Combined levels of carotenoids and vitamin E in diets for gilthead seabream broodstocks (Sparus aurata L.): effect on the quality of egg spawning and composition

Watanabe et al. (1991 a,b) state that, vitamin E and carotenoids perform an essential role on the quality of egg spawning. Vitamin E is one of the main nutrients for the reproduction of fish (Izquierdo et al., 2001), and it has been proved that its inclusion in diets for broodstocks favors the quality of egg spawning in several species of fish (Watanabe and Takashima,1977; Takeuchi et al., 1981; Watanabe et al., 1985, 1991 a,b; Sutjaritvongsanon, 1987; Watanabe, 1990; Schimittou, 1993; Mushiake et al., 1993; Dube, 1996; Shiranee and Natarajan, 1996; Izquierdo et al., 2001; Morehead et al., 2001; Fernández- Palacios et al., 2005). On the other hand, the carotenoids which also perform an antioxidizing function (including the protection of lipids from oxidation), have been involved in the reproductive processes of marine organisms: crustaceans (Liñan-Cabello et al., 2002), marine fish (Watanabe y Kiron, 1995; Verakunpiriya et al., 1997 a,b; Vassallo-Agius et al., 2001 a,b,c, 2002; Watanabe and Vassallo-Agius 2003) and fresh water fish (Ahmadi et al., 2006). The results of this study suggest that the recommended levels of n-3 HUFA in diets for gilthead sea bream broodstocks could be increased up to 3,5 % when supplemented jointly with carotenoids from paprika oleoresin and vitamin E, thus favoring the quality of spawning.

Morphogenesis of the Ourense plains:(NW of Spain)

[EN] We present a geomorphological analysis of Ourense Province (NW Spain) characterized by: a general narrowing of the fluvial network, highlands with smooth reliefs partially eroded and lowlands with residual reliefs, several extensive plains of erosion frequently limited by fractures -among which Tertiary grabens are inserted-, some ?Hollow Surface?-type morphology, absence of sedimentary deposits outside the grabens, and a generalized outcrop of the Hercynian Massif substratum. Traditionally, this ?piano?s keyboard morphology? has been interpreted as expression of block tectonics in tensile regimen; instead we suggest the existence of: an isostatic upheaval simultaneous to a sequence of tectonic pulses of compressive regimen with activity in favour of transcurrent faults, a General Surface (R600), several plains that present a ?Hollow Surface?-type morphology (R1600 R1400 R1000), a generalized alteration that correspond to a same process of decomposition associated to fluctuating conditions of redox equilibrium, a erosional terraces related principaly to the palaeo-fluvial nets; moreover, we propose the existence of two morphoestructural lineament: the first one represented by the Fault of Vila Real (NE-SW) -a ramification of the ?Basal Pyrenean Overthrust?-, that would have been active at an early moment of the tectonic sequence with a left transcurrent fault, secondly the lineament represented by the Fault of Maceda (NNW-SSE) that would be related to the ?Fault System NW-SE? and would have produced a right transcurrent fault during a late tectonic pulse.