Small-scale landfills: impacts on groundwater and soil

In Brazil, the large quantities of solid waste produced are out of step with public policies, technological developments, and government budgets for the division. In small municipalities, the common lack of technological knowledge and financial conditions for suitable waste disposal has resulted in a large number of illegal dumps. Therefore, small sanitary landfill facilities are working with simplified operations focusing on cost reduction and meeting the economic and technological standards of the city without endangering the environment or public health. Currently, this activity is regulated at a federal level although there is some uncertainty regarding the risk of soil and aquifer contamination as theses facilities do not employ liners. Thus, this work evaluates a small landfill to identify changes in soil and groundwater using geotechnical parameters, monitoring wells, and geophysical tests performed by electrical profiling. It is verified that based on current conditions, no contaminants have migrated via underground water aquifers, and overall no significant changes have occurred in the soil. It is concluded that, despite its simplicity, the method investigated is a viable alternative for the final disposal of municipal solid waste from small cities, especially in developing countries.

Identificação de áreas sujeitas a processos erosivos na área urbana do município de Aparecida, SP

Historically, in Brazil, the process of urbanization and city growth was due to the intense migration of rural population to urban areas, especially in the last thirty years. This move, combined with a lack of planning, allowed the occupation of areas with potential for occurrences of erosion. The city of Aparecida, SP can be cited as an example of this process. These irregular occupations generate large material damage and human losses conditioned on mass movement of soil, resulting from the development of erosive processes. So, it is of great importance to physical characterization and identification of these areas within the same city map as a way to minimize the effects and mitigate the consequences of events. Thus, this work presents a series of graduate field campaigns, geotechnical laboratory testing and consultation with representative maps of the physical environment, as a means conclusive for delimintation of areas with potential risk for the occurrence of erosion, especially in areas undergoing urban expansion of the city Aparecida, SP. These areas were determined some geotechnical properties of soils present, evaluating the potential erodibility of them. Also presented are the descriptions of the main characteristics of these areas identified as being at risk, along with proposals to avoid or minimize the impact of problems related to erosion processes on the local population

Caracterização gfeológico-geotécnica aplicada a gestão de risco no gasoduto GASBOL, trecho Ipeúna/SP - Itirapina/SP

The pipelines are characterized by the great length and linearity, these enterprises are usually associated with the horizon of soil and decomposed rock and accidents in this system usually have high complexity. So this work proposes a study of geological and geotechnical characterization of approximately 40 km ² and a study of risk analysis along 18.3 km of gas pipeline GASBOL, in the municipalities of Ipeúna-SP and Itirapina-SP, in scale 1:25.000, besides correlation between studies. The method for geological and geotechnical characterization is based on physiographic integrated analysis technique, which is supported by literature research, observation and interpretation of satellite imagery (photointerpretation), correlation of products numerical model of ground, fieldwork. The method adopted for risk classification is based on preliminary analysis of hazards (APP) technique, which is identified the geological process, this feature is classified as the susceptibility of occurrence, and then classified as the possible consequence of the process, if this evolves. As a product of the research, we designed a map in 1:25,000 scale, containing a table of geological and geotechnical characteristics of the mapped drives, as well as sectorization risk in each section of the pipeline. Were mapped geological and geotechnical seven units in the study area, delimited in excerpts of which five are classified as high risk, totaling 1.1 km in length of 18.3 km total

Carta geotécnica das sub-bacias dos córregos do sossego e do barracão nos municípios de Americana e Santa Bárbara D'Oeste na escala 1:20.000

The Geotechnical Mapping is an extreme important tool for the urban planning, so the public authorities can establish guidelines for medium and long term for a better life conditions for the population. The division region between the cities of Americana and Santa Bárbara D’Oeste has an intense conurbation problem, which is causing problems of occupation in risks areas on environmental terms. In this context this project has as an objective the elaboration of a Geotechnical Map from the sub- basins of Sossego and Barracão rivers, whicht are located in between the area of the two cities, and presents some of the process causes of the conurbation problem. For this study, the following steps were proposed: bibliographic and topographic maps research for better knowledge from the theme and the area, and also preparing cartographic basis; making of preliminary geotechnical area map with a 1:10.000 scale, gather all the information acquired at the previous step and compartmentation of the area; field step to collect more information and soil for the laboratory analysis, objecting the characterization of the geotechnical unities; lab analysis; final geotechnical map preparation; and final report elaboration. The final product of this study is the Final Geotechnical Map, with a 1:10.000 scale, and the principal objective is to help the urban planning

Carta geológico-geotécnica aplicada ao planejamento urbano da região do Córrego Bertini, município de Americana - SP

This paper focuses on the implementation of a geological and geotechnical mapping to the planning of the region stream Bertini, territorial expansion area of the municipality of Americana (SP), a medium-sized city in the countryside of Sao Paulo state, with great potential for growth industrial and residential. To this end, based on the methodology established by the Institute for Technological Research, the charters geological and geotechnical aimed at exposing the capabilities and limitations of the soil. The analysis of similar soil characteristics such as geology, geomorphology, slope, geotechnical testing and the current use and land cover was possible to recognize four geotechinical units. The units I and III are related to areas of top and concave and convex parts of the study area, shown to be sites of low occupancy restriction. However the units II and IV, respectively allocated in the floodplain of the Piracicaba River and the banks of the stream Bertini and some of its drainage, showed a more restricted area due to proximity to water bodies and drainages that offer higher slopes.

Uso do modelo de simulação 'ABC 6' para avaliação de áreas sujeitas à ocorrência de ondas de cheia e corridas de massa/detritos: estudo de caso na bacia do Ribeirão da Prata (SP)

Pipelines are linear engineering works, designed mostly for transporting oil and its derivatives for long distances, furnishing even the farthermost zones of the country. Due to oil sector needs to ensure for the safety and conservation of its properties, several geotechnical studies are being held at the pipelines field, in order to preserve this important transportation, and also to prevent accidents, which might seriously compromise the environment and the population who lives around it. The OSBRA pipeline, who connects the city of Paulínia to the capital Brasília, is one of these engineering works that deserves to be pointed out. This research, performed at the Ribeirão da Prata Basin, was a pilot study conducted with the main objective of testing the current methodology efficiency, for future applications in the closest watersheds to the OSBRA pipeline. The objective of this research is to analyze flood wave and debris flow processes in a non-fictional watershed, by comparing two different kinds of methods: the first one based on simulation models (software ‘ABC 6’), and the other one by flood wave and debris flow susceptibility mapping. The results from the hydrological modeling were both hydrographs and ietographs that estimated values of outputs and infiltration. To construct the susceptibility maps were necessary three other maps: ground use and occupation maps, divided according to the different protection degrees that were offered to the ground; maps of dam locations in the area and physiographic compartimentation maps, divided according to the local geology. To complete the methodology, the results were collected from both methods for comparison. The obtained product for this methodology was series of data whose different susceptibility degrees to flood wave and debris flow could define the safest route for a pipeline crossing in this watershed...

Geotecnologias na avaliação da suscetibilidade a movimentos de massa no município de Várzea Paulista (SP)

The disordered occupation in several cities in Brazil, is very common, especially during the rainy season, there are numerous cases of gravitational mass movements, with deads of human and builds destruction. The main objective of this work was to identify and map areas to mass movements, through the geo, the municipality of Várzea Paulista, the state of Sao Paulo. For the purpose, were prepared thematic maps of slope, geology, pedology, geomorphology and land use and occupation, which were overlaid using ArcGIS GIS Multicriteria Analysis. Each subject received a weight of influence to the outbreak of such processes and the final result was obtained map of susceptibility to mass movements of the city of Várzea Paulista. This survey found that there are many occupied areas within the city that require monitoring of the Government, especially in the rainy months, because they are in very fragile in terms of geological and geomorphological features. Considering that the data on the physical and natural aspects are scarce in the literature for this region, the results obtained in this study as well as the gathering of information of the physical and cartographic products developed, will greatly contribute to the administration of the municipality, subsidies they provide for the proper use planning and land tenure, pointing out the weak areas of the city geotechnical point of view

Mapeamento geológico-geontécnico de trecho da estrada vicinal na Serra de Itaqueri, Charqueada (SP)

Geological-geotechnical problems affecting escarps as well as embankment and fill slopes of roads and motorways may generate different types of unsteadiness, which are mainly arisen from the deficient knowledge about the physical environment. This results in unsuitable engineering projects and inadequate executions, which can be worsened by an occasional inappropriate maintenance of the construction. A geologically-geotechnically characterization of escarps and slopes is crucial in order to prevent these problems. This work deals with a geological-geotechnical study of 1:10.000 scale mapping in a stretch of a local road (CHQ-40) at the Serra de Itaqueri, Charqueada town, State of São Paulo. The stretch is known by several physical problems as erosion and mass movement. The methods of study were based on an integrative analysis of the diverse elements of the physical environment by using aerial photographs - to obtain the physiographic compartmentalization of terrain units - as well as field work - to accomplish the evaluation of the units by employing sketch lists. To achieve this, we selected several techniques in order to identify and classify different types of existing problems as erosion, landslide in embankments and fill slopes, rockfall, block rolling, among others. We also included the analysis of soil horizon, thickness and composition. The geological-geotechnical mapping resulted in six units: 1- Sandstones in cuesta’s backhill; 2 – Basalts in cuesta’s front; 3- Sandstones in cuesta’s front; 4 – Talus and colluvial deposits at cuesta’s foothill; 5- Sandstones of the Piramboia Formation in hillside; and 6 – Colluvial soil in the hill top. A characterization of the geological-geotechnical units is detailed, coupled to the cartographic material. Other cartographic products elaborated for this study included 1:10.000 maps of hypsometry, slope and curvature

Identificação de áreas de risco na região urbana do município de Guaratinguetá, SP, quanto à ocorrência de inundações e processos erosivos

The city of Guaratinguetá, SP, presents in its history, several instances of property damage and human losses, conditional on the event of flooding and mass movement of soil, resulting from the development of erosion processes. The extent and severity of these events that affect humans and their properties is the result of the illegal occupation of these areas as potential geohazard. Thus, it is of great importance to physical characterization and identification of such areas within the map of the same city as a way to minimize the effects and mitigate the consequences of these events. Thus, this graduate report presents a series of field campaigns, geotechnical laboratory testing, consultation with maps and satellite images, representative of the physical environment, and the city plan as a means conclusive for the delimitation of risk areas with potential for occurrence of erosion and / or flooding on the map representing the urban area of Guaratinguetá, SP. Also featured are the descriptions of the main characteristics of those areas identified as being at risk, along with proposals to avoid or minimize the impact of problems related to flooding and erosion processes on the local population

Mapeamento geológico-geotécnico na rodovia Amparo - Morungaba (SP - 360)

The work depicts the study of geological and geotechnical characteristics presents, together with an analysis of the physical environment components and evaluation of its units, along a marginal stretch at Rodovia Amparo-Morungaba (SP-360) in order to present a geological and geotechnical map, 1:25.000 scale (one of the objectives of the work). There was also a geotechnical assessment of the present geological processes and the development of corrective measures necessary to establish safe conditions for road traffic. The method for the characterization of geological and geotechnical analysis was integrated the physical components associated with photo interpretation (another objective of this work) based on Google Earth´s air images along the referred highway. In addition, field studies were made that helped in the distribution and compartmentalization of the six geological and geotechnical units and profiles of each specific alteration were also made. The finals results present the above mentioned map, a detailed description of each of the six units and a a geotechnical assessment of the present geological processes and the development of corrective measures necessary to establish safe conditions for road traffic. Also, had success at photo interpretation based on Google Earth´s air images, obtaining stereoscopy

Fases de investigação geológico-geotécnica para a implantação de dutovias

The research addresses the need for detailed geological and geotechnical investigations in pipeline’s design, given the diversity of geological units crossed by these works along its layout, which often extends for hundreds of miles. For its large size, this type of work often goes through different states and regions with very different characteristics in terms of topography, vegetation, geology and geotechnical conditions. For a better use of these investigations in order to avoid unnecessary costs and inefficient results, some authors recommend that steps be taken to study, seeking a progressive detail of the pipeline’s implantation area. The main objective of the study is to describe, analyze and correlate the proposals for geological and geotechnical’s investigation recommended by the authors selected. Nogueira Junior & Marques (1998) suggest that for better effectiveness of geological and geotechnical investigations associated with the deployment of pipelines, different research methods are applied sequentially in five major stages of the building. Rocha et al (2008) recommend that, for the pipeline’s implantation using horizontal directional drilling, investigations are performed in three phases of study, to be developed in coordination with the project stages. For Gelinas & Mathy (2004), when time and budget constraints permit, geotechnical investigations for directional drilling projects for pipelines must be made in four sequential phases. Heinz (2008) suggests that the geotechnical investigations for pipeline’s implantation using horizontal directional drilling at crossings of water bodies are carried out in three successive stages. By the development of research, we could see that all the different proposals recommend studies in sequential phases, starting from a more general scale for a more specific, seeking a progressive understanding of the geological model of the area where you intend to deploy the pipeline

Previsão do comportamento de estruturas de contenção atirantadas utilizando o software FTOOL

Population growth, together with the gradual social ascent in Brazil, reflects at the growing need for better use of urban spaces. In this context, the amount of new buildings to meet the demand in property market, the needs for creating new roads and highways, among others, make the use of geotechnical works and, more specifically, retaining walls, more and more common. One of the simplest solutions for underground works is the use of retaining structures using tie back walls for soil support, therefore, the present work deals with this kind of structures. This paper proposes the use of FTOOL software testing in predicting deformations in tie back walls, by comparing simulations of the presented model to a real and measured deformation case in Guabirotuba Formation (PR). The results showed the importance of defining the parameters such as stiffness and curtain geometry, as well as the definition of representative loads acting on it. Also, it was pointed out that the passive response of the steel rods depends on the horizontal displacement of the wall. The study concluded that the program generates very representative results when compared to field data and seems to be a promising tool for tie back structures displacement predictions

Carta geotécnica de suscetibilidade aos processos de dinâmica superficial na região do Bairro do Peão, Piracaia (SP)

This research presents the result of the engineering geological mapping in a 1:50.000 scale, in Bairro do Peão region, in Piracaia (SP), represented by means of homogeneous units which are susceptible to superficial dynamic processes. To serve as basis for the elaboration of a Chart of Susceptibility to Processes of Superficial Dynamic, a series of physical samples was collected, considering erosive processes and registers of information of usage and soil occupation. The procedure used for elaborating the geotechnical chart is based on Vedovello (2000), which suggests the physiographic compartimentation of the area through photointerpretation and further geotechnical characterization of the selected samples. The geotechnical characterization of the samples was made by identifying the features and properties of the material and forms of the physical environment determining the geotechnical conditions through geological-geotechnical profile descriptions typical of/ peculiar to each unit defined in the area. Thus, for each unit selected, the susceptibility level was established in very high, high, average and low, as well as the prevalent erosive processes.

Análise de condicionantes geológico-geotécnicos para o rompimento de pequenas e médias barragens de terra: estudo de caso na bacia do rio Jaguari Mirim no município de São João da Boa Vista, SP

The act of containing water is one of the most practiced by the civilizations along history, in the will to increase the offer of water to many uses. The raise of environmental worries surround many human activities has given a big attention to dams. Indeed, the environmental consequences about dams are proporcional to their size, what gives to the big dams a more detailed Project and a bigger political concerning that increases the built, estability and maintenance of them. Then, the projects of medium and small dams are weak, limitaded to handbooks, textbooks and empirical recommendations, while the constructions of small dams are growing everytime more. With that being said, the present work intends to analise the geological and geotechnical conditionants that can cause break of small earth dams by making a case study in the Jaguari Mirim Watershed, located in the city of São João da Boa Vista (SP), and can be used to encourage the concern with small dams. In the area of study were identificaded, from satellite images, 248 dams. The map of physiographical compartmentalization defined by Pilachevsky (2013) was used to define the locations in the study área that would have bigger risk to the break of dams. Then, 9 of this dams were analised in field research, using references made by Cerri, Reis e Giordano (2011) and the risk of the analised dams were defined. A study about this type of structure is highly necessary to avoid big damages. An analysis of the geological and geotechnical conditionants that can cause break of dams guides the project in a way to avoid adverse consequences, especially when integrated with locacional conditions observed in the place of the dam’s building

Diretrizes para execução dos estudos geológico-geotécnicos e ambientais voltados à implantação de dutovias

Due to the new discoveries of oil and gas reservoirs, and also the increasing production of bio-fuels, the brazilian general pipeline system is being vertiginously extended. On the other hand, there is a lack of clear parameters that would allow a better utilization of the geological-geotechnical studies in the process of environmental licensing of pipeline systems. Therefore, this paper presents guidelines that would orientate the environmental licensing procedures to build pipeline systems, and also the geological-geotechnical studies that would support the characterization of the physical context. The method applied in this study consisted in the existing data survey and in their organization, analysis and review. In doing so, there is a well-subsidy integration of the many steps of the pipeline system implementation, the required environmental licenses and the investigation methods of the correlated physical context. As a result, it’s presented a flowchart of the guidelines, detailing the interaction between the environmental licensing, the geological-geotechnical studies and the phases of the pipeline’s project.