Single-pass measurement of the optical quality of the opossum eye

This paper reports the results that are part of a series of experiments designed to evaluate aspects of the spatial resolution of the visual system of the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis aurita. This nocturnal marsupial presents a well-developed eye, displaying features that reflect specialization for operation at low levels of luminosity. The species was shown to be slightly myopic, a feature that may prove to be valuable because of the increased depth of field. Opossum visual acuity has been previously evaluated by means of determining the Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF). The results indicate rather poor visual acuity compared with other nocturnal animals. In this paper, we describe the results obtained for the optical quality of the opossum's eye using a single-pass method. The results suggest that the opossum's optical system is capable of forming images that can be resolved when separated by an angular distance on the order of 6 minutes of arc.

Evaluation of the therapeutic response of hepatitis C in coinfected patients (HIV/HCV): a study of cases from a hospital for chronic liver diseases in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic response of hepatitis C in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). METHODS: A retrospective study of 20 patients coinfected with HIV-1/HCV who were treated in the outpatient liver clinic at the Sacred House of Mercy Foundation Hospital of Pará (Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará - FSCMPA) from April 2004 to June 2009. Patients were treated with 180µg PEG interferon-α2a in combination with ribavirin (1,000 to 1,250mg/day) for 48 weeks. The end point was the sustained virological response (SVR) rate (HCV RNA negative 24 weeks after completing treatment). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 40±9.5 years, of which 89% (n=17) were male, and the HCV genotypes were genotype 1 (55%, n=11/20), genotype 2 (10%, n=2/20) and genotype 3 (35%, n=7/20). The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count was 507.8, and the liver fibrosis stages were (METAVIR) F1 (25%), F2 (55%), F3 (10%) and F4 (10%). The early virological response (EVR) was 60%, the end-of-treatment virological response (EOTVR) was 45% and the SVR was 45%. CONCLUSIONS: The median HCV viral load was high, and in 85% of cases in which highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used, none of the patients with F3-F4 fibrosis responded to treatment. Of the twenty patients treated, 45% achieved SVR and 45% achieved EOTVR. Studies that include cases from a wider region are needed to better evaluate these findings.

Evidence for biological inheritance of the eosinophil response to internal parasites in southeastern Brazil

Uma amostra de 177 indivíduos pertencentes a 120 famílias nucleares, completas ou incompletas, de Bambui, Estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, foi estudada com o objetivo de apurar algumas das causas da variabilidade da taxa de eosinófilos em pessoas parasitadas por vermes intestinais com ciclo de vida extra-digestivo. A análise de segregação, aplicada aos dados sem correção para a assimetria, mostrou que a hipótese de um gene principal aditivo é consistente com os dados, enquanto que as hipóteses que supõem a ação de um gene dominante, de um gene recessivo ou ainda herança multifatorial não explicam, adequadamente, a significante agregação familial observada. A correção mais parcimoniosa para assimetria mostrou resultados semelhantes, mas não permitiu a distinção entre os modelos dominante e recessivo, embora permitisse a rejeição do modelo codominante. Considerando que esse modelo supõe ser a assimetria devida ao entrelaçamento de duas distribuições, esses resultados parecem concordar com aqueles obtidos quando os dados não foram corrigidos. Pode-se sugerir que o papel desempenhado por vários fatores genéticos independentes na resistência/suscetibilidade à infestação por helmintos seja determinado, principalmente, por suas capacidades de agir no estabelecimento de uma resposta eosinofílica.