tasso di efficia, le complicanze, ed il tasso di recidiva delle procedure di ablazione transcatetere eseguite con le moderne tecnologie e con una rigorosa strategia di programmazione degli obiettivi della procedura. Risultati: Questo studio riporta una buona percentuale di efficacia dell’ablazione transcatetere delle tachicardie atriali in una popolazione varia di pazienti con cardiopatia congenita operata ed in storia naturale: la percentuale di successo completo della procedura in acuto è del 71%, il tasso di recidiva ad un follow-up medio di 13 mesi è pari al 28%. Tuttavia se l’analisi viene limitata esclusivamente alle IART il successo della procedura è pari al 100%, i restanti casi in cui la procedura è stata definita inefficace o parzialmente efficace l’aritmia non eliminata ma cardiovertita elettricamente non è un’aritmia da rientro ma la fibrillazione atriale. Inoltre, sempre limitando l’analisi alle IART, anche il tasso di recidiva a 13 mesi si abbassa dal 28% al 3%. In un solo paziente è stato possibile documentare un episodio asintomatico e non sostenuto di IART al follow-up: in questo caso l’aspetto ECG era diverso dalla tachicardia clinica che aveva motivato la prima procedura. Sebbene la diversa morfologia dell’attivazione atriale all’ECG non escluda che si tratti di una recidiva, data la possibilità di un diverso exit point del medesimo circuito o di un diverso senso di rotazione dello stesso, è tuttavia più probabile l’emergenza di un nuovo circuito di macrorientro. CONCLUSIONI: L'ablazione trancatetere, pur non potendo essere considerata una procedura curativa, in quanto non in grado di modificare il substrato atriale che predispone all’insorgenza e mantenimento della fibrillazione atriale (ossia la fibrosi, l’ipertrofia, e la dilatazione atriale conseguenti alla patologia e condizione anatomica di base)è in grado di assicurare a tutti i pazienti un sostanziale beneficio clinico. È sempre stato possibile sospendere l’antiaritmico, tranne 2 casi, ed anche nei pazienti in cui è stata documentata una recidiva al follow-up la qualità di vita ed i sintomi sono decisamente migliorati ed è stato ottenuto un buon controllo della tachiaritmia con una bassa dose di beta-bloccante. Inoltre tutti i pazienti che avevano sviluppato disfunzione ventricolare secondaria alla tachiaritmia hanno presentato un miglioramento della funzione sistolica fino alla normalizzazione o al ritorno a valori precedenti la documentazione dell’aritmia. Alla base dei buoni risultati sia in acuto che al follow-up c’è una meticolosa programmazione della procedura e una rigorosa definizione degli endpoint. La dimostrazione del blocco di conduzione translesionale bidirezionale, requisito indispensabile per affermare di aver creato una linea continua e transmurale, l’ablazione di tutti i circuiti di rientro inducibili mediante stimolazione atriale programmata e sostenuti, e l’ablazione di alcune sedi critiche, in quanto corridoi protetti coinvolti nelle IART di più comune osservazione clinica, pur in assenza di una effettiva inducibilità periprocedurale, sono obiettivi necessari per una procedura efficace in acuto e a distanza. Anche la disponibilità di moderne tecnologie come i sistemi di irrigazione dei cateteri ablatori e le metodiche di mappaggio elettroanantomico sono requisiti tecnici molto importanti per il successo della procedura.

Studio delle comunicazioni intraspecifiche in Anarsia lineatella Zeller

Sebbene Anarsia lineatella sia un fitofago ormai da anni introdotto e diffuso in Italia, ancora poco si conosce circa le sue abitudini riproduttive. In considerazione della elevata dannosità di A. lineatella nei pescheti del nord Italia e delle scarse conoscenze sulla sua biologia, si è evidenziata la necessità di approfondire la conoscenza di questo fitofago. Pertanto gli scopi di questa ricerca hanno riguardato l’approfondimento delle conoscenze sui sistemi di comunicazione intraspecifici utilizzati da A. lineatella; la valutazione dell’efficacia di diverse miscele di feromone sintetico, in laboratorio utilizzando anche densità diverse di popolazioni di anarsia e in campo utilizzando gabbie di accoppiamento appositamente costruite, posizionate in frutteti a conduzione biologica nel nord Italia e messe a confronto con gabbie che utilizzavano come fonte attrattiva femmine vergini di tre giorni di età. Sono state condotte prove sul comportamento di maschi di A. lineatella di differenti età in risposta al feromone emesso da femmine vergini di tre giorni di età e al feromone emesso da erogatori di materiale plastico contenenti differenti miscele di feromone sintetico. Sono stati condotti studi per verificare l’influenza del contenuto di alcol ((E)5-10:OH) nella miscela feromonica sulla capacità di inibizione degli accoppiamenti, sottoponendo gli insetti a differenti concentrazioni di feromone in modo da verificare eventuali differenze di attività delle diverse miscele, differenze che emergerebbero con evidenza maggiore alle minori concentrazioni. Alcune prove sono state effettuate anche con differenti densità di popolazione, poiché una maggiore densità di popolazione determina una maggiore probabilità di accoppiamento, evidenziando più chiaramente i limiti di efficacia della miscela utilizzata. Inoltre sono state effettuate prove di campo per confrontare due modelli di erogatore per la confusione sessuale di anarsia contenenti miscele con differenti percentuali di alcol Inoltre, poiché nei pescheti la presenza di A. lineatella è pressoché sempre associata a quella di Cydia molesta e l’applicazione del metodo della confusione deve spesso essere applicato per controllare entrambi gli insetti, può risultare vantaggioso disporre di un unico erogatore contenente entrambi i feromoni; è stato quindi valutato un erogatore contenente una miscela dei due feromoni per verificare eventuali interazioni che possano ridurre l’efficacia.

Architectures for Context Aware Services in Smart Environments

This thesis deals with Context Aware Services, Smart Environments, Context Management and solutions for Devices and Service Interoperability. Multi-vendor devices offer an increasing number of services and end-user applications that base their value on the ability to exploit the information originating from the surrounding environment by means of an increasing number of embedded sensors, e.g. GPS, compass, RFID readers, cameras and so on. However, usually such devices are not able to exchange information because of the lack of a shared data storage and common information exchange methods. A large number of standards and domain specific building blocks are available and are heavily used in today's products. However, the use of these solutions based on ready-to-use modules is not without problems. The integration and cooperation of different kinds of modules can be daunting because of growing complexity and dependency. In this scenarios it might be interesting to have an infrastructure that makes the coexistence of multi-vendor devices easy, while enabling low cost development and smooth access to services. This sort of technologies glue should reduce both software and hardware integration costs by removing the trouble of interoperability. The result should also lead to faster and simplified design, development and, deployment of cross-domain applications. This thesis is mainly focused on SW architectures supporting context aware service providers especially on the following subjects: - user preferences service adaptation - context management - content management - information interoperability - multivendor device interoperability - communication and connectivity interoperability Experimental activities were carried out in several domains including Cultural Heritage, indoor and personal smart spaces – all of which are considered significant test-beds in Context Aware Computing. The work evolved within european and national projects: on the europen side, I carried out my research activity within EPOCH, the FP6 Network of Excellence on “Processing Open Cultural Heritage” and within SOFIA, a project of the ARTEMIS JU on embedded systems. I worked in cooperation with several international establishments, including the University of Kent, VTT (the Technical Reserarch Center of Finland) and Eurotech. On the national side I contributed to a one-to-one research contract between ARCES and Telecom Italia. The first part of the thesis is focused on problem statement and related work and addresses interoperability issues and related architecture components. The second part is focused on specific architectures and frameworks: - MobiComp: a context management framework that I used in cultural heritage applications - CAB: a context, preference and profile based application broker which I designed within EPOCH Network of Excellence - M3: "Semantic Web based" information sharing infrastructure for smart spaces designed by Nokia within the European project SOFIA - NoTa: a service and transport independent connectivity framework - OSGi: the well known Java based service support framework The final section is dedicated to the middleware, the tools and, the SW agents developed during my Doctorate time to support context-aware services in smart environments.

Smart Sensors For Interoperable Smart Environment

Smart Environments are currently considered a key factor to connect the physical world with the information world. A Smart Environment can be defined as the combination of a physical environment, an infrastructure for data management (called Smart Space), a collection of embedded systems gathering heterogeneous data from the environment and a connectivity solution to convey these data to the Smart Space. With this vision, any application which takes advantages from the environment could be devised, without the need to directly access to it, since all information are stored in the Smart Space in a interoperable format. Moreover, according to this vision, for each entity populating the physical environment, i.e. users, objects, devices, environments, the following questions can be arise: “Who?”, i.e. which are the entities that should be identified? “Where?” i.e. where are such entities located in physical space? and “What?” i.e. which attributes and properties of the entities should be stored in the Smart Space in machine understandable format, in the sense that its meaning has to be explicitly defined and all the data should be linked together in order to be automatically retrieved by interoperable applications. Starting from this the location detection is a necessary step in the creation of Smart Environments. If the addressed entity is a user and the environment a generic environment, a meaningful way to assign the position, is through a Pedestrian Tracking System. In this work two solution for these type of system are proposed and compared. One of the two solution has been studied and developed in all its aspects during the doctoral period. The work also investigates the problem to create and manage the Smart Environment. The proposed solution is to create, by means of natural interactions, links between objects and between objects and their environment, through the use of specific devices, i.e. Smart Objects

Security control brought back to the user

The activity of the Ph.D. student Juri Luca De Coi involved the research field of policy languages and can be divided in three parts. The first part of the Ph.D. work investigated the state of the art in policy languages, ending up with: (i) identifying the requirements up-to-date policy languages have to fulfill; (ii) defining a policy language able to fulfill such requirements (namely, the Protune policy language); and (iii) implementing an infrastructure able to enforce policies expressed in the Protune policy language. The second part of the Ph.D. work focused on simplifying the activity of defining policies and ended up with: (i) identifying a subset of the controlled natural language ACE to express Protune policies; (ii) implementing a mapping between ACE policies and Protune policies; and (iii) adapting the ACE Editor to guide users step by step when defining ACE policies. The third part of the Ph.D. work tested the feasibility of the chosen approach by applying it to meaningful real-world problems, among which: (i) development of a security layer on top of RDF stores; and (ii) efficient policy-aware access to metadata stores. The research activity has been performed in tight collaboration with the Leibniz Universität Hannover and further European partners within the projects REWERSE, TENCompetence and OKKAM.

Il rapporto tra diritto internazionale, sopranazionale e diritto degli stati membri: una comparazione tra unione europea e mercosur

Il nostro studio è incentrato sul confronto fra l’Unione Europea e il Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur, particolarmente, in relazione a due aspetti: (i) aspetto giuridico-strutturale e, (ii) aspetto giurisprudenziale. L’obiettivo principale di tale confronto è quello di tracciare un parallelismo tra i due sistemi d’integrazione in modo da comprendere il livello d’integrazione e di efficienza del Mercosur in relazione ad un parametro ineludibile in materia quale è l’Unione Europea. Con tale obiettivo, il lavoro è stato suddiviso in quattro capitoli che mettono a fuoco aspetti molto precisi dei sistemi d’integrazione regionale. Il Capitolo I Diritto e integrazione nell’ambito del Mercosur, ha una funzione introduttiva al sistema mercosurino e funge da asse dell’intera tesi dato che illustra le origini del Mercosur, le sue istituzioni, i suoi fini ed obiettivi e, da ultimo, l’attuale assetto istituzionale del medesimo ed ipotizza i suoi possibili sviluppi futuri. Nel Capitolo II, L’evoluzione del diritto del Mercosur alla luce del primo parere consultivo del Tribunal Permanente de Revisión, è analizzato il primo parere emesso dai Tribunali mercosurini – nell’anno 2007. Vengono delineati gli elementi che caratterizzano tali pareri mercosurini e vengono altresì messi in evidenza gli aspetti di convergenza con i rinvii pregiudiziali della Corte di giustizia e quelli che, invece, rappresentano elementi di profonda divergenza. Attraverso l’analisi del Parere 1/2007 ci proponiamo in primo luogo di mettere a fuoco specifici spunti giuridici rintracciabili nella sua motivazione che ci permetteranno di dare una reale dimensione al Diritto mercosurino. In secondo luogo, ci proponiamo di mettere in evidenza il fondamentale ruolo che possono acquisire i pareri emessi dal Tribunal Permanente de Revisión nello sviluppo dell’intero sistema giuridico ed istituzionale del Mercosur. Nel capitolo successivo, Un caso di conflitto di giurisdizione, abbiamo voluto studiare una particolare controversia che, curiosamente, è stata affrontata e risolta da differenti organi giurisdizionali con competenze materiali e territoriali diverse. Facciamo riferimento alla causa “dei polli” esportati in Argentina, con presunto dumping, da parte di alcuni produttori brasiliani dal gennaio 1998 al gennaio 1999. Tale causa ebbe origine in Argentina dinanzi un’autorità amministrativa, fu parallelamente portata dinanzi la giustizia federale argentina, successivamente davanti ad un Tribunale mercosurino e, infine, dinanzi l’OMC. Con lo scopo di trovare una risposta al perché sia stato possibile adire più tribunali ed applicare normativa diversa ad una stessa controversia abbiamo indagato due aspetti di diritto di vitale rilevanza nell’ambito del diritto internazionale dei nostri giorni. Da una parte ci siamo focalizzati sullo studio delle normative internazionali che legiferando su materie simili e, in certi casi, pressoché identiche, e avendo origine in sistemi giuridici diversi hanno, tuttavia, la capacità di esplicare i loro effetti in più giurisdizioni e sono, pertanto, potenzialmente in grado di influenzarsi a vicenda. D’altra parte, abbiamo compiuto un’indagine sull’esistenza o meno di una normativa che funga da raccordo tra i sistemi di risoluzione delle controversie degli spazi d’integrazione economica e il sistema di risoluzione delle controversie dell’OMC. Infine, il quarto ed ultimo capitolo, L’attività giurisdizionale negli spazi d’integrazione regionale, è dedicato alla valutazione degli sviluppi compiuti dal Mercosur in 18 anni di vita alla luce dei lodi emessi dai Tribunali mercosurini. Difatti, l’obiettivo concreto di questo capitolo è capire se i Tribunali mercosurini svolgono una funzione dinamica e costruttiva dell’assetto del Mercosur, tesa a sviluppare il sistema normativo, oppure se essi abbiano, piuttosto, una funzione passiva e una visione statica nell’applicazione del diritto. È risaputo che la funzione della Corte di giustizia è stata determinante nell’evoluzione e nell’affermazione del sistema giuridico in vigore attraverso una giurisprudenza costante. Mediante il confronto dell’attività svolta da entrambe le giurisdizioni sarà possibile avanzare ipotesi riguardo i futuri progressi dell’assetto mercosurino grazie all’apporto giurisprudenziale.

Synchronization and Detection Techniques for Navigation and Communication Systems

Synchronization is a key issue in any communication system, but it becomes fundamental in the navigation systems, which are entirely based on the estimation of the time delay of the signals coming from the satellites. Thus, even if synchronization has been a well known topic for many years, the introduction of new modulations and new physical layer techniques in the modern standards makes the traditional synchronization strategies completely ineffective. For this reason, the design of advanced and innovative techniques for synchronization in modern communication systems, like DVB-SH, DVB-T2, DVB-RCS, WiMAX, LTE, and in the modern navigation system, like Galileo, has been the topic of the activity. Recent years have seen the consolidation of two different trends: the introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the communication systems, and of the Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation in the modern Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Thus, a particular attention has been given to the investigation of the synchronization algorithms in these areas.

A Unitary Approach to Information and Estimation Theory in Digital Communication Systems

This thesis presents the outcomes of a Ph.D. course in telecommunications engineering. It is focused on the optimization of the physical layer of digital communication systems and it provides innovations for both multi- and single-carrier systems. For the former type we have first addressed the problem of the capacity in presence of several nuisances. Moreover, we have extended the concept of Single Frequency Network to the satellite scenario, and then we have introduced a novel concept in subcarrier data mapping, resulting in a very low PAPR of the OFDM signal. For single carrier systems we have proposed a method to optimize constellation design in presence of a strong distortion, such as the non linear distortion provided by satellites' on board high power amplifier, then we developed a method to calculate the bit/symbol error rate related to a given constellation, achieving an improved accuracy with respect to the traditional Union Bound with no additional complexity. Finally we have designed a low complexity SNR estimator, which saves one-half of multiplication with respect to the ML estimator, and it has similar estimation accuracy.

Hybrid Methods for Resource Allocation and Scheduling Problems in Deterministic and Stochastic Environments

This work presents exact, hybrid algorithms for mixed resource Allocation and Scheduling problems; in general terms, those consist into assigning over time finite capacity resources to a set of precedence connected activities. The proposed methods have broad applicability, but are mainly motivated by applications in the field of Embedded System Design. In particular, high-performance embedded computing recently witnessed the shift from single CPU platforms with application-specific accelerators to programmable Multi Processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs). Those allow higher flexibility, real time performance and low energy consumption, but the programmer must be able to effectively exploit the platform parallelism. This raises interest in the development of algorithmic techniques to be embedded in CAD tools; in particular, given a specific application and platform, the objective if to perform optimal allocation of hardware resources and to compute an execution schedule. On this regard, since embedded systems tend to run the same set of applications for their entire lifetime, off-line, exact optimization approaches are particularly appealing. Quite surprisingly, the use of exact algorithms has not been well investigated so far; this is in part motivated by the complexity of integrated allocation and scheduling, setting tough challenges for ``pure'' combinatorial methods. The use of hybrid CP/OR approaches presents the opportunity to exploit mutual advantages of different methods, while compensating for their weaknesses. In this work, we consider in first instance an Allocation and Scheduling problem over the Cell BE processor by Sony, IBM and Toshiba; we propose three different solution methods, leveraging decomposition, cut generation and heuristic guided search. Next, we face Allocation and Scheduling of so-called Conditional Task Graphs, explicitly accounting for branches with outcome not known at design time; we extend the CP scheduling framework to effectively deal with the introduced stochastic elements. Finally, we address Allocation and Scheduling with uncertain, bounded execution times, via conflict based tree search; we introduce a simple and flexible time model to take into account duration variability and provide an efficient conflict detection method. The proposed approaches achieve good results on practical size problem, thus demonstrating the use of exact approaches for system design is feasible. Furthermore, the developed techniques bring significant contributions to combinatorial optimization methods.

Design, implementation and evaluation of a virtual laboratory for Computer Engineering Education

Broad consensus has been reached within the Education and Cognitive Psychology research communities on the need to center the learning process on experimentation and concrete application of knowledge, rather than on a bare transfer of notions. Several advantages arise from this educational approach, ranging from the reinforce of students learning, to the increased opportunity for a student to gain greater insight into the studied topics, up to the possibility for learners to acquire practical skills and long-lasting proficiency. This is especially true in Engineering education, where integrating conceptual knowledge and practical skills assumes a strategic importance. In this scenario, learners are called to play a primary role. They are actively involved in the construction of their own knowledge, instead of passively receiving it. As a result, traditional, teacher-centered learning environments should be replaced by novel learner-centered solutions. Information and Communication Technologies enable the development of innovative solutions that provide suitable answers to the need for the availability of experimentation supports in educational context. Virtual Laboratories, Adaptive Web-Based Educational Systems and Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning environments can significantly foster different learner-centered instructional strategies, offering the opportunity to enhance personalization, individualization and cooperation. More specifically, they allow students to explore different kinds of materials, to access and compare several information sources, to face real or realistic problems and to work on authentic and multi-facet case studies. In addition, they encourage cooperation among peers and provide support through coached and scaffolded activities aimed at fostering reflection and meta-cognitive reasoning. This dissertation will guide readers within this research field, presenting both the theoretical and applicative results of a research aimed at designing an open, flexible, learner-centered virtual lab for supporting students in learning Information Security.

Multi-level models and infrastructures for simulating biological system development

The hierarchical organisation of biological systems plays a crucial role in the pattern formation of gene expression resulting from the morphogenetic processes, where autonomous internal dynamics of cells, as well as cell-to-cell interactions through membranes, are responsible for the emergent peculiar structures of the individual phenotype. Being able to reproduce the systems dynamics at different levels of such a hierarchy might be very useful for studying such a complex phenomenon of self-organisation. The idea is to model the phenomenon in terms of a large and dynamic network of compartments, where the interplay between inter-compartment and intra-compartment events determines the emergent behaviour resulting in the formation of spatial patterns. According to these premises the thesis proposes a review of the different approaches already developed in modelling developmental biology problems, as well as the main models and infrastructures available in literature for modelling biological systems, analysing their capabilities in tackling multi-compartment / multi-level models. The thesis then introduces a practical framework, MS-BioNET, for modelling and simulating these scenarios exploiting the potential of multi-level dynamics. This is based on (i) a computational model featuring networks of compartments and an enhanced model of chemical reaction addressing molecule transfer, (ii) a logic-oriented language to flexibly specify complex simulation scenarios, and (iii) a simulation engine based on the many-species/many-channels optimised version of Gillespie’s direct method. The thesis finally proposes the adoption of the agent-based model as an approach capable of capture multi-level dynamics. To overcome the problem of parameter tuning in the model, the simulators are supplied with a module for parameter optimisation. The task is defined as an optimisation problem over the parameter space in which the objective function to be minimised is the distance between the output of the simulator and a target one. The problem is tackled with a metaheuristic algorithm. As an example of application of the MS-BioNET framework and of the agent-based model, a model of the first stages of Drosophila Melanogaster development is realised. The model goal is to generate the early spatial pattern of gap gene expression. The correctness of the models is shown comparing the simulation results with real data of gene expression with spatial and temporal resolution, acquired in free on-line sources.

Semantic coordination through programmable Tuple spaces

Two of the main features of today complex software systems like pervasive computing systems and Internet-based applications are distribution and openness. Distribution revolves around three orthogonal dimensions: (i) distribution of control|systems are characterised by several independent computational entities and devices, each representing an autonomous and proactive locus of control; (ii) spatial distribution|entities and devices are physically distributed and connected in a global (such as the Internet) or local network; and (iii) temporal distribution|interacting system components come and go over time, and are not required to be available for interaction at the same time. Openness deals with the heterogeneity and dynamism of system components: complex computational systems are open to the integration of diverse components, heterogeneous in terms of architecture and technology, and are dynamic since they allow components to be updated, added, or removed while the system is running. The engineering of open and distributed computational systems mandates for the adoption of a software infrastructure whose underlying model and technology could provide the required level of uncoupling among system components. This is the main motivation behind current research trends in the area of coordination middleware to exploit tuple-based coordination models in the engineering of complex software systems, since they intrinsically provide coordinated components with communication uncoupling and further details in the references therein. An additional daunting challenge for tuple-based models comes from knowledge-intensive application scenarios, namely, scenarios where most of the activities are based on knowledge in some form|and where knowledge becomes the prominent means by which systems get coordinated. Handling knowledge in tuple-based systems induces problems in terms of syntax - e.g., two tuples containing the same data may not match due to differences in the tuple structure - and (mostly) of semantics|e.g., two tuples representing the same information may not match based on a dierent syntax adopted. Till now, the problem has been faced by exploiting tuple-based coordination within a middleware for knowledge intensive environments: e.g., experiments with tuple-based coordination within a Semantic Web middleware (surveys analogous approaches). However, they appear to be designed to tackle the design of coordination for specic application contexts like Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services, and they result in a rather involved extension of the tuple space model. The main goal of this thesis was to conceive a more general approach to semantic coordination. In particular, it was developed the model and technology of semantic tuple centres. It is adopted the tuple centre model as main coordination abstraction to manage system interactions. A tuple centre can be seen as a programmable tuple space, i.e. an extension of a Linda tuple space, where the behaviour of the tuple space can be programmed so as to react to interaction events. By encapsulating coordination laws within coordination media, tuple centres promote coordination uncoupling among coordinated components. Then, the tuple centre model was semantically enriched: a main design choice in this work was to try not to completely redesign the existing syntactic tuple space model, but rather provide a smooth extension that { although supporting semantic reasoning { keep the simplicity of tuple and tuple matching as easier as possible. By encapsulating the semantic representation of the domain of discourse within coordination media, semantic tuple centres promote semantic uncoupling among coordinated components. The main contributions of the thesis are: (i) the design of the semantic tuple centre model; (ii) the implementation and evaluation of the model based on an existent coordination infrastructure; (iii) a view of the application scenarios in which semantic tuple centres seem to be suitable as coordination media.

Performance evaluation of low environmental impact asphalt concretes using the mechanistic empirical design method based on laboratory fatigue and permanent deformation models

The "sustainability" concept relates to the prolonging of human economic systems with as little detrimental impact on ecological systems as possible. Construction that exhibits good environmental stewardship and practices that conserve resources in a manner that allow growth and development to be sustained for the long-term without degrading the environment are indispensable in a developed society. Past, current and future advancements in asphalt as an environmentally sustainable paving material are especially important because the quantities of asphalt used annually in Europe as well as in the U.S. are large. The asphalt industry is still developing technological improvements that will reduce the environmental impact without affecting the final mechanical performance. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a type of asphalt mix requiring lower production temperatures compared to hot mix asphalt (HMA), while aiming to maintain the desired post construction properties of traditional HMA. Lowering the production temperature reduce the fuel usage and the production of emissions therefore and that improve conditions for workers and supports the sustainable development. Even the crumb-rubber modifier (CRM), with shredded automobile tires and used in the United States since the mid 1980s, has proven to be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional asphalt pavement. Furthermore, the use of waste tires is not only relevant in an environmental aspect but also for the engineering properties of asphalt [Pennisi E., 1992]. This research project is aimed to demonstrate the dual value of these Asphalt Mixes in regards to the environmental and mechanical performance and to suggest a low environmental impact design procedure. In fact, the use of eco-friendly materials is the first phase towards an eco-compatible design but it cannot be the only step. The eco-compatible approach should be extended also to the design method and material characterization because only with these phases is it possible to exploit the maximum potential properties of the used materials. Appropriate asphalt concrete characterization is essential and vital for realistic performance prediction of asphalt concrete pavements. Volumetric (Mix design) and mechanical (Permanent deformation and Fatigue performance) properties are important factors to consider. Moreover, an advanced and efficient design method is necessary in order to correctly use the material. A design method such as a Mechanistic-Empirical approach, consisting of a structural model capable of predicting the state of stresses and strains within the pavement structure under the different traffic and environmental conditions, was the application of choice. In particular this study focus on the CalME and its Incremental-Recursive (I-R) procedure, based on damage models for fatigue and permanent shear strain related to the surface cracking and to the rutting respectively. It works in increments of time and, using the output from one increment, recursively, as input to the next increment, predicts the pavement conditions in terms of layer moduli, fatigue cracking, rutting and roughness. This software procedure was adopted in order to verify the mechanical properties of the study mixes and the reciprocal relationship between surface layer and pavement structure in terms of fatigue and permanent deformation with defined traffic and environmental conditions. The asphalt mixes studied were used in a pavement structure as surface layer of 60 mm thickness. The performance of the pavement was compared to the performance of the same pavement structure where different kinds of asphalt concrete were used as surface layer. In comparison to a conventional asphalt concrete, three eco-friendly materials, two warm mix asphalt and a rubberized asphalt concrete, were analyzed. The First Two Chapters summarize the necessary steps aimed to satisfy the sustainable pavement design procedure. In Chapter I the problem of asphalt pavement eco-compatible design was introduced. The low environmental impact materials such as the Warm Mix Asphalt and the Rubberized Asphalt Concrete were described in detail. In addition the value of a rational asphalt pavement design method was discussed. Chapter II underlines the importance of a deep laboratory characterization based on appropriate materials selection and performance evaluation. In Chapter III, CalME is introduced trough a specific explanation of the different equipped design approaches and specifically explaining the I-R procedure. In Chapter IV, the experimental program is presented with a explanation of test laboratory devices adopted. The Fatigue and Rutting performances of the study mixes are shown respectively in Chapter V and VI. Through these laboratory test data the CalME I-R models parameters for Master Curve, fatigue damage and permanent shear strain were evaluated. Lastly, in Chapter VII, the results of the asphalt pavement structures simulations with different surface layers were reported. For each pavement structure, the total surface cracking, the total rutting, the fatigue damage and the rutting depth in each bound layer were analyzed.