Strumenti e metodi per lo sviluppo prodotto di lenti oftalmiche

The recent introduction of free form NC machining in the ophthalmic field involved a full review of the former product development process both from the design and the manufacturing viewpoint. Aim of the present work is to investigate and to set up innovative methods and tools supporting the product development, particularly for lenses characterized by free form geometry, as e.g. progressive lenses. In the design stage, the research addressed geometric modeling of complex lens shapes and relevant analysis tools for the optical-geometrical characterization of the produced models. In the manufacturing stage, the main interest was focused on the set-up of the fabrication process, particularly on the NC machining process for which an integration CADCAM software was developed for the generation and the simulation of the machining cycle. The methodologies and tools made available by the present work are currently used in the development of new complex geometry product typologies as, e.g. progressive lenses.

Sviluppo della lotta autocida contro Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae)

SCOPO DELLA RICERCA Aedes albopictus è diventata in pochi anni dalla sua introduzione in Italia la specie di zanzara più nociva e più importante sotto il profilo sanitario. Essendo una zanzara tipicamente urbana e ad attività diurna, limita fortemente la fruizione degli spazi aperti ed incide negativamente su alcune attività economiche. Il recente episodio epidemico di Chikungunya, che ha colpito il nostro Paese, ha allarmato le autorità sanitarie nazionali ed europee che stanno attivando misure di prevenzione e contrasto per fronteggiare il rischio che il virus diventi endemico o che altri virus possano essere introdotti nelle nostre aree. Le misure di lotta contro Aedes albopictus attualmente in essere (lotta larvicida, rimozione dei microfocolai, informazione e coinvolgimento dei cittadini) non danno risultati sufficienti in termini di capacità di contenimento delle densità del vettore. Per questo è stato avviato un progetto di ricerca centrato sull'applicazione del metodo dell'autocidio a questa specie. L’attività di ricerca svolta ha avuto come scopo la messa a punto delle metodiche di allevamento massale e di sterilizzazione in grado di permettere la produzione di maschi di qualità sufficiente a garantire una buona fitness nelle condizioni di campo e competitività coi maschi selvatici nella fase di accoppiamento. Le prove condotte possono essere raggruppate sotto tre principali campi di indagine: Prove di allevamento, Prove di Irraggiamento e Prove di Competizione. 1. Prove di allevamento In questo ambito sono state esaminate nuove diete larvali al fine di ottenere una più elevata produttività in termini di pupe con tempi di impupamento e dimensioni delle pupe più omogenei. È stata inoltre valutata la possibile reazione fagostimolante dell’ATP addizionato al pasto di sangue delle femmine adulte con lo scopo di incrementare la produttività di uova prodotte dai ceppi di Ae.albopictus in allevamento. 2. Prove di irraggiamento Attraverso prove di laboratorio sono stati investigati in gabbia gli effetti sterilizzanti di diverse dosi radianti (20 - 85 Gy) sulle pupe maschio di Ae. albopictus per la valutazione dei livelli di sterilità, fertilità e fecondità indotti sulle femmine. Si sono compiute inoltre indagini per valutare eventuali alterazioni dello stato fisiologico dei maschi irraggiati e dei livelli di sterilità indotti su femmine, in funzione dell’età pupale alla quale venivano sottoposti a radiazioni. Analisi degli effetti delle radiazioni sui tempi di rotazione genitale, sulla velocità ed efficacia degli accoppiamenti e sui tempi di sfarfallamento degli adulti sono state condotte su maschi irraggiati a diverse dosi. Infine su femmine di Ae. albopictus si sono realizzate prove in gabbia per lo studio dei tempi di recettività all'accoppiamento. Prove di competizione L'effetto negativo della colonizzazione in condizioni artificiali e l'irraggiamento sono riconosciuti come i fattori principali che incidono sulla competitività dei maschi sterilizzati nei confronti di quelli fertili. Per la verifica della variazione di fitness dovuta a imbreeding ed eterosi, prove di competizione in serra (7,5 x 5 x 2,80 m) sono state realizzate impiegando ceppi allevati in laboratorio, ceppi selvatici raccolti in campo e ceppi ibridi ottenuti incrociando diversi ceppi di laboratorio. RISULTATI 1. Prove di allevamento Sono state confrontate la dieta standard (DS = 2,5 mg/larva Friskies Adult ® + 0,5 mg/larva lievito di birra) e la nuova dieta integrata addizionata di Tetramin ® (DI = DS + 0,2 mg/larva Tetramin ®) per l’alimentazione delle larve in allevamento. Le prove condotte hanno evidenziato una buona risposta nelle percentuali di impupamento e di produttività in termini di pupe per la nuova dieta senza però evidenziare miglioramenti significativi con la DS. Con la dieta integrata si ottiene un impupamento a 7 giorni del 66,6% delle larve allevate (65% con la DS) e il setacciamento a 1400 μm delle pupe ottenute produce in media il 98,3% di maschi nel setacciato (98,5% con la DS). Con la dieta standard la percentuale di maschi ottenuti sulle larve iniziali è pari a 27,2% (20-25% con la DS). Come riportato da Timmermann e Briegel (1999) la dieta delle larve va strutturata con l’obiettivo di garantire un ampio range di elementi nutritivi evitando così il rischio di carenze o sub-carenze che possano influire negativamente sulla produttività dell’allevamento e sulle condizioni di vigore dei maschi. Secondo Reisen (1980, 1982), l’influenza negativa dell’allevamento sulla competitività dei maschi nella fase di accoppiamento potrebbe essere di maggiore peso rispetto all’influenza dell’irraggiamento dei maschi. Infine le prove di laboratorio condotte per la verifica dell’efficacia fagostimolante di ATP nel pasto di sangue offerto alle femmine dell’allevamento non hanno evidenziato differenze significative in nessuno dei parametri considerati tra il campione nutrito con ATP e il testimone. Nella realizzazione di allevamenti massali per la produzione di maschi da irraggiare, si ritiene quindi opportuno mantenere la nuova dieta testata che garantisce una spettro nutritivo più ampio e completo alle larve in allevamento. L’aggiunta di ATP nel pasto di sangue delle femmine adulte non sarà impiegato in quanto troppo costoso e significativamente poco produttivo nel garantire un aumento del numero di uova prodotte. 2. Prove di irraggiamento Oltre alla sopravvivenza e alla sterilità, la scelta dello stadio di sviluppo più conveniente da irraggiare in un programma SIT dipende dalla possibilità di maneggiare in sicurezza grandi quantità di insetti senza danneggiarli durante tutte le fasi che intercorrono tra l’allevamento massale, l’irraggiamento e il lancio in campo. La fase pupale risulta sicuramente più vantaggiosa per il maggior numero di pupe irraggiabili per unità di volume e per il minimo danneggiamento arrecabile all'insetto che viene mantenuto in acqua durante tutte le procedure. La possibilità di lavorare con la minima dose radiante efficace, significa ridurre lo stress provocato inevitabilmente alle pupe maschio, che si manifesta nell’adulto con una ridotta longevità, una diminuita capacità di accoppiamento o di ricerca del partner e attraverso possibili alterazioni comportamentali che possono rendere il maschio inattivo o inefficace una volta introdotto in campo. I risultati ottenuti sottoponendo pupe maschili a irraggiamento a differenti ore dall’impupamento evidenziano come la maturità del campione influisca sia sulla mortalità delle pupe che sull’efficacia sterilizzante dell’irraggiamento. Come riportato anche da Wijeyaratne (1977) le pupe più vecchie mostrano una minore mortalità e una maggiore sensibilità alle radiazioni rispetto a quelle più giovani. In particolare si è osservato come pupe maschili di età superiore 24h fossero maggiormente sensibili all’irraggiamento riportando minore perdita di competitività rispetto alle pupe irraggiate precocemente. La minore dose impiegata per il raggiungimento della sterilità con minimi effetti sulla longevità dei maschi trattati e con livelli di fecondità e fertilità indotti sulle femmine non differenti dal testimone, corrisponde a 40Gy (Cs 137 - 2,3 Gy/min). Analizzando la sopravvivenza dei maschi, si osserva una tendenza all'aumento della mortalità in funzione dell’aumento della dose fornita per tutte le età pupali di irraggiamento testate. Per trattamenti condotti su pupe di età > 30h la longevità dei maschi non risente dell’irraggiamento fino a dosi di 40Gy. La fecondità delle femmine accoppiatesi con maschi irraggiati con dosi superiori a 40Gy mostra una tendenza alla riduzione del numero di uova prodotte con l’aumentare della dose ricevuta dal maschio. L’irraggiamento delle pupe non determina variazioni significative nei tempi di sfarfallamento degli adulti per le diverse dosi radianti fornite e per le differenti età pupali testate in rapporto al testimone. L’irraggiamento influenza al contrario i tempi di rotazione dei genitali esterni dei maschi evidenziando un ritardo proporzionale alla dose ricevuta. Resta da definire sui maschi irraggiati l’effetto combinato dei due effetti sui tempi di sfarfallamento degli adulti anche se appare chiara l’assenza di variazioni significative per la dose di irraggiamento 40Gy scelta come radiazione utile per la sterilizzazione dei maschi da lanciare in campo. Per quanto riguarda l’analisi dei tempi di accoppiamento dei maschi irraggiati si osserva in generale una minore reattività rispetto ai maschi fertili particolarmente marcata nei maschi irraggiati a dosi superiori i 40 Gy. Gli studi condotti sui tempi di accoppiamento delle femmine evidenziano una buona recettività (>80%) all’accoppiamento solo per femmine di età superiore a 42 - 48 h femmine. Prima di tale periodo la femmina realizza accoppiamenti con normale appaiamento dei due sessi ma non riceve il trasferimento degli spermi. 3. Prove di competizione Prove preliminari di competizione in tunnel svolte nel 2006 su ceppi selvatici e di allevamento avevano mostrato risultati di competitività dei maschi sterili (50 Gy) segnati da forte variabilità. Nel 2007 dopo aver condotto analisi per la verifica dei tempi di sfarfallamento, di accoppiamento e di rotazione genitale nei maschi sterilizzati, e di recettività nelle femmine, sono state realizzate nuove prove. In queste prove maschi adulti di Ae. albopictus irraggiati a 40Gy sono stati posizionati in campo, in ambiente naturale ombreggiato ed isolato, all’interno di serre (8x5x2,8 m) insieme a maschi adulti fertili e femmine vergini di Ae. albopictus con rapporto 1:1:1. Le prove preliminari 2006 erano condotte con le medesime condizioni sperimentali del 2007 ad eccezione dei tempi di inserimento delle femmine vergini passati da 1 giorno nel 2006, a 3 giorni nel 2007 dall’immissione dei maschi in tunnel. Sono state effettuate prove testando la competizione tra esemplari provenienti da ceppi di allevamento (cicli di allevamento in gabbia > 15), ceppi selvatici (da materiale raccolto in campo e con cicli di allevamento in gabbia < 5) e ceppi ibridi (ottenuti dall’incrocio di ceppi italiani di diversa provenienza geografica). I risultati ottenuti mostrano indici di competizioni medi accettabili senza evidenziare differenza fra i ceppi impiegati. L’allevamento massale quindi non deprime i ceppi allevati e gli ibridi realizzati non mostrano una vigoria superiore ne rispetto ai ceppi selvatici ne rispetto agli allevati in laboratorio.

L'infiammazione intestinale nell'animale sperimentale come modello per lo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci: ruolo della via tachichininergica nelle malattie infiammatorie intestinali

Background: Several lines of evidence showed that inflammation is associated with changes in the expression of tachykinins both in human and animal models. Tachykinins, including substance P (SP), are small peptides expressed in the extrinsic primary afferent nerve fibres and enteric neurons of the gut: they exert their action through three distinct receptors, termed NK1, NK2 and NK3. SP modulates intestinal motility and enteric secretion, acting preferentially through the NK1 receptor. SP neural network and NK1 receptor expression are increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and similar changes were observed in experimental models of inflammation. The 2,4 Dinitrobenzene Sulphonic Acid (DNBS) model of colitis is useful to study innate immunity, non-specific inflammation and wound healing; it has been suggested that the transmural inflammation seen in this model resembles that found in Crohn’s disease and can therefore be used to study what cells and mediators are involved in this type of inflammation. Aim: To test the possible protective effect of the NK1 receptor antagonist SSR140333 on: 1) acute model of intestinal inflammation; 2) reactivation of DNBS-induced colitis in rats. Methods: Acute colitis was induced in male SD rats by intrarectal administration of DNBS (15 mg/rat in 50% ethanol). Reactivation of colitis was induced by intrarectal injections of DNBS on day 28 (7.5 mg/rat in 35% ethanol). Animals were sacrificed on day 6 (acute colitis) and 29 (reactivation of colitis). SSR140333 (10 mg/kg) was administered orally starting from the day before the induction of colitis for 7 days (acute colitis) or seven days before the reactivation of colitis. Colonic damage was assessed by means of macroscopic and microscopic scores, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and TNF-α tissue levels. Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure colonic substance P levels. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (one-way or two-way, as appropriate) with the Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparisons. Results: DNBS administration impaired body weight gain and markedly increased all inflammatory parameters (p<0.01). Treatment with SSR140333 10 mg/kg significantly counteracted the impairment in body weight gain, decreased macroscopic and histological scores and reduced colonic myeloperoxidase activity (p<0.01). Drug treatment counteracted TNF-α tissue levels and colonic SP concentrations (acute model). Similar results were obtained administering the NK1 receptor antagonist SSR140333 (3 and 10 mg/kg) for 5 days, starting the day after the induction of colitis. Intrarectal administration of DNBS four weeks after the first DNBS administration resulted in reactivation of colitis, with increases in macroscopic and histological damage scores and increase in MPO activity. Preventive treatment with SSR140333 10 mg/kg decreased macroscopic damage score, significantly reduced microscopic damage score but did not affect MPO activity. Conclusions: Treatment with SSR140333 significantly reduced intestinal damage in acute model of intestinal inflammation in rats. The NK1 receptor antagonist SSR140333 was also able to prevent relapse in experimental colitis. These results support the hypothesis of SP involvement in intestinal inflammation and indicate that NK receptor antagonists may have a therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease.

Sviluppo di un tomografo multi-energy per lo studio pre-clinico di nuove metodiche diagnostiche finalizzate al riconoscimento precoce della patologia tumorale

A new multi-energy CT for small animals is being developed at the Physics Department of the University of Bologna, Italy. The system makes use of a set of quasi-monochromatic X-ray beams, with energy tunable in a range from 26 KeV to 72 KeV. These beams are produced by Bragg diffraction on a Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite crystal. With quasi-monochromatic sources it is possible to perform multi-energy investigation in a more effective way, as compared with conventional X-ray tubes. Multi-energy techniques allow extracting physical information from the materials, such as effective atomic number, mass-thickness, density, that can be used to distinguish and quantitatively characterize the irradiated tissues. The aim of the system is the investigation and the development of new pre-clinic methods for the early detection of the tumors in small animals. An innovative technique, the Triple-Energy Radiography with Contrast Medium (TER), has been successfully implemented on our system. TER consist in combining a set of three quasi-monochromatic images of an object, in order to obtain a corresponding set of three single-tissue images, which are the mass-thickness map of three reference materials. TER can be applied to the quantitative mass-thickness-map reconstruction of a contrast medium, because it is able to remove completely the signal due to other tissues (i.e. the structural background noise). The technique is very sensitive to the contrast medium and is insensitive to the superposition of different materials. The method is a good candidate to the early detection of the tumor angiogenesis in mice. In this work we describe the tomographic system, with a particular focus on the quasi-monochromatic source. Moreover the TER method is presented with some preliminary results about small animal imaging.

Sviluppo di metodologie di localizzazione nel contesto del Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

Since the first underground nuclear explosion, carried out in 1958, the analysis of seismic signals generated by these sources has allowed seismologists to refine the travel times of seismic waves through the Earth and to verify the accuracy of the location algorithms (the ground truth for these sources was often known). Long international negotiates have been devoted to limit the proliferation and testing of nuclear weapons. In particular the Treaty for the comprehensive nuclear test ban (CTBT), was opened to signatures in 1996, though, even if it has been signed by 178 States, has not yet entered into force, The Treaty underlines the fundamental role of the seismological observations to verify its compliance, by detecting and locating seismic events, and identifying the nature of their sources. A precise definition of the hypocentral parameters represents the first step to discriminate whether a given seismic event is natural or not. In case that a specific event is retained suspicious by the majority of the State Parties, the Treaty contains provisions for conducting an on-site inspection (OSI) in the area surrounding the epicenter of the event, located through the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the CTBT Organization. An OSI is supposed to include the use of passive seismic techniques in the area of the suspected clandestine underground nuclear test. In fact, high quality seismological systems are thought to be capable to detect and locate very weak aftershocks triggered by underground nuclear explosions in the first days or weeks following the test. This PhD thesis deals with the development of two different seismic location techniques: the first one, known as the double difference joint hypocenter determination (DDJHD) technique, is aimed at locating closely spaced events at a global scale. The locations obtained by this method are characterized by a high relative accuracy, although the absolute location of the whole cluster remains uncertain. We eliminate this problem introducing a priori information: the known location of a selected event. The second technique concerns the reliable estimates of back azimuth and apparent velocity of seismic waves from local events of very low magnitude recorded by a trypartite array at a very local scale. For the two above-mentioned techniques, we have used the crosscorrelation technique among digital waveforms in order to minimize the errors linked with incorrect phase picking. The cross-correlation method relies on the similarity between waveforms of a pair of events at the same station, at the global scale, and on the similarity between waveforms of the same event at two different sensors of the try-partite array, at the local scale. After preliminary tests on the reliability of our location techniques based on simulations, we have applied both methodologies to real seismic events. The DDJHD technique has been applied to a seismic sequence occurred in the Turkey-Iran border region, using the data recorded by the IMS. At the beginning, the algorithm was applied to the differences among the original arrival times of the P phases, so the cross-correlation was not used. We have obtained that the relevant geometrical spreading, noticeable in the standard locations (namely the locations produced by the analysts of the International Data Center (IDC) of the CTBT Organization, assumed as our reference), has been considerably reduced by the application of our technique. This is what we expected, since the methodology has been applied to a sequence of events for which we can suppose a real closeness among the hypocenters, belonging to the same seismic structure. Our results point out the main advantage of this methodology: the systematic errors affecting the arrival times have been removed or at least reduced. The introduction of the cross-correlation has not brought evident improvements to our results: the two sets of locations (without and with the application of the cross-correlation technique) are very similar to each other. This can be commented saying that the use of the crosscorrelation has not substantially improved the precision of the manual pickings. Probably the pickings reported by the IDC are good enough to make the random picking error less important than the systematic error on travel times. As a further justification for the scarce quality of the results given by the cross-correlation, it should be remarked that the events included in our data set don’t have generally a good signal to noise ratio (SNR): the selected sequence is composed of weak events ( magnitude 4 or smaller) and the signals are strongly attenuated because of the large distance between the stations and the hypocentral area. In the local scale, in addition to the cross-correlation, we have performed a signal interpolation in order to improve the time resolution. The algorithm so developed has been applied to the data collected during an experiment carried out in Israel between 1998 and 1999. The results pointed out the following relevant conclusions: a) it is necessary to correlate waveform segments corresponding to the same seismic phases; b) it is not essential to select the exact first arrivals; and c) relevant information can be also obtained from the maximum amplitude wavelet of the waveforms (particularly in bad SNR conditions). Another remarkable point of our procedure is that its application doesn’t demand a long time to process the data, and therefore the user can immediately check the results. During a field survey, such feature will make possible a quasi real-time check allowing the immediate optimization of the array geometry, if so suggested by the results at an early stage.

Studio e sviluppo di un motore a 2 tempi diesel veloce di nuova concezione per applicazioni automobilistiche

The Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (DIMeC) of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia is developing a new type of small capacity HSDI 2-Stroke Diesel engine (called HSD2), featuring a specifically designed combustion system, aimed to reduce weight, size and manufacturing costs, and improving pollutant emissions at partial load. The present work is focused on the analysis of the combustion and the scavenging process, investigated by means of a version of the KIVA-3V code customized by the University of Chalmers and modified by DIMeC. The customization of the KIVA-3V code includes a detailed combustion chemistry approach, coupled with a comprehensive oxidation mechanism for diesel oil surrogate and the modeling of turbulence/chemistry interaction through the PaSR (Partially Stirred Reactor) model. A four stroke automobile Diesel engine featuring a very close bore size is taken as a reference, for both the numerical models calibration and for a comparison with the 2-Stroke engine. Analysis is carried out trough a comparison between HSD2 and FIAT 1300 MultiJet in several operating conditions, at full and partial load. Such a comparison clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the two stroke concept in terms of emissions reduction and high power density. However, HSD2 is still a virtual engine, and experimental results are needed to assume the reliability of numerical results.

Creazione e sviluppo di un sistema di controllo in tempo reale per un sistema fuel cell

The control of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system (PEM FC) for domestic heat and power supply requires extensive control measures to handle the complicated process. Highly dynamic and non linear behavior, increase drastically the difficulties to find the optimal design and control strategies. The objective is to design, implement and commission a controller for the entire fuel cell system. The fuel cell process and the control system are engineered simultaneously; therefore there is no access to the process hardware during the control system development. Therefore the method of choice was a model based design approach, following the rapid control prototyping (RCP) methodology. The fuel cell system is simulated using a fuel cell library which allowed thermodynamic calculations. In the course of the development the process model is continuously adapted to the real system. The controller application is designed and developed in parallel and thereby tested and verified against the process model. Furthermore, after the commissioning of the real system, the process model can be also better identified and parameterized utilizing measurement data to perform optimization procedures. The process model and the controller application are implemented in Simulink using Mathworks` Real Time Workshop (RTW) and the xPC development suite for MiL (model-in-theloop) and HiL (hardware-in-the-loop) testing. It is possible to completely develop, verify and validate the controller application without depending on the real fuel cell system, which is not available for testing during the development process. The fuel cell system can be immediately taken into operation after connecting the controller to the process.

Relazione gestante-feto, modalità del parto e sviluppo fisico del bambino

Extensive literature outlined that the quality of the mother-foetus relationship is considered the main feature with regard to the quality of postnatal mother-infant interaction and also to the child’s psychical development. Nowadays the relationship between the pregnant woman and her foetus is viewed as the central factor of the somatic dialogue between the functioning of the maternal and the foetal organisms. This dialogue is responsible for the physic development of the child, as well as of its psychosomatic structure. Therefore the research area has necessarily had to extend to the analysis of psychological processes concerning: the pregnancy, the couple that is bound by parenthood, the influence of intergenerational dynamics. In fact, the formation of maternal identity, as well as that of the relationship between the woman and the foetus, refers to the pregnant woman’s relationship with her parents, especially with her mother. The same pregnancy, considered as a psychosomatic event, is directly influenced by relational, affective and social factors, particularly by the quality of the interiorized parental relations and the quality of the current relationships (such as that with her partner and with her family of origin). Some studies have begun to investigate the relationship between the pregnant woman and the foetus in term of “prenatal attachment” and its relationship with socio-demographic, psychological e psychopathological aspects (such as pre and post partum depression), but the research area is still largely unexplored. The present longitudinal research aimed to investigate the quality of the pregnant womanfoetus relationship by the prenatal attachment index, the quality of the interiorized relationship with woman’s parents, the level of alexithymic features and maternity social support, in relation with the modulation of the physiology of delivery and of postpartum, as well as of the physical development of the child. A consecutive sample of 62 Italian primipara women without any kind of pathologies, participated in the longitudinal study. In the first phase of this study (third trimester of the pregnancy), it has investigated the psychological processes connected to the affective investment of the pregnant women towards the unborn baby (by Prenatal Attachment Inventory), the mothers’ interiorized relationship with their own parents (by Parental Bonding Instrument), the social and affective support from their partner and their family of origin are able to supply (by Maternity Social Support Scale), and the level of alexithymia (by 20-Toronto Alexithymia Scale). In the second phase of this study, some data concerning the childbirth course carried out from a “deliverygram” (such as labour, induction durations and modalities of delivery) and data relative to the newborns state of well-being (such as Apgar and pH indexes). Finally, in the third phase of the study women have been telephoned a month after the childbirth. The semistructured interview investigated the following areas: the memory concerning the delivery, the return to home, the first interactions between the mother and the newborn, the breastfeeding, the biological rhythms achieved from newborns. From the data analysis a sample with a good level of prenatal attachment and of support social and a good capability to mental functioning emerged. An interesting result is that the most of the women have a great percentage of “affectionless control style” with both parents, but data is not sufficient to interpret this result. Moreover, considering the data relative to the delivery, medical and welfare procedures, that have been necessary, are coherent with the Italian mean, while the percentage of the caesarean section (12.9%) is inferior to the national percentage (30%). The 29% of vaginal partum has got epidural analgesia, which explains the high number (37%) of obstetrician operations (such as Kristeller). The data relative to the newborn (22 male, 40 female) indicates a good state of well-being because Apgar and pH indexes are superior to 7 at first and fifth minutes. Concerning the prenatal phase, correlation analysis showed that: the prenatal attachment scores positively correlated with the expected social support and negatively correlated with the “externally oriented thinking” dimension of alexithymia; the maternity social support negatively correlated with total alexithymia score, particularly with the “externally oriented thinking” dimension, and negatively correlated with maternal control of parental bonding. Concerning the delivery data, there are many correlations (after all obvious) among themselves. The most important are that the labour duration negatively correlated with the newborn’s index state of well-being. Finally, concerning the data from the postpartum phase the women’ assessments relative to the partum negatively correlated with the duration of the delivery and positively correlated with the assessment relative to the return to home and the interaction with the newborn. Moreover the length of permanence in the hospital negatively correlated with women’s assessments relative to the return to home that, in turn, positively correlated with the quality of breastfeeding, the interaction between the mother and the newborn and the biological regulation of the child. Finally, the women’ assessments relative to breastfeeding positively correlated with the mother-child interactions and the biological rhythms of children. From the correlation analysis between the variables of the prenatal phase and the data relative to the delivery, emerged that the prenatal attachment scores positively correlated with the dilatation stage scores and with the newborn’s Apgar index at first minute, the paternal care dimension of parental bonding positively correlated with the lengths of the various periods of childbirth like so the paternal control dimension with placental stage. Moreover, emerged that the expected social support positively correlated with the lengths of the various periods of childbirth and that the global alexithymia scores, particularly “difficulty to describe emotions” dimension, negatively correlated with total childbirth scores. From the correlation analysis between the variables of the prenatal phase and variable of the postpartum phase emerged that the total alexithymia scores positively correlated with the time elapsed from the childbirth to the breastfeeding of the child, the difficulty to describe emotions dimension of the alexithymia negatively correlated with the quality of the breastfeeding, the “externally oriented thinking” dimension of the alexithymia negatively correlated with mother-child interactions, and finally the paternal control dimension of the parental bonding negatively correlated with the time elapsed from the child to the breastfeeding of the child. Finally, from the analysis of the correlation between the data of the partum and the women’s assessments of the postpartum phase, emerged the negative correlation between the woman’s assessment relative to the delivery and the quantitative of obstetrician operations and the lengths of the various periods of childbirth, the positive correlation between the women’s assessment about the length of delivery periods and the real lengths of the same ones, the positive relation between woman’s assessment relative to the delivery and the Apgar index of children. In conclusion, there is a remarkable relation between the quality of the relationship the woman establishes with the foetus that influences the course of the pregnancy and the delivery that, in turn, influences the postpartum outcome, particularly relative to the mother-children relationship. Such data should be confirmed by heterogeneous populations in order to identify vulnerable women and to project focused intervention.

La sorpresa come fattore critico indicatore di sintonizzazione emotiva in bambini normali e con disturbi pervasivi dello sviluppo

The topic of this study is surprise, re gard as an evolutionary complex process, with manifold implication in different fields, from neurological, since aspecific correlate of surprise exist more or less at every level of neuronal processes (e.g. Rao e Ballard, 1999.), to behavioral , inasmuch a s our ability to quickly valuate(assess), recognize and learn from surprising events, are be regarded as pivotal for survival (e.g. Ranganath e Rainer, 2003). In particular this work, going from belief that surprise is really a psychoevolutive mechanism of primary relevance, has the objective to investigate if there may be a substantial connection between development of surprise' emotion and specific developmental problems, or, if in subjects with pervasive developmental disorders surprise may embody (represent) a essential mechanism of emotional tuning, and consequently if abnormalities in such process may be at the base of at least a part of cognitive and behavioural problems that determine (describe) this pathology. Theoretical reasons lead us to conside r this particular pathologic condition, recall to a broad area of research concern the comprehension of belief as marker of ability to reasons about mental states of others (i.e. Theory of Mind), and in addition, at the detection of specific subjects' diff iculty in this field. On the experimental side, as well as limited of this work, we have to compare comprehension and expression of surprise in a sample of 21 children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), with a sample of 35 children without deve lopmental problems, in a range of age 3-12. Method After the customary approach to become friendly with the child, an experimenter and an accomplice showed three boxes of nuts, easily to distinguish one from the other because of their different colours an d , working together with the child, the contents of one of the boxes were replaced and a different material (macaroni, pebbles) was put in the box. for the purpose of preparing a surprise for someone. At this stage, the accomplice excused himself/herself and left and the experimenter suggested to the child that he prepare another surprise, replacing the contents in the second box. When the accomplice came back, the child was asked to prepare a surprise for him by picking out the box that he thought was the right one for the purpose. After, and the child doesn't know it, the accomplice change the content of one of the boxes with candies and asked out to the children to open the box, in order to see if he show surprise. Result Date have obtain a significant difference between autistic and normal group, in all four tests. The expression of surprise too, is present in significantly lower degree in autistic group than in control group. Moreover, autistic children do not provide appropriate metarappresentative explanations. Conclusion Our outcome, with knowledge of the limit of our investigation at an experimental level (low number of the champions, no possibility of video registration to firm the expressions ) orient to consider eventuality that surprise, may be seen as relevant component, or indicative, in autistic spectrum disorders.

Strategie di sviluppo sostenibile: studio e applicazione della metodologia di analisi degli scenari in campo agro-ambientale

L’obiettivo del lavoro svolto nell’ambito del ciclo di dottorato è stato quello dell’applicazione della metodologia di analisi degli scenari, nell’ottica dello studio e applicazione di un metodo di analisi integrato e multidisciplinare che consenta individuare strategie di sviluppo sostenibile in relazione alla questione indagata. Lo studio sviluppato nel corso del dottorato è stato impostato su presupposti forniti dalla Regione Toscana (in entrambi i casi di studio trattati), che ha finanziato, attraverso la sua Agenzia Regionale per lo Sviluppo e Innovazione in ambito Agricolo (ARSIA), due Progetti di ricerca volti all’individuazione di strategie di sviluppo sostenibile concernenti due tematiche di particolare interesse in ambito regionale: lo sviluppo di coltivazioni non-food (biocarburanti, biomasse da energia, biopolimeri, biolubrificanti, fibre vegetali, coloranti naturali, fitofarmaci di origine vegetale) e la valutazione della possibilità di coesistenza tra colture convenzionali (non Geneticamente Modificate) e colture GM, in relazione alla Raccomandazione della Commissione 2003/556/CE che afferma che deve essere garantita la coesistenza tra colture transgeniche, convenzionali e biologiche, ovvero che devono essere presenti le condizioni per cui ciascun metodo di coltivazione possa poter essere adottato e praticato in UE. La sostenibilità delle situazioni studiate è stata valutata fornendo informazioni non solo per la situazioni attuali, ma anche per possibili evoluzioni future, così come richiesto dai principi dello sviluppo sostenibile. A tal proposito, occorre applicare metodologie di analisi che consentano di poter identificare obiettivi strategici in funzione dei cambiamenti che potrebbero essere registrati, in corrispondenza dell’evolversi delle diverse situazioni nel tempo. La metodologia di analisi in grado di soddisfare questi requisiti può essere identificata nell’analisi di scenario (scenario analysis), che si configura come uno strumento di analisi strategica in grado di riassumere numerose informazioni e dati riferiti agli attori, agli obiettivi, agli strumenti, alle cause ed agli effetti indotti da un cambiamento che potrebbe essere provocato da uno o più fattori contemplati nel corso dell’analisi. Questo metodo di analisi rappresenta un’importante strumento di ausilio alla definizione di politiche e strategie, che si rende particolarmente utile nel campo della public choice, come dimostrato dalle applicazioni presentate nel corso del lavoro.

Sviluppo di biosensori: modifiche di superfici elettrodiche e sistemi di immobilizzazione enzimatica

An amperometric glucose biosensor was developed using an anionic clay matrix (LDH) as enzyme support. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on a layered double hydroxide Ni/Al-NO3 LDH during the electrosynthesis, which was followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA) vapours or with GA and bovine serum albumin (GABSA) to avoid the enzyme release. The electrochemical reaction was carried out potentiostatically, at -0.9V vs. SCE, using a rotating disc Pt electrode to assure homogeneity of the electrodeposition suspension, containing GOx, Ni(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3 in 0.3 M KNO3. The mechanism responsible of the LDH electrodeposition involves the precipitation of the LDH due to the increase of pH at the surface of the electrode, following the cathodic reduction of nitrates. The Pt surface modified with the Ni/Al-NO3 LDH shows a much reduced noise, giving rise to a better signal to noise ratio for the currents relative to H2O2 oxidation, and a linear range for H2O2 determination wider than the one observed for bare Pt electrodes. We pointed out the performances of the biosensor in terms of sensitivity to glucose, calculated from the slope of the linear part of the calibration curve for enzimatically produced H2O2; the sensitivity was dependent on parameters related to the electrodeposition in addition to working conditions. In order to optimise the glucose biosensor performances, with a reduced number of experimental runs, we applied an experimental design. A first screening was performed considering the following variables: deposition time (30 - 120 s), enzyme concentration (0.5 - 3.0 mg/mL), Ni/Al molar ratio (3:1 or 2:1) of the electrodeposition solution at a total metals concentration of 0.03 M and pH of the working buffer solution (5.5-7.0). On the basis of the results from this screening, a full factorial design was carried out, taking into account only enzyme concentration and Ni/Al molar ratio of the electrosynthesis solution. A full factorial design was performed to study linear interactions between factors and their quadratic effects and the optimal setup was evaluated by the isoresponse curves. The significant factors were: enzyme concentration (linear and quadratic terms) and the interaction between enzyme concentration and Ni/Al molar ratio. Since the major obstacle for application of amperometric glucose biosensors is the interference signal resulting from other electro-oxidizable species present in the real matrices, such as ascorbate (AA), the use of different permselective membranes on Pt-LDHGOx modified electrode was discussed with the aim of improving biosensor selectivity and stability. Conventional membranes obtained using Nafion, glutaraldehyde (GA) vapours, GA-BSA were tested together with more innovative materials like palladium hexacyanoferrate (PdHCF) and titania hydrogels. Particular attention has been devoted to hydrogels, because they possess some attractive features, which are generally considered to favour biosensor materials biocompatibility and, consequently, the functional enzyme stability. The Pt-LDH-GOx-PdHCF hydrogel biosensor presented an anti-interferant ability so that to be applied for an accurate glucose analysis in blood. To further improve the biosensor selectivity, protective membranes containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were also investigated with the aim of oxidising the interferants before they reach the electrode surface. In such a case glucose determination was also accomplished in real matrices with high AA content. Furthermore, the application of a LDH containing nickel in the oxidised state was performed not only as a support for the enzyme, but also as anti-interferant sistem. The result is very promising and it could be the starting point for further applications in the field of amperometric biosensors; the study could be extended to other oxidase enzymes.

Nuove frontiere del mercato: la cultura della responsabilità nell’agire economico

La tesi di dottorato focalizza su quei fenomeni nei quali è particolarmente visibile una diffusa propensione all’assunzione di responsabilità nei confronti del significato e delle conseguenze del proprio agire di mercato. La tesi esamina le implicazioni connesse ad una nuova etica del consumo sia dal punto di vista del consumatore sia da quello dell’impresa, in particolare indaga l’atteggiamento di consumatori e produttori rispetto a pratiche di responsabilità sociale di impresa. Nel primo capitolo “Dimensioni di un consumo in evoluzione” le griglie concettuali interpretative del fenomeno del consumo vengono distinte da quelle peculiari del sistema produttivo, arrivando all’individuazione di strumenti che svelano le logiche proprie del fenomeno indagato. In questo scenario la società complessa corrisponde alla società dei consumi e il consumo diventa area esperienziale, capace anche di creare senso, orizzonti valoriali e di assumere valenze interattive e simboliche. Nel secondo capitolo “Il cittadino consumatore” è stato rappresentato il variegato mondo del consumatore, quel cittadino che si esprime politicamente non solo con il voto ma anche attraverso le proprie pratiche di consumo che veicolano scelte, ideali, valori. Sono rappresentati i tanti volti del consumatore “responsabile”, “critico” ed “etico”, attraverso lo studio del commercio equo e solidale, i Gas, la finanza etica, tutti significativi segnali di mutamento con cui governi e imprese sono chiamati a confrontarsi. Vengono prese in esame ricerche nazionali e internazionali per meglio comprendere quanto e con quali modalità sono diffuse, nella popolazione, pratiche di consumo responsabile rispetto a ben identificate pratiche di Rsi. Nel terzo capitolo “La Responsabilità Sociale d’Impresa” si approfondisce il concetto di responsabilità sociale di impresa: sono illustrate le evoluzioni che questa prassi ha subito nel corso della storia, le sue differenti declinazioni attuali, gli elementi che la distinguono, i suoi strumenti. Nel quarto capitolo “La responsabilità sociale di impresa e la grande distribuzione” vengono analizzate le relazioni esistenti tra la grande distribuzione (Coop e Conad) e la Rsi, considerando anche il ruolo della grande distribuzione, nella metropoli, nelle scelte di consumo. Nello specifico si vogliono comprendere le strategie aziendali, la struttura organizzativa, i servizi, i prodotti “etici” distribuiti e la loro relazione con il consumatore. Il quinto capitolo “La ricerca” contiene la ricerca empirica, 60 interviste in profondità somministrate a consumatori di Coop e Conad e a elementi rappresentativi (dirigenti) delle aziende in questione; l’elaborazione dei dati avviene con l’analisi di contenuto attraverso la costruzione di frasi chiave. Le conclusioni finali a cui perveniamo cercano di fare luce sul mondo del consumo e su quello dell’impresa nel momento in cui si confrontano con la responsabilità del proprio agire. Emergono diversi elementi per sostenere che la cultura della responsabilità assume un peso tutt’altro che marginale nelle strategie di azione delle imprese e nell’analisi del comportamento dei consumatori. Il sistema impresa assume la responsabilità come elemento qualificante la propria politica industriale, legandolo alla sostenibilità, alla reputazione, al rapporto fiduciario con il cliente. Analizzando il ruolo dei cittadini consumatori nello spazio di riferimento, nell’impegno e nel tentativo di decidere, attraverso determinati consumi, il modo di vivere il proprio territorio, abbiamo forse compreso qualcosa in più. Si veicola attraverso le scelte di consumo un’idea di vivere la città per cui è imprescindibile la qualità della vita, perseguita anche attraverso l’approvazione o, di converso, il disconoscimento delle imprese e dei rispettivi prodotti. Nell’analisi dell’atteggiamento partecipativo del cittadino verso la propria sfera pubblica possiamo sostenere che la dimensione del consumo tracima di gran lunga il mercato prefigurando un differente modello di società.