Diabetes evolution in rats after neonatal treatment with alloxan

Physical exercises have been recommended in the prevention of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but the mechanisms involved in this intervention are not yet fully understood. Experimental models offer the opportunity for the study of this matter. The present study was designed to analyze the diabetes evolution in rats submitted to neonatal treatment with alloxan with the objective of verifying the suitability of the model to future studies with exercises. For this, newly born rats (6 days old) received intraperitoneal alloxan (A = 200 mg/kg of body weight). Rats injected with vehicle (citrate buffer) were used as controls (C). The fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL) was higher in the alloxan group at the day 28 (C=47.25 +/- 5.08; A=54.51 +/- 7.03) but not at the 60 day of age (C=69.18 +/- 8.31; A=66.81 +/- 6.08). The alloxan group presented higher blood glucose level during glucose tolerance test (GTT) (mg/dL. 120 min) in relation to the control group both at day 28 (C=16908.9 +/- 1078.8; A=21737,7 +/- 1106.4) and at day 60 (C=11463.45 +/- 655.30; A=15282.21 +/- 1221.84). Insulinaemia during GTT (ng/mL.120 min) was lower at day 28 (C=158.67 +/- 33.34; A=123.90 +/- 19.80), but presented no difference at day 60 (C=118.83 +/- 26.02; A=97.8 +/- 10.88). At day 60, the glycogen concentration in the soleus muscle (mg/100mg) was lower in the alloxan group (0.3 +/- 0.13) in relation to the control group (0.5 +/- 0.07). No difference was observed between groups in relation to (mu mol/g.h): Glucose Uptake (C = 5.8 +/- 0.63; A = 5.2 +/- 0.73); Glucose Oxidation (C= 4.3 +/- 1.13; A= 3.9 +/- 0.44); Glycogen Synthesis (C= 0.8 +/- 0.18; A= 0.7 +/- 0.18) and Lactate Production (C= 3.8 +/- 0.8; A= 3.8 0.7) by the isolated soleus muscle. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (16.7mM) by the isolated islets (ng/5 islets. h) of the alloxan group was lower (14.3 +/- 4.7) than the control group (32.0 +/- 7.9). Thus, we may conclude that this neonatal diabetes induction model gathers interesting characteristics and may be useful for further studies on the role of the exercise in the diabetes mellitus appearance.

Enhanced airways responsiveness in rats depleted of sensory neuropeptides by neonatal capsaicin treatment

This study aimed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro reactivity of airway smooth muscle in rats depleted of sensory neuropeptides by treatment with capsaicin at neonatal stage. Wistar rats were neonatally injected with either capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c., 2nd day of life) or its vehicle (10% ethanol and 10% Tween 80, in 0.9% w/v NaCl solution) and used at adult ages (60-70 days later). Analysis of the lungs showed a higher number of infiltrating neutrophils, eosinophils and mononuclear cells into the peribronchiolar regions of capsaicin-pretreated rats compared to vehicle group. This was associated with a higher contraction index of bronchiolar wall in the capsaicin group. The in vitro tracheal reactivity in response to methacholine (full muscarinic agonist) and pilocarpine (partial muscarinic agonist) was also significantly higher in capsaicin-pretreated rats compared to vehicle group. In conclusion, the neuropeptide depletion by capsaicin neonatal treatment lead to marked contraction of the rat airways at adult age, suggesting a protective role for C fibers in the lungs. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quercetin ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism and improves antioxidant status in postnatally monosodium glutamate-induced metabolic alterations

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Long-term effect of prolactin treatment on glucose-induced insulin secretion in cultured neonatal rat islets

Insulin secretion and 45SCa2+ uptake and efflux were studied in neonatal rat islets maintained in culture for 7 or 19 days in the absence or presence of prolactin (PRL). Insulin secretion in response to glucose (G), leucine (Leu), arginine (Arg) and carbachol (Cch) was augmented after 7 and 19 days in culture, compared to basal secretion (G 2.8 mM), in both PRL- treated and control islets. However, the increase in insulin secretion induced by the above secretagogues was higher in islets cultured in the presence of PRL for 19 days. In PRL-treated islets, the 45Ca2+ content after a 5 min incubation in the presence of G, Leu, Arg and Cch was significantly higher than the control only in islets cultured for 19 days. Except with Arg, the 45Ca2+ uptake in PRL-treated islets after a 90 min incubation was also significantly higher than the control only in islets cultured for 19 days. Finally, Leu-induced alterations in the 45Ca2+ efflux were higher in PRL-treated than in control islets cultured for 7 or 19 days. In the absence of external Ca2+, the reduction in 45Ca2+ efflux induced by glucose was also significantly higher in PRL-treated than in control islets. This effect was slightly potentiated after 19 days in culture. These data further support the hypothesis that PRL treatment enhances maturation of the secretory mechanism in neonatal islets. This effect can be potentiated even more if the treatment is prolonged.

Monitoramento de parâmetros laboratoriais em gatos sem raça definida durante o período neonatal

O objetivo do presente estudo foi à monitoração dos parâmetros laboratoriais como hemograma, enzimas hepáticas alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT), glicemia e proteinograma sérico, e avaliar o efeito da idade em gatos sem raça definida durante a fase neonatal. Vinte gatos machos e fêmeas foram utilizados a partir do terceiro dia de vida até o 38º dia de idade. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas semanalmente e as análises laboratoriais (hemograma, enzimas hepáticas, glicemia e proteinograma sérico) realizadas no 3º, 10º, 17º, 24º, 31º e 38º dia de idade. Os resultados exibiram efeito significativo da idade sobre a contagem total de eritrócitos, concentração de hemoglobina, volume globular, volume corpuscular médio, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média, leucócitos totais, neutrófilos, eosinófilos e basófilos. Nenhum efeito foi observado em células como linfócitos, monócitos ou na concentração sérica de glicose. A análise das modificações ocorridas nos parâmetros laboratoriais durante a fase neonatal reflete o desenvolvimento fisiológico do filhote e contribui para o conhecimento do processo adaptativo em gatos neonatos durante o primeiro mês de vida, sendo útil para a avaliação clínica, diagnóstico e tratamento das doenças neonatais.

Effects of neonatal castration and androgenization on sexual dimorphism in bone, leptin and corticosterone secretion

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Effects of neonatal clomiphene citrate on fertility and sexual behavior in male rats

In order to investigate the participation of estrogen during the period of brain sexual differentiation, male rats were treated with clomiphene citrate in the neonatal phase. Fertility and sexual behavior were assessed during adult life. Sexual maturation, body weight, and wet weight of the testes were unchanged. Although the adult male rats treated with clomiphene in the neonatal phase presented a significant reduction in the frequency of mounts, 90% of these rats were able to mate with normal females, which became pregnant. However, these females exhibited a significantly increased number of pre- and post-implantation losses. When these adult male rats were castrated and received estrogen, 60% presented female sexual behavior (receptive behavior and acceptance of mount). Thus, treatment of pups with clomiphene immediately after birth has a long-term effect on the reproductive physiology and sexual behavior of male rats. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A mortalidade neonatal em 1998, no município de Botucatu - SP

Considerando que a mortalidade neonatal é indicador da qualidade da assistência prestada à gestante, ao parto e ao recém-nascido, realizamos o presente trabalho, cujo objetivo foi identificar as causas e o índice de mortalidade neonatal durante o ano de 1998 em Botucatu-SP. O coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal obtido foi de 8,3/1000 nascidos vivos e o coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal precoce foi de 7,3/1000 nascidos vivos, confirmando a importância dos óbitos na primeira semana de vida. Aproximadamente três quartos dos óbitos puderam ser classificados como reduzíveis por diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, reduzíveis por adequada atenção ao parto ou parcialmente reduzíveis por adequado controle da gravidez, evidenciando que para se reduzir os índices de morte neonatal, deveremos investir na melhoria da qualidade da assistência prestada à gestante, à parturiente e ao neonato.

Chronotropic response of beta-adrenergic-, muscarinic-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-receptor agonists in right atria from neonatal capsaicin-treated rats

We evaluated the potency of isoproterenol, carbachol, pilocarpine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat right atria at 30, 60 and 90 days after neonatal capsaicin treatment. Neonatal rats were pretreated on the second day of life with capsaicin (50 mg/kg). The capsaicin pretreatment caused a five-fold rightward shift at the pEC(50) level on the concentration-response curves to isoproterenol in 30-day-old rats. Propranolol (10 mg/kg, given 15 min prior to capsaicin treatment) prevented this subsensitivity. No changes in the potency of isoproterenol were observed at 60 and 90 days after capsaicin pretreatment. The potency and maximal responses of CGRP in the right atria in 30-day-old rats were significantly higher than in 60- and 90-day-old rats; however, no differences were found between control and capsaicin groups. The potency and maximal responses to carbachol and pilocarpine were not changed in all groups. The neonatal capsaicin treatment reduced by about 74% the CGRP content in the heart in all groups. In summary, capsaicin treatment in newborn rats produces a desensitization of chronotropic response mediated by beta-adrenoceptors in isolated right atria from 30-day-old rats possibly due to a massive release of catecholamines. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

PROLACTIN INDUCES MATURATION OF GLUCOSE SENSING MECHANISMS IN CULTURED NEONATAL RAT ISLETS

The effects of PRL treatment on insulin content and secretion, and Rb-86 and Ca-45 fluxes from neonatal rat islets maintained in culture for 7-9 days were studied. PRL treatment enhanced islet insulin content by 40% and enhanced early insulin secretion evoked by 16.7 mm glucose. Insulin release stimulated by oxotremorine-M, a muscarinic agonist, in the presence of glucose (8.3 or 16.7 mm) was unchanged by PRL treatment. However, PRL treatment potentiated phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate-stimulated insulin secretion in the presence of the above glucose concentrations. PRL treatment potentiated the reduction in Rb-86 efflux induced by glucose or tolbutamide and enhanced the increase in Rb-86 efflux evoked by diazoxide. PRL treatment slightly potentiated the increment in Ca-45 uptake induced by high concentrations of K+, but failed to affect the increment evoked by 16.7 mm glucose. Since glucose-induced Ca-45 uptake was not affected by PRL, we suggest that the enhancement in first phase insulin secretion evoked by glucose in the PRL-treated islets occurs at a step in the secretory process that may involve protein kinase-C. These data further support observations that PRL treatment increases islet sensitivity to glucose.

Efeitos a longo-prazo do tratamento neonatal com glutamato-monossódico no dimorfismo sexual esquelético e secreção de leptina e corticosterona

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Alterações do fluxo sanguíneo em artéria umbilical na síndrome hipertensiva gestacional e suas implicações no período neonatal

Pós-graduação em Ginecologia, Obstetrícia e Mastologia - FMB

Effect of ambulatory versus hospital treatment for gestational diabetes or hyperglycemia on infant mortality rates: a systematic review

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:Gestações complicadas pelo diabetes estão associadas com aumento das complicações neonatais e maternas. A complicação mais grave materna é o risco de desenvolver diabetes tipo 2 após 10-12 anos do parto. Para o controle rigoroso da glicose no sangue, as mulheres grávidas são tratadas de forma ambulatorial ou com internações hospitalares. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a efetividade do tratamento ambulatorial versus hospitalização em gestações complicadas por diabetes ou hiperglicemia.TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:Revisão sistemática conduzida em hospital universitário público.MÉTODOS:Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada e as principais bases de dados eletrônicas foram pesquisadas. A data da pesquisa mais recente foi 4 de setembro de 2011. Dois autores selecionaram independentemente os ensaios clínicos relevantes, avaliaram a qualidade metodológica e extraíram os dados.RESULTADOS:Apenas três estudos foram selecionados, com tamanho de amostra pequeno. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o tratamento ambulatorial versus hospitalização em relação à mortalidade em nenhuma das subcategorias analisadas: mortes perinatais e neonatais, (risco relativo [RR] 0,65; 95% de intervalo de confiança [IC] 0,11-3,84, P = 0,63); morte neonatal (RR 0,29, IC 95% 0,01-6,07, P = 0,43), e óbitos infantis (RR 0,29, IC 95% 0,01-6,07, P = 0,43).CONCLUSÕES:Com base em estudos com risco de viés alto ou moderado, esta revisão demonstrou que não há diferença estatisticamente significante entre o tratamento ambulatorial comparado com o hospitalar na redução das taxas de mortalidade em gestações complicadas por diabetes ou hiperglicemia. Esta revisão sistemática também sugere a necessidade de mais ensaios clínicos randomizados sobre o assunto.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci strains resistant to oxacillin isolated from neonatal blood cultures

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the microorganisms most frequently isolated from clinical samples and are commonly found in neonatal blood cultures. Oxacillin is an alternative treatment of choice for CoNS infections; however, resistance to oxacillin can have a substantial impact on healthcare by adversely affecting morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to detect and characterise oxacillin-resistant CoNS strains in blood cultures of newborns hospitalised at the neonatal ward of the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu. One hundred CoNS strains were isolated and the mecA gene was detected in 69 of the CoNS strains, including 73.2% of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains, 85.7% of Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains, 28.6% of Staphylococcus hominis strains and 50% of Staphylococcus lugdunensis strains. Among these oxacillin-resistant CoNS strains, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type I was identified in 24.6%, type II in 4.3%, type III in 56.5% and type IV in 14.5% of the strains. The data revealed an increase in the percentage of CoNS strains isolated from blood cultures from 1991-2009. Furthermore, a predominant SCCmec profile of the oxacillin-resistant CoNS strains isolated from neonatal intensive care units was identified with a prevalence of SCCmec types found in hospital-acquired strains.

Physiological Parameters in Neonatal Lambs of the Bergamasca Breed

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)