Competencia y regulación en la banca: el caso de Nicaragua

Incluye Bibliografía

Socio-economic impacts of natural disasters: a gender analysis

Includes bibliography

Externalidades en proyectos urbanos: saneamiento de aguas servidas y del ferrocarril metropolitano en Santiago de Chile

Incluye Bibliografía

Expenditures, investment and financing for sustainable development in Trinidad and Tobago

Includes bibliography

The ideas of young Prebisch

Includes bibliography

¿Por qué las inversiones en el transporte público no reducen la congestión de tránsito urbano?

Incluye Bibliografía

The significance, utilization and conservation of crop genetic resources (Draft)

This paper was prepared by FAO in collaboration with Sir Otto Frankel, Consultant. WS/B96IO

Le cyclonne Jeanne en Haïti: degats et effets sur les departements du Nord-Ouest et de l'Artibonite: approfondissement de la vulnerabilité

Inclut la bibliographie

Características e impacto socioeconómico del huracán Emily en Quintana Roo, Yucatán, Tamaulipas y Nuevo León en Julio de 2005

Incluye Bibliografía

The Netherlands Antilles: trade and integration with CARICOM

Introduction The Netherlands Antilles is an autonomous entity within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and comprises a federation of five Caribbean islands: Bonaire and Curacao (the Leeward islands) which comprise 80 per cent of the population of 211,000 and Saba, St. Eustatius and the southern part of St. Maarten (the Windward islands). Like the other countries in the Kingdom, it enjoys full autonomy in internal matters as, for example, education, public health, justice and customs. It has a per capita income of about US$ 12,000. The Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands account for about 75 per cent (Curacao (70 per cent) and Bonaire (5 per cent)) and 25 percent respectively of the economy of the Netherlands Antilles. The Netherlands Antilles has its own currency, the Netherlands guilder, which is pegged to the United States dollar at a fixed rate since 1971. The economy has some unique features that stem from its close relations with the Netherlands, its undiversified nature and heavy dependence on tourism, offshore finance, oil refining and shipping, the high share of trade (exports of goods and services of about 75 per cent of GDP), its geographical characteristics, its common border with the French Republic on St. Maarten, its duty-free access for imports from Aruba, its de facto free trade zone (FTZ), partial dollarization, especially for the Windward Islands, and its highly regulated labor market (1). Adverse economic shocks in the last two decades affected particularly the offshore financial sector and the oil refinery and, to a lesser extent, tourism. The repeal of withholding taxes in the United States in the 1980s indirectly caused the collapse of a number of highly profitable offshore financial activities in Curacao, leading to significant drops in government revenue and contributions to foreign exchange earnings. The withdrawal of Shell from Curacao in 1986 and the (temporary) closure of the oil refinery which had been a mainstay of the Curacao economy for almost three quarters of a century was the second major shock. It was subsequently leased to the Venezuelan State Company, Petroleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anonima (PDVSA), which resumed operations and preserved employment. In the 1990s, the Windward Islands were bit by several devastating hurricanes, which destroyed much of the economic infrastructure on the islands, including about half of the number of available hotel rooms in St Maarten. Further negative shocks were related to the discontinuation of certain trade privileges on European markets for Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), the withdrawal by the Netherlands of certain tax privileges for Dutch pensioners residing in the Netherlands Antilles and disruptions in the availability of Solidarity Fund resources for the smaller islands. National income has been on the decline since 1997. GDP declined by about 6 per cent between 1997 and 1999. Underlying fiscal imbalances and structural weaknesses have also impacted negatively on the economy. In recent years, with recession high unemployment and migration have been experienced (2). The Netherlands Antilles has been able to survive thanks to additional aid from the Netherlands, large-scale spontaneous emigration (mostly to the Netherlands), some drop in international reserves, an increase in domestic debt and arrears and reduced outlays for the maintenance of public assets. From 1986 onwards, successive efforts at restoring macroeconomic balance, particularly with regard to public finance, were made, but were unsuccessful. Adjustment was also attempted in 1996 and 1997, but failed to meet the desired targets. In 1999, the government launched a new National Recovery Plan" (NRP). The NRP contains important medium-term structural adjustment measures aimed at restoring macroeconomic balance and conditions for revitalizing the economy. The NRP subsequently served as an important input into a comprehensive adjustment plan drawn up with the assistance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and reflected in the government's Memorandum of Economic Policies dated 15 September 2000. Beyond restoring macroeconomic balance and reforming the economic incentive framework, the government aims at establishing a Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) for the formulation and implementation of a sustainable long-term growth strategy. It is against the above background that this study is undertaken. Its main objective is to assess the integration options facing the Netherlands Antilles (3) vis-a-vis the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). A secondary objective is to examine the above taking into account, inter alia, the level of trade between the Netherlands Antilles and CARICOM, the barriers to trade between the two groups of countries and the requirements for increasing trade between the two groups of countries. The Consultant was given an initial Draft Terms of Reference (Annex 1) with the intention of modifying it in the course of the interviews with all the stakeholders. The main idea that emerged from these interviews was a concern with some possible form of association with CARICOM. The Consultant was asked to exam the costs and benefits of various forms of association and to recommend an option. This adjustment of the Terms of Reference (TOR) was substantial and involved the Consultant having to do some interviews and collect documentation in CARICOM. The study essentially revolves around the search for a road map for the Netherlands Antilles. It is tackled in the first instance by describing the existing system of trade of the Netherlands Antilles with a view to determining the import and export structures and the specific nature and extent of trade in goods and services between the Netherlands Antilles and CARICOM. 1 Netherlands Antilles: Elements of a Strategy for Economic Recovery and Sustainable Growth. Interim Report of the World Bank Mission, 5-20 December 2000. 2 IMF, IMF Country Report No. 01/73 Kingdom of the Netherlands-Netherlands Antilles-Recent Development, Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. May 2001 3 The Netherlands Antilles is a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It contains five islands. Curacao and Bonaire (Leewards) and St Eustatius, Saba and St Maarten (The Windwards)"

Role of environmental awareness in achieving sustainable development

Includes bibliography

¿Cómo, la remuneración de los choferes de la locomoción colectiva en Santiago de Chile, afecta el desempeño del sistema de buses?(una comparación entre el salario fijo y "la guerra por el boleto")

Existen dos sistemas de remuneración a los choferes de buses en Santiago de Chile. En uno, la mayoría de los choferes es remunerada según el número de pasajeros que transporta, lo que se traduce en su interés en maximizar el número de pasajeros transportados. Algunos de estos efectos son positivos, como el de ordenar los intervalos entre buses, minimizando de este modo, el problema del desplazamiento conjunto de varios buses a la vez. Otros son negativos, como el estilo agresivo de conducción, que puede ser muy peligroso. Se dice que los choferes "corren" y la expresión "la guerra por el boleto" es frecuentemente usada. Los choferes también pagan a trabajadores informales, conocidos en Santiago como "sapos", quienes les proporcionan información sobre los intervalos entre buses. Situaciones comparables se encuentran en varias otras ciudades latinoamericanas.El otro sistema, de salario fijo, se usa en dos empresas, que operan en las concesiones recientemente otorgadas para las rutas de acercamiento hacia las estaciones del Metro. El trabajo, tema de la actual edición del Boletín, identifica mediante un análisis tanto cuantitativo como cualitativo, los efectos de los dos sistemas, sobre los accidentes, la calidad del servicio, las actitudes de los choferes y pasajeros, y el tiempo promedio de espera para los usuarios del transporte público.

La Asociación Latinoamericana de Metros y Subterráneos (ALAMYS): Un recorrido de 15 años a servicio de los ciudadanos

La presente edición del Boletín da a conocer la Asociación Latinoamericana de Metros y Subterráneos (ALAMYS), la que a lo largo de 15 años desde su constitución, viene apoyando diversas iniciativas orientadas a mejorar la calidad de los servicios que prestan los sistemas ferroviarios metropolitanos de transporte masivo. En su más reciente Asamblea General de Madrid, celebrada en Madrid, España, en diciembre del 2000, ALAMYS ha estructurado diferentes Comités Técnicos otorgando una mayor operatividad al desarrollo de sus trabajos, y por tanto, el avance de la propia Asociación y la consecución de sus fines. Este artículo ha sido preparado por Aurelio Rojo Garrido , actual Secretario General de ALAMYS y Director de Operación Metro de Madrid, S. A.

How do driver compensation schemes affect bus system performance?: a comparison between fixed wage and "guerra por el boleto" in Santiago, Chile.

Two systems of bus driver compensation exist in Santiago, Chile. The majority of drivers are paid per passenger transported, which leads to drivers trying to maximize the number of passengers each one conveys. Some of these effects are beneficial, such as a more active effort to minimize the problem of bus bunching, while others, such as aggressive driving, can be harmful. Drivers are said to "race" and the term "War for the Fare" is commonly used. Drivers also pay freelance workers called "sapos" to provide spacing information. Similar phenomena occur in other Latin American capitals.The other system, a fixed wage, is used by 2 companies holding recently awarded concessions for routes feeding metro stations.This paper discusses, quantitatively and qualitatively, the effects of these two compensation systems on accidents, quality of service, attitudes of both users and drivers, and average waiting times for passengers.

International transport database - Base de datos de Transporte Internacional (BTI)

Since late 1999, ECLAC has maintained an international transport database (BTI) containing statistics on foreign trade and associated transport modes for 11 Latin American countries. Although BTI was originally designed for internal use at ECLAC, it is now in a position to respond to external queries—something we expect to be of interest to FAL Bulletin readers.BTI was developed by consultant Joachim Fuchsluger, with cooperation from Gastón Rigollet of the ECLAC Statistics and Economic Projections Division. The work was supervised by Jan Hoffmann, of the Transport Unit. At the present time, consultant Gabriel Pérez is in charge of maintaining and updating it.