109 resultados para Cation-exchange Capacity


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A retenção de Se pelos colóides do solo constitui importante processo para a manutenção da sanidade ambiental. A informação sobre a adsorção de Se em solos altamente intemperizados é restrita e existem poucos padrões quantitativos disponíveis para a definição de estratégias de remediação de áreas contaminadas. Quantidades crescentes de Se (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 e 250 mg L-1), na forma de Na2SeO3, foram adicionadas a amostras de dez Latossolos brasileiros [três Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos (LVA-1, LVA-2 e LVA-3), dois Latossolos Vermelhos (LV-1 e LV-2), um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef), um Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico (LVwf), dois Latossolos Amarelos (LA-1 e LA-2) e um Latossolo Amarelo acriférrico (LAwf)]. Isotermas de adsorção foram construídas e foi verificado o ajuste dos resultados experimentais aos modelos de Langmuir e de Freundlich. A equação de Langmuir ajustou melhor os resultados de adsorção de Se do que a isoterma de Freundlich. Todas as isotermas apresentaram o formato tipo-L (exponencial), com exceção daquelas obtidas para o LVA-1 e para o LVA-2, que apresentaram comportamento tipo-C (linear). Valores de adsorção máxima (Ads máx), estimada pelo modelo de Langmuir, variaram de 135 (LVA-3) a 2.245 mg kg-1 (LA-1), enquanto os coeficientes de afinidade (K L) estiveram entre 0,002 (LVA-2) e 0,326 (LVA-3). A constante de afinidade estimada pelo modelo de Freundlich (Kf) variou de 13,7 (LVA-2) a 180,1 (LAwf). A adsorção máxima de Se foi mais elevada no LVef e nos Latossolos ácricos (LAwf e LVwf), enquanto os maiores valores de Kf foram encontrados no LV-2, LVef, LVA-3 e LVwf. Não houve correlação entre os atributos dos solos e as constantes de Langmuir. Valores de Kf correlacionaram-se com os teores de argila (r = 0,42*) e com a capacidade de troca de ânions (r = 0,64*).

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar possíveis efeitos da aplicação de taxas de água residuária de suinocultura (ARS), quanto às concentrações de cobre e zinco, tanto no solo quanto na água percolada de lisímetros de drenagem, durante o ciclo da cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, onde havia 24 lisímetros de drenagem. Semeou-se soja cultivar CD 202, e foram aplicadas ARS nas seguintes dosagens: 0; 100; 200 e 300 m³ ha-1 no ciclo, combinadas com duas adubações na semeadura (com e sem adição da adubação recomendada na semeadura), em três repetições por tratamento. Foram feitas seis coletas do material percolado durante o ciclo da cultura e realizadas determinações de cobre e zinco. No solo, foram feitas três coletas em cada parcela experimental, para a determinação do pH, da matéria orgânica, da capacidade de troca catiônica, do cobre e do zinco. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial de 4 x 2. Observou-se que o cobre no solo não apresentou diferenças significativas com a aplicação de ARS e adubação, enquanto as concentrações de zinco no solo foram influenciadas pelas taxas aplicadas de ARS. As transferências de cobre e de zinco por percolação foram pouco expressivas.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se os sintomas incitados na bananeira cv. Nanicão, do subgrupo Cavendish, na região do Vale do Ribeira, estão relacionados com níveis de nutrientes no solo e nas folhas. Foram separadas 16 áreas na região, sendo a metade com plantas sintomáticas e a outra com plantas sadias. Nessas áreas, coletou-se a terceira folha de cinco plantas e o solo junto a essas mesmas plantas, nas profundidades de 0 a 20 cm e de 20 a 40 cm. em ambas as profundidades do solo amostrado, níveis de Ca, Mg, PO(-3)4, S e da capacidade de trocas catiônicas (CTC) foram significativamente diferentes entre as áreas, sendo que os valores baixos destes elementos estavam presentes nas áreas contendo plantas sintomáticas. em ambas as profundidades, o Mg, o Al e o H em relação à CTC foram significativamente diferentes entre as áreas, sendo que o valor baixo de Mg e alto de Al e H estava presente nas áreas com plantas sintomáticas. O N, K e S nas folhas foram significativamente diferentes entre as áreas. Estes elementos apresentaram valores baixos nas áreas contendo plantas sintomáticas. Apesar de algumas quantidades de macronutrientes do solo e das folhas estarem presentes somente nas áreas contendo plantas de Nanicão com sintomas semelhantes aos de fusariose, deve-se buscar comprovação de uma possível ocorrência da raça 4 do patógeno no Vale do Ribeira.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The biochemical and functional characterization of wasp venom toxins is an important prerequisite for the development of new tools both for the therapy of the toxic reactions due to envenomation caused by multiple stinging accidents and also for the diagnosis and therapy of allergic reactions caused by this type of venom. PLA(1) was purified from the venom of the neotropical social wasp Polybia paulista by using molecular exclusion and cation exchange chromatographies; its amino acid sequence was determined by using automated Edman degradation and compared to the sequences of other vespid venom PLA(1)'s. The enzyme exists as a 33,961.40 da protein, which was identified as a lipase of the GX class, liprotein lipase superfamily, pancreatic lipases (ab20.3) homologous family and RP2 sub-group of phospholipase. P. paulista PLA(1) is 53-82% identical to the phospholipases from wasp species from Northern Hemisphere. The use restrained-based modeling permitted to describe the 3-D structure of the enzyme, revealing that its molecule presents 23% alpha-helix, 28% beta-sheet and 49% coil. The protein structure has the alpha/beta fold common to many lipases; the core consists of a tightly packed beta-sheet constituted of six-stranded parallel and one anti-parallel beta-strand, surrounded by four alpha-helices. P. paulista PLA(1) exhibits direct hemolytic action against washed red blood cells with activity similar to the Cobra cardiotoxin from Naja naja atra. In addition to this, PLA(1) was immunoreactive to specific IgE from the sera of P. paulista-sensitive patients. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A series of studies was conducted to establish a methodology for the accurate and efficient determination of betaine in different feed ingredients. The final methodology involves an extraction step in which the feed sample is heated for 3h in a methanolic KOH solution using a Goldfisch apparatus. Impurities are removed by the addition of activated charcoal and concentrated (36%) HCl. After centrifugation the extractant is passed through a strong cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W-X12, H+). The betaine retained in the column is eluted with 1.5 N HCl. A 2 nil aliquot of the elute is air dried and reconstituted with 1 ml of deionised water. HPLC separation with a cation exchange column (Partisil SCX-10) is used for the separation of betaine from other compounds. The mobile phase is kept constant at 50mm KH2PO4 in water, and eluted compounds are detected by UV absorbance (200nm). The flow rate is maintained at 1.5ml min(-1). This assay is very accurate over the range of betaine concentrations from 15 to 650 mug ml(-1), with a lower detection limit in feeds of approximately 500 mug g(-1) when 4g of sample is extracted. Recovery assays done with standard betaine hydrochloride and hard red wheat resulted in a consistent recovery of 80%. Betaine content was quantified in several feed ingredients, including alfalfa (1.77 mg kg(-1)), wheat (3.96 mg kg(-1)), wheat middlings (4.98 mg kg(-1)) and poultry meal (0.77 mg kg(-1)). Betaine in corn and soybean meal was not detectable by this method, even when 16g of sample was used (<125 mg kg(-1)). Betaine present in several feed ingredients should influence choline supplementation to animal feeds and may have implications for human health. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Titanium(IV) oxide, coated on the surface of silica gel (surface area, 308 m2 g-1; amount of Ti(IV) per gram of modified silica gel, 1.8 x 10(-3) mol), was used to adsorb CrO4(2-) ions from acidic solutions. The exchange capacity increased at lower pH values and was affected to some extent by the acid used. The material was used to preconcentrate Cr(VI) from 0.5 ppm solutions of chromate very efficiently and virtually 100% recovery was achieved in every instance.

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SnO2 supported membranes, presenting 3.0 nm average pore size, have been produced by sol casting on alumina tubular substrate using aqueous colloidal suspensions prepared by sol-gel route. The selectivity and flux throughout SnO2 membrane were analyzed by permeation experiments, using a laboratory tangential filtration pilot equipped with a monotubular membrane. To evaluate the effect of the surface charge at the membrane-solution interface, aqueous salt solutions (NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl, and CaSO4) of different ionic strength have been filtered and the results correlated with the values of zeta potential measured at several pH. The results show that the retention coefficient is dependent on the electrolyte present in aqueous solution decreasing as: (dication, monoanion) > (monocation, monoanion) approximate to (monocation, dianion) > (dication, dianion). The surface charge and the cation adsorption capacity play a determinant role in these selectivity sequences. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

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The high rate of mineralization of organic matter on savannah soils, which is reached fi ve times faster than in temperate regions, leads us to the challenge of electing the best system of management that maintains and/or increase it in soil, guaranteeing its quality and sustainability. In this sense the present research aimed to study the effects of green, organic and mineral manure on the chemical properties on the chemical properties of an Oxisol, on Savannah area, cultivated with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under conventional tillage and no-tillage in the pasture fi eld (Brachiaria decumbens) for 20 years. The experimental design was a randomized block design with split plots. The main plots consisted of two treatments: conventional tillage and no-tillage, and the subplots of six treatments: control (no fertilizer), mineral fertilizer recommended for the crop, according to the soil chemical analysis, organic fertilizer (cattle manure - 20 t ha-1), organic fertilizer (cattle manure - 20 t ha-1) + 1/2mineral fertilization recommended according to the analysis of soil, green manure-1 (Crotalaria juncea) and green manure-2 (Pennisetum americanum). There were studied the following soil chemical properties: P, OM, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Al + H, S, exchange capacity cations and base saturation. The soil samples for the analysis were performed on layers of 0,00-0,05 m, 0,05-0,10 and 0,10-0,20 m. Then it came the following conclusions: the fertilization interfere in soil chemical properties and the preparation did not interfere, the cattle manure and its association with the mineral fertilizer caused increasing level elements in the soil, Crotalaria juncea and Pennisetum americanum did not infl uence on soil chemical properties.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA