Electroanalytical determination of carbendazim and fenamiphos in natural waters using a diamond electrode

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles for sustained release of carbendazim and tebuconazole in agricultural applications

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Carbendazim e modelos de biomembrana via filmes de Langmuir e Layer-by-Layer: mecanismos de interação e desenvolvimento de sensores

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Biofertilizer for control of Guignardia citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot

Biofertilizers generated from the anaerobic and aerobic digestion of cattle manure, known as Bio1 and Bio2, respectively, were studied with regard to their microbial composition and effect on the mycelial growth of Phyllosticta citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot (CBS). Two field experiments were conducted to determine the biofertilizer's potential (Bio1) in controlling CBS (2001/2002 and 2002/2003 crops). It was observed that the greatest number of microorganisms was found in the aerobically produced biofertilizer. Bio2 did not inhibit the mycelial growth of P. citricarpa. Mycelial growth of P. citricarpa was inversely proportional to the Bio1 biofertilizer concentration. In the 2001/2002 cropping season, the Biol effect in controlling CBS was directly proportional to its concentration, at the rate of 0 (healthy fruit), with R-2 = 0.88. Biol had a significant effect in controlling CBS, at a concentration of 10%, during the 2001/2002 cropping season, with DI values of 0.246 and 0.229 for the. 10 and 20% doses, respectively, compared to DI of 0.329 for the control. A directly proportional effect of the biofertilizer concentration on the percentage of fruits with a rating of zero was. also observed in the 2002/2003 cropping season, with R-2 = 0.48. However, even at doses higher than in the preceding cropping season, the biofertilizer was less effective, possibly due to a higher occurrence of the disease. Copper oxychloride and combined applications of copper oxychloride and carbendazim plus mancozeb controlled the disease. The possibility of using the biofertilizer as a protective biofungicide to replace copper oxychloride, especially in organic agriculture, should be explored. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of fungicide applications to sweet orange at different flowering stages for control of postbloom fruit drop caused by Colletotrichum acutatum

Postbloom fruit drop (PFD), caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, produces blossom blight, fruit abscission and persistent calyces. in groves of Pera-Rio and Natal sweet orange located in Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo and Rincao, São Paulo, Brazil, four experiments were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides sprayed alone or as mixtures, at different flowering stages for the control of PFD of citrus. The number of symptomatic flowers, the percentage of fruit set (FS), and the relationship between persistent calyces and total fruit weight per plant were evaluated. The fungicides carbendazim and folpet were sprayed at 0.50 ml and 1.25 ga.i. l(-1) of water, respectively, were superior by all the criteria to the other treatments. Carbendazim and folpet fungicides performed best when they were applied at the green bud through hollow ball stages. Difenoconazole, independent of application timing, was less effective by all criteria used. Application of mancozeb at 1.60 ga.i. l(-1) at the green bud stage followed by application of mancozeb in a tank mix with carbendazim or folpet at 1.0 ml and 1.25 g a.i. l(-1), respectively, during green bud bloom and hollow ball stages were effective for disease control. Carbendazim combined with 0.25% KNO3, reduced the number of persistent calyces and increased fruit production significantly. Applications must be made between green bud and hollow ball stages for best control. Applications only at hollow ball or open flower stages did not provide effective disease control. (C)2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Controle de Botryosphaeria ribis causador de seca de ponteiro em Corymbia citriodora, com extratos vegetais e fungicidas

A seca de ponteiros é uma doença que vem acarretando danos severos em plantas de eucalipto, causando cancros ao longo do ramo principal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de fungicidas e extratos vegetais no controle de Botryosphaeria ribis. O teste in vitro dos fungicidas foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos: carbendazim, clorotalonil, difenoconazole, picoxystrobin + ciproconazole, ciproconazole, azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin e testemunha, quatro doses: 1 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL e 1000 µg/mL; com cinco repetições. Após homogeneização do meio foram vertidas para as placas, repicado um disco de meio de cultura contendo o patógeno para estas placas e mantidas em BOD a 25°C por cinco dias. A avaliação foi feita através de medição diária do crescimento radial do micélio em centímetros. O delineamento experimental do controle químico a campo foi em fatorial 5x3, com cinco fungicidas e três métodos de aplicação (poda, pincelado e pulverizado), com quatro repetições. Foram feitas quatro aplicações, com intervalo de quinze dias. Os tratamentos foram: 1. azoxystrobin, 2. carbendazim, 3. clorotalonil + tiofanato-metílico, 4. difenoconazole e 5. testemunha. Simultaneamente foram feitas avaliações seguindo uma escala de notas de 1 a 6. O delineamento experimental do teste in vitro dos extratos vegetais foi em fatorial 5x4, com três repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram os extratos de: mil folhas, melão de são caetano, eucalipto , álcool e testemunha, nas concentrações de 5, 10, 15 e 20%. Os extratos e o álcool foram misturados ao meio de cultura previamente autoclavado, sendo estes colocados em placas de Petri. A avaliação foi feita através de medição diária do crescimento radial do micélio em centímetros. No teste com mudas o delineamento experimental foi em fatorial 2 x 2 x 4, sendo utilizado no experimento de duas procedências, dois modos de tratamento (preventivo e convencional) e quatro produtos para o controle (extrato de melão de são caetano, extrato de Corymbia citriodora, álcool e água). A inoculação do patógeno foi feita no caule das mudas. Foram feitas aplicações dos produtos e avaliações semanais. A avaliação foi feita através da contagem de plantas doentes. O ingrediente ativo carbendazin foi o que mostrou os melhores resultados in vitro diferindo estatísticamente dos outros tratamentos pelo teste Tukey a 1% de probabilidade; seguido pelo clorotalonil e difenoconazole. Todos os ingredientes ativos avaliados mostraram-se superiores a testemunha. A campo, azoxystrobin foi superior aos demais tratamentos e não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de aplicação. In vitro, os extratos de mil folhas, melão e eucalipto não diferiram entre si pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O álcool proporcionou a maior inibição do crescimento micelial e diferiu estatisticamente dos outros tratamentos utilizados. As concentrações de 10, 15 e 20% dos extratos não diferiram entre si, mas foram superiores a concentração de 5%. No teste em mudas, a aplicação preventiva mostrou-se superior a aplicação curativa, sendo que o álcool e o extrato de C. citriodora não diferiram entre si, mas foram superiores ao extrato de melão-de-são-caetano. Todos os produtos foram superiores a testemunha.

Design of a simple detection cell with extended optical path length for capillary electrophoresis: Application to multiresidue pesticide analysis

Absorbance detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE), offers an excellent mass sensitivity, but poor concentration detection limits owing to very small injection volumes (normally I to 10 nL). This aspect can be a limiting factor in the applicability of CE/UV to detect species at trace levels, particularly pesticide residues. In the present work, the optical path length of an on-column detection cell was increased through a proper connection of the column (75 mu m i.d.) to a capillary detection cell of 180 mu m optical path length in order to improve detectability. It is shown that the cell with an extended optical path length results in a significant gain in terms of signal to noise ratio. The effect of the increase in the optical path length has been evaluated for six pesticides, namely, carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil, procymidone triadimefon, and prochloraz. The resulting optical enhancement of the detection cell provided detection limits of ca. 0.3 mu g/mL for the studied compounds, thus enabling the residue analysis by CE/UV.

Determination of pesticide residues in coconut water by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography with electron-capture plus thermionic specific detection and solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Two simple methods were developed to determine, 11 pesticides in coconut water, a natural isotonic drink rich in salts, sugars and vitamins consumed by the people and athletes. The first procedure involves solid-phase extraction using Sep-Pak Vac C-18 disposable cartridges with methanol for elution. Isocratic analysis was carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm to analyse captan, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, lufenuron and diafenthiuron. The other procedure is based on liquid-liquid extraction with hexane-dichloromethane (1:1, v/v), followed by gas chromatographic analysis with effluent splitting to electron-capture detection for determination of endosulfan, captan, tetradifon and trichlorfon and thermionic specific detection for determination of malathion, parathion-methyl and monocrotophos. The methods were validated with fortified samples at different concentration levels (0.01-12.0 mg/kg). Average recoveries ranged from 75 to 104% with relative standard deviations between 1.4 and 11.5%. Each recovery analysis was repeated at least five times. Limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 2.0 mg/kg. The analytical procedures were applied to 15 samples and no detectable amounts of the pesticides were found in any samples under the conditions described. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Persistence of some pesticides in peach fruit

The persistence of five pesticides (acephate, azinphos methyl, carbendazim, diazinon and dimethoate) in peach fruit was studied in real operating conditions. Pesticides showed different degradation rates. Diazinon was degraded with a half-life (t(1/2)) of 5.2 days, acephate, azinphos methyl and dimethoate with t(1/2) of ca 12 days and carbendazim with t(1/2) of 15.5 days. After the pre-harvest interval (PHI) all pesticide residues were within the limits established by Italian law.

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de mamona submetidas a diferentes tratamentos químicos

The use of fungicides for treating seeds has become an essential measure in the control of pathogens. However, the effectiveness of many products is not well-known to some crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different doses of carbendazin and carboxin + thiram fungicides for controlling pathogens and their interference on the physiologic quality of castor bean seeds. The test consisted of the following treatments (g i.a./100 kg of seeds): carbendazin (15, 30, and 60), carboxin + thiram (25 + 25, 50 + 50, and 100 + 100), formol 0.15% (v/v), and control (distilled water). The physiologic quality of the seeds was determined by germination, first counting, field emergence, speed emergence index, length, fresh and dry weight of the aerial part, and electrical conductivity. There were no statistical differences for germination and fresh and dry matter index. The treatment with formol provided lower values for first counting and field emergence. Seeds treated with fungicides presented higher values for electrical conductivity, but did not differ, statistically, among themselves. The fungi Cladosporium spp.; Bipolaris spp.; Curvularia spp.; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus niger; Rhizopus sp.; Penicillium sp.; Rhizoctonia sp.; Verticillium sp.; Fusarium sp.;Arthrobotrys sp.; and Epicocum sp. were identified. All tested products, independently of the dose, provided efficient control for pathogens.

Chemical control of pathogens and the physiological performance of peanut seeds

The establishment of a peanut crop may be unsatisfactory due to poor seed performance in the field and among the factors attributed to this are a reduction in seed vigor during storage and the presence of pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of treating peanut seeds with fungicides and the effect on physiological performance and disease control during storage. In a completely random experimental design, two seed batches of the Runner IAC 886 peanut cultivar were submitted to five fungicide treatments (1 control - untreated; 2 thiram; 3 carbendazim + thiram; 4 fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m; 5 fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole) and evaluated after zero, 30 and 60 days of storage. The seeds were stored untreated but treated before the evaluation of physiological performance from germination, vigor (first germination count and accelerated aging), field seedling emergence and seed sanitation tests. The results showed differences in batch performance potential during storage, with batch 1 being superior. The sanitation test showed that all the chemical seed treatments controlled pathogens efficiently (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium sp.), but only thiram did not affect peanut seed performance in the laboratory evaluations.

Efeito de fungicidas do grupo químico das estrobilurinas no controle da Mancha Preta dos Citros, na produção e na qualidade tecnológica dos frutos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Controle químico de Colletotrichum acutatum agente causal da queda prematura dos frutos cítricos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determinação do efeito curativo de infecções de Guignardia citricarpa em frutos cítricos mediante o emprego de fungicidas sistêmicos e mesostêmicos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da sensibilidade in vitro de isolados de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum a fungicidas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)