Two definitions of the electric polarizability of a bound system in relativistic quantum theory

For the electric polarizability of a bound system in relativistic quantum theory, there are two definitions that have appeared in the literature. They differ depending on whether or not the vacuum background is included in the system. A recent confusion in this connection is clarified. © 1999 American Associations of Physics Teachers.

Relation among optical, thermal and thermo-optical properties and niobium concentration in tellurite glasses

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Vector and axial-vector correlators in a non-local chiral quark model

The behavior of the non-perturbative parts of the isovector-vector and isovector and isosinglet axial-vector correlators at Euclidean momenta is studied in the framework of a covariant chiral quark model with non-local quark-quark interactions. The gauge covariance is ensured with the help of the P-exponents, with the corresponding modification of the quark-current interaction vertices taken into account. The low- and high-momentum behavior of the correlators is compared with the chiral perturbation theory and with the QCD operator product expansion, respectively. The V-A combination of the correlators obtained in the model reproduces quantitatively the ALEPH and OPAL data on hadronic tau decays, transformed into the Euclidean domain via dispersion relations. The predictions for the electromagnetic pi(+/-) - pi(0) mass difference and for the pion electric polarizability are also in agreement with the experimental values. The topological susceptibility of the vacuum is evaluated as a function of the momentum, and its first moment is predicted to be chi'(0) approximate to (50 MeV)(2). In addition, the fulfillment of the Crewther theorem is demonstrated.

Low-energy direct muon transfer from H to Ne10+, S16+ and Ar18+ using the two-state close-coupling approximation to the Faddeev-Hahn-type equation

We perform a three-body calculation of direct muon-transfer rates from thermalized muonic hydrogen isotopes to bare nuclei Ne10+, S16+ and Ar18+ employing integro-differential Faddeev-Hahn-type equations in configuration space with a two-state close-coupling approximation scheme. All Coulomb potentials including the strong final-state Coulomb repulsion are treated exactly. A long-range polarization potential is included in the elastic channel to take into account the high polarizability of the muonic hydrogen. The transfer rates so-calculated are in good agreement with recent experiments. We find that the muon is captured predominantly in the n = 6, 9 and 10 states of muonic Ne10+, S16+ and Ar18+, respectively.

THE ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF (BENZYLIDENEACETONE)DICARBONYL(PHOSPHINE)IRON(0) AND (BENZYLIDENEACETONE)DICARBONYL(PHOSPHITE)IRON(0) COMPLEXES IN DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE

The electrochemical oxidation of (benzylideneacetone)dicarbonyl(phosphine)iron(0) and benzylideneacetone)dicarbonyl(phosphite)iron(0) complexes was studied by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis in 0.5 M NaClO4 (dimethyl formamide). The results suggest that the electrode process involves a complicated mechanism, the species formed in the first oxidation step being highly unstable and its decomposition producing free benzylideneacetone, free phosphine or phosphite, solvated iron(II) species and carbon monoxide which adsorbs on the platinum electrode. A linear relationship between E(p/2)ox and the ligand parameter P(L) was obtained with E(s) = 0.41 V and beta = 0.964, where E(s) and beta-denote electron-richness and polarizability of the metal centre, respectively.

Light-induced relief gratings and a mechanism of metastable light-induced expansion in chalcogenide glasses

We report on a metastable light-induced volume expansion in Ge25+xGa10-xS65 glasses under irradiation with band gap (UV) light, which can result in recording of relief gratings on their surface in the case of irradiation with two interfering beams. We propose a mechanism for the expansion, which is based on the light-induced change in the polarizability of secondary (van der Waals type) bonds and the effect of this change on primary (covalent type) bonds of the glass. The effect is suggested to be due to an interference of electrons, which belong to a chalcogen atom and participate in the formation of secondary and primary bonds, respectively. We suggest that a minimum point of the Lennard-Jones potential, which corresponds to the equilibrium position of a chalcogen atom is shifted in the course of irradiation to a larger interatomic distance. This shift causes a volume expansion and allows a diffusion of chalcogen atoms into the irradiated area. We show that light-induced polymerization of the glass network is an important attribute of the light-induced volume expansion.

PZT ceramics obtained from mechanochemically synthesized powders

PZT ceramics were obtained from the mechanochemically synthesized powders. Milling and sintering conditions were optimized based on results of density measurements, as well as on microstructural and electrical characterization. As a result, highly dense and homogeneous ceramics were obtained. Excellent microstructural properties resulted in good electrical properties. Samples showed values of dielectric constants reaching 12800 at the Curie temperature, as well as low dielectric loss under the optimal processing conditions. High values of remanent polarization, reaching 60 muC cm(-2), indicate high internal polarizability. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the mechanochemically prepared PZT ceramics

Mechanochemical synthesis was applied to obtain nanocrystalline powders of composition Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O-3 (PZT). Milling was performed in a planetary ball mill using vials and balls made of zirconia or steel-in order to investigate influence of milling media on the electrical properties of resulting ceramics. PZT ceramics showed high values for dielectric constant (epsilon(r)), reaching 970 at room temperature, as well as low dielectric loss (tandelta) under the optimal processing conditions. High values of remanent polarization (P-r) indicate high internal polarizability. The best samples showed piezoelectric strain constant d(33) = 347 pC/N and planar coupling factor k(P) = 0.44. Milling in ZrO2 medium prevents powder contamination and provides reproducibility of milling process. Also, PZT obtained from the powders milled in ZrO2 exhibited lower values of dielectric loss, in comparison with the PTZ obtained from the powders milled in Fe. This suggests that contamination of the powder with Fe could result in an increase of conductivity in final product. (C) 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Structure characterization of molecular complexes for non-linear optical materials. II. 1 : 1 complexes of 4-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (1) and 3-picoline-N-oxide (2) with 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, studied by X-ray, AM1 and DFT calculations

(1) C6H2N3O7- center dot C5H12NO2+, Mr = 346.26, P2(1)/c, a = 7.2356(6), b = 10.5765(9), c = 19.593(2) angstrom, 3 beta=95.101(6)degrees, V = 1493.5(2) angstrom(3), Z = 4, R-1 = 0.0414; (2) C6H2N3O7- center dot C6H8NO+, Mr = 38.24, P2(1)/n, a = 7.8713(5), b = 6.1979(7), c = 28.697(3) angstrom, beta = 90.028(7)degrees, V = 1400.0(2) angstrom(3), Z = 4, R-1 = 0.0416. The packing units in both compounds consist of hydrogen bonded cation-anion pairs. The (hyper)polarizabilities have been calculated for the crystallographic and optimized molecules, by AM1 and at the DFT/B3LYP(6-31G**) level.

Thermo-optical characterization of tellurite glasses by thermal lens, thermal relaxation calorimetry and interferometric methods

In this work the thermal lens, thermal relaxation calorimetry and interferometric methods are applied to investigate the thermo-optical properties of tellurite glasses (in mol%: 80TeO(2)-20 Li2O(TeLi), 80TeO(2)-15Li(2)O-5TiO(2) (TeLiTi-5) and 80TeO(2)-10Li(2)O-10TiO(2) (TeLiTi-10)). Thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, specific heat and the temperature coefficients of refractive index, optical path length, thermal expansion and electronic polarizability were determined. The use of three independent methods was useful for a complete characterization of the studied tellurite glasses. In addition, our results showed that the thermal expansion coefficient and the temperature coefficient of the optical path length (dS/dT) were significantly modified with the introduction of titanium, which may be relevant for the application of these glasses in the photonic area. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Dielectric Model of Self-Assembled Monolayer Interfaces by Capacitive Spectroscopy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The theory of vibronic transitions in rare earth compounds

The theory of vibronic transitions in rare earth compounds is re-examined in the light of a more reliable representation for the ligand field Hamiltonian than the crude electrostatic model. General expressions that take into account the relevant contributions from the forced electric dipole and dynamic coupling mechanisms are derived for the vibronic intensity parameters. These include additional terms, from charge and polarizability gradients, which have not been considered in previous work. Emphasis is given to the relative signs of these various contributions. Under certain approximations these expressions may be conveniently written in terms of accessible ligand field parameters. A comparison with experimental values for the compounds Cs2NaEuCl6 and LiEuF4 is made and satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment is found. A discussion is given on the sensitivity of the calculated intensities to the values of radial integrals, interconfigurational energy differences and ligand field parameters that may be used. Finally, the problem in which a vibronic and an electronic level are in resonance, or near resonance, is analyzed. Suitable expressions to describe the effects of the even-rank components of the vibronic Hamiltonian are obtained. It is found that, depending on the strength of the vibronic interaction and the resonance conditions, the admixture between these two levels may lead to intensities of nearly equal values. © 1995.

Time-resolved Z-scan and thermal lens measurements in Er+3 and Nd+3 doped fluoroindate glasses

In rare earth ion doped solids, a resonant non-linear refractive index, n2, appears when the laser pumps one of the ion excited states and the refractive index change is proportional to the excited state population. In these solids there are usually thermal and non-thermal lensing effects, where the non-thermal one is due to the polarizability difference, Δα, between excited and ground states of the ions. We have used the time resolved Z-scan and a mode-mismatched thermal lens technique with an Ar+ ion laser in Er+3 (20ZnF2-20SrF2-2NaF-16BaF2-6GaF3-(36 - x)InF3-xErF3, with x= 1, 2, 3 and 4 mol%) and Nd+3 (20SrF2-16BaF2-20ZnF2-2GdF3-2NaF-(40 - x)InF3-xNdF3, with x = 0.1, 0.25, 0.5-1 mol%) doped fluoroindate glasses. In both samples we found that the non-linear refraction is due to the thermal effect, while the non-thermal effect is negligible. This result indicates that in fluoride glasses Δα is very small (less than 10-26 cm3). We also measured the imaginary part of the non-linear refractive index (n″2) due to absorption saturation.

Preparation, characterization and spectroscopy of the europium diphenylphosphinate complex

The purpose of this work is to study the preparation and spectroscopic behavior of the europium diphenylphosphinate complex -Eu(DPP)3. Elemental and thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffractometry, and infrared spectroscopy were applied to characterize the formula of the final product and the sixfold coordination of the Eu3+ ion. Excitation and emission spectra have been recorded at liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. The 5D0→7F2 transition intensity decreases when T decreases in comparison to the 5D0→7F1 transition intensity. Molecular mechanic calculations were developed in order to obtain the spatial coordinates of the Eu3+ and ligand ions. The simple overlap model was used to calculate the total splitting of the 5D0→7F1 transition, 5D0→7F0/5D 0→7F2 ntensity ratio and the intensity parameters, Ωλ (λ=2 and 4). Good agreements between theoretical predictions and experimental results have been obtained with g=2/3 as the effective charge and α=0.8×10-24 cm3 as the isotropic polarizability of the oxygen. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.