152 resultados para legislação brasileira
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whole world. The world production of fish is around 100 million tons/year and 70% of them is destined exclusively to the human feeding. The fish and derived have a great importance in the human diet, contributing with ¼ of offer of protein of animal origin. Sseafood and fish are health, because they are rich in proteins, vitamins, micronutrients and insatured fats. However, one of the most important themes, in public health, refers to the safe food. Only in the USA, 76 million case of foodborne diseases occurs every year, with 325 thousand hospitalized and 5 thousand deaths. According to the microbiological parameters, the Brazilian Food Sanitation Standard (Decree No. 12, 2001) defined that fish, roes of fish, crustaceans and mollusks in natura cooled or frozen, no consumed raw should present up to 103 MPN of coagulase positive Staphylococcus in the absence of Salmonella in 25g. Based on this, this work verified the microbiological quality of fish and seafood retailed in supermarkets and fish store in Botucatu city. A hundred samples were analyzed, being 65 frozen (65%) and 35 cooled (35%). The samples included various kinds of fish and seafood. Among the frozen samples, 31 were fish and 34 seafood. About the cooled ones, 28 were fish and 7 seafood. The methods used for analysis are in agreement with APHA (2001). The samples were acquired in 4 establishments (3 supermarkets and a fish store). Ina total of 100 samples, all were negative to coagulase positive Staphylococcus and 2 were positive for Salmonella (2%). According to the results, we conclude that the presence of Salmonella is a risk factor for the consumers' health and these foods should not be consumed raw. In spite of the freezing to be a good conservation way, this process doesn't totally eliminate the pathogens of the food
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The huge demand for procedures involving ionizing radiation promotes the need for safe methods of experimentation considering the danger of their biological e ects with consequent risk to humans. Brazilian's legislation prohibits experiments involving this type of radiation in humans through Decree 453 of Ministry of Health with determines that such procedures comply with the principles of justi cation, optimization and dose limitation. In this line, concurrently with the advancement of available computer processing power, computing simulations have become relevant in those situations where experimental procedures are too cost or impractical. The Monte Carlo method, created along the Manhattan Project duringWorldWar II, is a powerful strategy to simulations in computational physics. In medical physics, this technique has been extensively used with applications in diagnostics and cancer treatment. The objective of this work is to simulate the production and detection of X-rays for the energy range of diagnostic radiology, for molybdenum target, using the Geant4 toolkit. X-ray tubes with this kind of target material are used in diagnostic radiology, speci cally in mammography, one of the most used techniques for screening of breast cancer in women. During the simulations, we used di erent models for bremsstrahlung available in physical models for low energy, in situations already covered by the literature in earlier versions of Geant4. Our results show that although the physical situations seems qualitatively adequate, quantitative comparisons to available analytical data shows aws in the code of Geant4 Low Energy source
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Water is an essential factor in maintaining the vital functions of living beings. We have observed a growing commitment of quality, are due to pollution from many sources and even entire watersheds, whether for industrial waste, sewage, or for substances used in farming such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers. Nickel is the 24th most abundant element on earth, is a heavy metal that, in the form of chloride, is a proven genotoxic and mutagenic. Due to its industrial use, there was considerable increase of its concentration in surface sediments. Fish combine characteristics that make them excellent experimental models for aquatic toxicology studies, which are particularly usable as warn about the potential danger of chemicals or the possibility of environmental pollution. Due to impaired water quality and the few published studies relating the nickel with the tissue change, this study aimed at assessing the consequences of the presence of nickel in the aquatic environment. For this analysis, we used individuals of Oreochromis niloticus, exposed for 96 hours at three different concentrations of nickel dissolved in water compared to a control group. After exposure, the gills were removed and these were analyzed by ultramorphological, histological and histochemical analysis. The results indicate that all concentrations used in the experiment altered the histophysiology of exposed individuals. We observed the following changes: rupture of paviment cells, thus resulting in bleeding, loss of microridges surface of these cells and epithelial loss in the gills of all animals in all treatments with nickel chloride, the histochemical analysis showed non-proliferation of chloride cells. However, there was a dose-dependent increase of mucus cells in all animals. Therefore, nickel has toxic potential to fish, from the smallest concentration used up to twice as permitted by law, indicating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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This graduation project aims to study and analyze the reuse of solid waste projects in Civil Construction, checking the different factors such as economic viability, production processes, classification of the main materials, advantages and disadvantages, always seeking to guide themselves according Brazilian legislation establishing criteria for Waste Management of Construction. In addition, points are studied that prevent the expansion of recycling construction waste. It also offers needs improvements to the implementation of recycling to be carried out on a more expressive than current
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The brazilian legislation has sufored changes by the law no 1876/99, without the scientific community consultation, causing grave consequences for the country natural patrimony. The goal of this research is to investigate what the professors and students community of a São Paulo University know about the theme, as much as a rural and urban portion of persons; what they consider important and which atributes are taken in consideration. By the elaboration of closed questionnaires, qualitative and quantitative datas were collected, organized and analysed. The datas showed a low schooling by the countrified people, which reflected the low forest law knowledge. The distance between the university and society was also noticed, which indicates the lack of extension activities, ethical commitment against knowledge, technology and the sustainable development of the country. Due to, highlight the importance of extension activities towards the university, community and a knowledge future of all
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La Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina (EEB) es una enfermedad degenerativa mortal y transmisible del sistema nervioso central del ganado, con largo período de incubación y clínicamente se caracteriza por sintomas nerviosos, la reacción exagerada a los estímulos externos y dificultad locomoción. La EEB es una enfermedad del grupo de las Encefalopatías Espongiformes Transmisibles (EET), y consiste en una enfermedad zoonótica transmitida por comer alimentos contaminados con una proteína llamada príon. Se discute el control de enfermedades, celebrada en la carne de vacuno refrigerada masacre a través de las Material Especificado de Riesgo (MER) que son el cerebro, cráneo, ojos, amígdalas, médula espinal, gânglio del trigémino, gânglios de la raiz dorsal y el íleon distal. Estos organismos pueden contener el agente de la EEB y transmitir la enfermedad. Los controles se basan en la ley brasileña y las normas internacionales que dictan la recogida y destrucción de estos materiales, sino también las normas para la comercialización de productos procedentes de rumiantes, así como la prohibición de alimentar rumiantes com productos de origen animal
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água que abastece uma cidade se não for tratada pode tornar-se importante veículo de transmissores de doenças. O controle da qualidade é uma medida que visa, principalmente, garantir a saúde da população. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade da água distribuída pelo sistema de abastecimento da cidade de Santa Lúcia – SP. A água proveniente desse sistema chega até as residências e, muitas vezes, é consumida sem nenhum tratamento doméstico complementar. A cidade de Santa Lúcia é abastecida por três poços profundos (P2, P3, e P4). Com o intuito de avaliar a qualidade da água captada desses poços e distribuídas para consumo humano foram coletadas amostras diretamente dos poços e de um ponto de consumo nas áreas abastecidas por cada poço. Foram feitas três coletas em cada ponto, em três diferentes épocas do ano. Realizaram-se análises físico-químicas e bacteriológicas em todas as amostras. As análises bacteriológicas foram feitas para determinação da presença de coliformes totais, E. coli e contagem padrão de bactérias heterotróficas em placa. As análises físico-químicas avaliaram cloro residual livre, fluoreto, turbidez, pH, cor aparente e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Duas amostras foram positivas para coliformes totais, apenas uma amostra coletada no poço 2 foi positiva para E. coli. Para bactérias heterotróficas todas a amostras apresentaram contagem em placa inferior a 500 UFC/mL. Todas as amostras estavam dentro do padrão determinado pela legislação para pH, turbidez e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Todas as amostras coletadas no poço 2 tiveram como resultado ausência de cloro residual livre, o mesmo resultado para os demais pontos na segunda coleta de amostras. Todas as amostras apresentaram fluoreto com valores abaixo do VMP estabelecido pela legislação brasileira porém apenas cinco com concentrações dentro da faixa estabelecida pela legislação do Estado de São Paulo ...
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV
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Indiscriminate and inappropriate use of pesticides in agriculture has been pointed out for increasing health problems and environmental damage. Considering that water resources are the principal destiny of those compounds after application, the present study presents optimization and validation of two simple and effi cient analytical methods for pesticides quantifi cation in both surface and groundwater. Were selected the pesticides more commonly used at Dourados (MS - Brazil), region with intense agricultural activity. Pesticides were preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction using C18 (500 mg) cartridges and then divided in two groups for elution and quantifi cation: 2.4-D and 2.4-DCP were eluted with methanol and quantifi ed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detector (HPLC-UV) while atrazine, DIA, DEA, trifl uralin and methyl parathion were eluted with ethylacetate (1:1, v/v) and quantifi ed by gas chromatography with thermionic specifi c detector (GC-TSD). The methods showed satisfactory accuracy (76-107%) and precision (<12%) for the substances analyzed at the fortifi ed levels selected for the study, except for DIA (<51%). Study of pesticide stability also presented good results: C18 cartridges could be stored for at least for 21 days at -20ºC with no signs of the compounds degradability. Both methods limits of quantifi cation of the pesticides (0.22 - 0.48 μg L-1) are in accordance to the levels currently established by the Brazilian national legislation for pesticides in water. Although only the pesticide 2.4-D has been detected in two distinct collection points in the study period of time, this work warns for the requirement of systematical analysis of pesticides presence in water destined to human consume, principally in areas of intense agriculture activity. Such monitoring can provide subsidies for public environmental policies.
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Pós-graduação em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem - FC
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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O pescado e seus derivados têm uma grande importância na dieta, em todo o mundo. Sabe-se que peixes e frutos do mar fortalecem o sistema imunológico, contribuem para a redução dos níveis de colesterol, diminuem as chances de depressão, ajudam na formação dos músculos e protegem contra doenças cardiovasculares. Também, são ricos em vitaminas lipossolúveis A, D e E, além do ômega 3. Muitas vezes, esses produtos são consumidos crus ou com pouco preparo e com isso faz-se necessário medidas higiênico- sanitárias, pois podem ser contaminados com micro-organismos causadores de doenças. A análise microbiológica dos alimentos para se verificar a presença de micro-organismos prejudiciais é fundamental para se conhecer as condições de higiene nas quais estes alimentos foram preparados. Assim, 80 amostras de peixes e frutos do mar de peixarias e supermercados de Botucatu, SP, foram analisadas com o objetivo de verificar se esses alimentos estão dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, através da RDC nº12, através da detecção da presença de Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus e determinação do número mais provável de coliformes termotolerantes (CT), mesmo que este último não faça parte dos parâmetros para esse alimento, mas foi pesquisado para avaliação de suas condições higiênicas. Cada amostra (25 gramas) foi homogeneizada em 225ml de água peptonada e para a detecção de S. aureus, utilizou-se método spread Baird Parker, seguida de catalase, coagulase e kit Dry Spot. Para a detecção de Salmonella, utilizou-se caldo tetrationato (35ºC/24h) e Rapapport (42ºC/24h), semeados em ágar SS e XLD. As colônias foram testadas em TSI, ágar fenilalanina e testadas em poli soros somático e flagelar. Quanto aos CT, empregou-se a técnica de tubos múltiplos, inoculando diluições da amostra em caldo Lauril sulfato, na fase presuntiva e depois em caldo EC (45ºC) na fase confirmatória. De ...
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This article presents a reflection on the historical aspects and legislation on Distance Learning (DL). For this, a bibliographic and documentary research was performed with the goal of raising the necessary notes for discussion. The text begins with the characterization of the current society, the Information Society, which supports the modern distance education, which uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) to establish the process of learning teaching. Five stages of the EAD are identified. Later, the Brazilian legislation concerning the DL is punctuated, starting with the passage by Article 80 of the Guidelines and Bases Law-LBD (Law 9394/96) along with the critical analysis of Decree 5,622/05. Finally, in the final considerations is discussed the negative image that the DL carries by the Brazilian population and obstacles in the existing rules that hinder the democratization of access to education that aims DL.
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O texto é uma nova aproximação dos autores a um tema cujo núcleo é a questão da gestão meio ambiental com enfoque na sustentabilidade. A preocupação aqui apresentada refere-se à questão da participação popular e traz alguns exemplos quanto ao protagonismo do Estado em relação ao tópico. Mostra que a legislação brasileira é atualíssima em relação ao assunto e que ela estaria em condições de lidar com as “ruínas”, com as “regressões” resultantes de uma visão de progresso que marca o processo civilizatório ocidental. Sugere a necessidade de “alargar os espaços de participação da grande massa popular nas decisões”. Reconhece, nesse quadro, a importância da mudança da realidade através da mudança do próprio sujeito da transformação. E, justo por reconhecer isso, aponta a fundamentalidade da educação ambiental. Pede ajuda a exemplos tirados de Araraquara, cidade do interior paulista para mostrar os limites e as possibilidades de avançar em um paradigma de participação popular na construção de uma sociedade sustentável.