Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade de forragem, a porosidade total e a densidade do solo de Pereira Barreto (SP)

Em relação aos sistemas de manejo adotados pelo homem, a porosidade total e a densidade do solo são atributos ativamente alterados, refletindo decisivamente sobre a produtividade vegetal agrícola. No ano agrícola de 2005, na Fazenda Bonança, no município de Pereira Barreto, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram analisadas a produtividade de forragem do milho outonal (MSF) no sistema plantio direto irrigado, a porosidade total (PT) e a densidade do solo (DS) em profundidade, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e do solo, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para produtividade da forragem. Foi instalada a malha geoestatística, para coleta de dados do solo e planta, contendo 125 pontos amostrais, numa área de 2.500 m². Os atributos estudados, além de não terem variado aleatoriamente, apresentaram variabilidade dos dados entre média e baixa e seguiram padrões espaciais bem definidos, com alcance entre 6,8 e 23,7 m. Por sua vez, a correlação linear entre o atributo da planta e os do solo, em razão do elevado número de observações, foi baixa. As observações de melhor correlação com a MSF foram a DS1 e a PT1. Entretanto, do ponto de vista espacial, houve excelente correlação inversa entre a MSF e a DS1, assim como entre a DS1 e a PT1. Nos sítios onde a DS1 aumentou (1,45-1,64 kg dm-3) a MSF variou entre 11.653 e 14.552 kg ha-1; já naqueles onde diminuiu (1,35-1,45 kg dm-3) a MSF, ficou entre 14.552 e 17.450 kg ha-1. Portanto, a densidade global, avaliada na camada de 0-0,10 m (DS1), apresentou-se como satisfatório indicador da qualidade física do solo de Pereira Barreto (SP), quando destinado à produtividade de forragem do milho outonal.

Spatial and linear correlations between soil and corn

O conjunto de tecnologias aplicadas ao sistema de produção agrícola tem como características principais a verticalização da produtividade, diminuição de custos, melhoria nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo para proporcionarem o crescimento sustentável do meio de produção. Desta forma, o trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e especiais entre os atributos da planta e do solo, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para produção de forragem. No ano agrícola de 2006, na Fazenda Bonança, município de Pereira Barreto (SP), foram analisados a produtividade de forragem do milho outonal (FDM) em sistema plantio direto irrigado e os atributos físicos do solo, num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e os do solo, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para a produtividade da forragem. Foi instalada a malha geoestatística, para coleta de dados do solo e planta, contendo 125 pontos amostrais, numa área de 2.500 m². Os atributos estudados, além de não terem variado aleatoriamente, apresentaram variabilidade dos dados entre baixa e muito alta e seguiram padrões espaciais bem definidos, com alcances entre 7,8 e 38,0 m. Por outro lado, a correlação linear entre os atributos da planta com o do solo foi baixa e extremamente significativa. Os pares Massa Seca de forragem versus Microporosidade e Diâmetro do colmo versus Densidade do Solo foram melhor correlacionados na camada de 0-0.10m, enquanto os outros pares - Massa Seca de Forragem versus Macroporosidade - e Porosidade Total - apresentaram correlação inversa para a mesma camada. Entretanto, do ponto de vista espacial, houve uma alta correlação inversa entre Massa Seca de Forragem com Microporosidade, de modo que a microporosidade na camada de 0-0.10m pode ser considerada um bom indicador de qualidade física do solo, tendo em vista a produção de forragem de milho.

Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade de forragem de milho e frações granulométricas de um latossolo vermelho distrófico

A distribuição granulométrica do solo, por possuir estreita relação com a capacidade de retenção e disponibilidade de água e nutrientes, é um fator de grande influência na produtividade vegetal. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e do solo. Foi instalada uma malha de amostragem, para a coleta de dados do solo e planta, contendo 125 pontos, em uma área de 2500 m², no ano agrícola de 2005, no município de Pereira Barreto (SP). Foram analisadas a produtividade de forragem do milho outonal (MSF) no sistema plantio direto irrigado e as frações granulométricas areia (AR), silte (SI) e argila (AG) em profundidade, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico. Nos atributos estudados, observou-se variabilidade dos dados entre média e baixa, e espaciais não variaram aleatoriamente, seguindo padrões bem definidos, com alcances entre 8,5 e 46,8 metros. Não houve correlação linear consistente entre o atributo da planta com os do solo, porém houve uma apreciável correlação espacial entre a MSF e a argila de 0,20-0,30 m (AG3).

Comparação entre análises para permanência no rebanho de vacas Nelore utilizando modelo linear e modelo de limiar

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Late administration of a specific COX-2 inhibitor does not treat and/or prevent progression of gastric tumors in rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux procedure

PURPOSE:To assess whether late introduction of a specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) can treat and/or prevent the progression of tumors in the stomach of rats submitted to duodenogastric reflux. METHODS: Seventy five male Wistar rats, weighing 150 grams, were submitted to the induction of duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus. At 36 weeks of follow-up were established three experimental groups: DGR36 sacrificed immediately, DGR54 and DGR54MLX both sacrificed at 54th week of follow-up . The animals of the latter group were fed with a rat chow premixed with Meloxicam (2.0 mg/ kg feed; 0.3 mg / kg bw / day) and the other two with standard rat chow. The lesions found in the pyloric mucosa and gastrojejunal anastomosis were analyzed macroscopically and histologically. For statistical analysis was adjusted a generalized linear model assuming a binomial distribution with LOGIT link function. RESULTS: No significant differences were found when comparing the incidences of benign tumor lesions (Adenomatous Hyperplasia), p=0.4915, or malignant (Mucinous Adenocarcinoma), p=0.2731, among groups. CONCLUSION: Late introduction of specific COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) did not treat and was not able to prevent the progression of tumoral lesions induced by duodenogastric reflux in the rat stomachs.

Programação linear por partes: revisão teórica e aplicações

Procura-se resgatar a importância de uma subárea da Programação Matemática conhecida como Programação Linear Por Partes - PLP. de fato a PLP tem inúmeras aplicações tanto na área teórica como em situações reais. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, efetuada nas principais revistas técnicas e livros disponíveis relacionados com Pesquisa Operacional, que visou situar o estado da'arte da Programação Linear por Partes, bem como a abrangência de sua aplicabilidade. Particularmente, no contexto da PLP, este texto deslaca a Programação em Redes Lineares por Partes devido a sua relevância em muitas situações práticas.

Tungsten permanent chemical modifier with co-injection of Pd(NO3)(2)+Mg(NO3)(2) for direct determination of Pb in vinegar by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

A tungsten carbide coating on the integrated platform of a transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA((R))) used together with Pd(NO3)(2) + Mg(NO3)(2) as modifier is proposed for the direct determination of lead in vinegar by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimized heating program (temperature, ramp time, hold time) of atomizer involved drying stage (110 degrees C, 5 s, 30 s; 130 degrees C, 5 s, 30 s), pyrolysis stage (1000 degrees C, 15 s, 30 s), atomization stage (1800 degrees C, 0 s, 5 s) and clean-out stage (2450 degrees C, I s, 3 s). For 10 mu L of vinegar delivered into the atomizer and calibration using working standard solutions (2.5-20.0 mu g L-1 Pb) in 0.2% (v/v) HNO3, analytical curve with good linear correlation (r = 0.9992) was established. The characteristic mass was 40 pg Pb and the lifetime of the tube was around 730 firings. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.4 mu g L-1 and the relative standard deviations (n = 12) were typically <8% for a sample containing 25 pg L-1 Pb. Accuracy of the proposed method was checked after direct analysis of 23 vinegar samples. A paired t-test showed that results were in agreement at 95% confidence level with those obtained for acid-digested vinegar samples. The Pb levels varied from 2.8 to 32.4 pg L-1. Accuracy was also checked by means of addition/recovery tests and recovered values varied from 90% to 110%. Additionally, two certified reference materials were analyzed and results were in agreement with certified values at a 95% confidence level. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular structures and vibrational frequencies for cis-[PdCl2(tmen)] and cis-[Pd(N-3)(2)(tmen)]: A DFT study

Theoretical molecular structures of the complexes cis-[PdCl2(tmen)] and cis-[Pd(N-3)(2)(tmen)] (tmen = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) were investigated using B3LYP/DFT method. The calculated molecular parameters, bond distances and angles, revealed a square-planar geometry around the metallic center for both compounds with the azide being linear. The theoretical infrared spectra of C, symmetry (electronic state (1)A) of the compounds are in agreement with the experimental data. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

REACTIONS OF MERCURIC ACETATE WITH PENTACARBONYLIRON IN ALCOHOLS - CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR-STRUCTURES OF HG[FE(COOR)(CO)(4)](2) (R=CH3, C2H5)

Reactions of Hg(CH3COO)(2) with [Fe(CO)(5)] in MeOH and EtOH lead to the compounds Hg[Fe(COOR)(CO)(4)](2) (I for R = CH3 and II for R = C2H5). Crystals of I are triclinic, P (1) over bar, with a = 6.272(2), b = 6.441(3), c = 11.703(4) Angstrom, a = 92.94(3)degrees, beta = 103.77(3)degrees, gamma = 96.10(2)degrees, and Z = 1. Crystals of II are tetragonal, I4(1)/a, with a = 17.906(3) Angstrom, c = 12.756(2) Angstrom, and Z = 8. The geometry around Hg is linear for compound I and approximately linear for compound II. The Hg-Fe distances are 2.5716(8) and 2.575(4) Angstrom for compounds I and II, respectively. The geometry around the Fe in both compounds is approximately octahedral. The carboalkoxy group is cis to Hg in both compounds with Fe-C distances equal to 2.034(6) and 2.05(4) Angstrom for compounds I and II, respectively.

Design and management optimization of trickle irrigation systems using non-linear programming

A non-linear model is presented which optimizes the lay-out, as well as the design and management of trickle irrigation systems, to achieve maximum net benefit. The model consists of an objective function that maximizes profit at the farm level, subject to appropriate geometric and hydraulic constraints. It can be applied to rectangular shaped fields, with uniform or zero slope. The software used is the Gams-Minos package. The basic inputs are the crop-water-production function, the cost function and cost of system components, and design variables. The main outputs are the annual net benefit and pipe diameters and lengths. To illustrate the capability of the model, a sensitivity analysis of the annual net benefit for a citrus field is evaluated with respect to irrigated area, ground slope, micro-sprinkler discharge and shape of the field. The sensitivity analysis suggests that the greatest benefit is obtained with the smallest microsprinkler discharge, the greatest area, a square field and zero ground slope. The costs of the investment and energy are the components of the objective function that had the greatest effect in the 120 situations evaluated. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited

EXPRESSION OF C-ERB B-2 PROTEIN AND DNA-PLOIDY IN BREAST CARCINOGENESIS

Objective.-to examine the c-erb B-2 expression and nuclear DNA content in samples of breast lesions to ascertain any relationship between c-erb B-2 expression and aneuploidy in the different types of proliferative breast lesions and in intraductal and invasive carcinomas.Design and Setting.-lmmunohistochemical analysis of c-erb B-2 expression and cytometric nuclear DNA assessment were performed in a series of 39 cases of intraductal hyperplasia without atypia, 7 cases of intraductal hyperplasia with atypia, 64 cases of intraductal carcinoma, and 85 cases of invasive breast carcinoma (30 of which had extensive intraductal component).Results.-Overexpression of c-erb B-2 was seen only in cases of carcinoma: 28 (43.7%) intraductal carcinomas and 15 (17.6%) invasive carcinomas. Aneuploidy was demonstrated in 3 (43.0%) cases of intraductal hyperplasia with atypia, in 54 (84.4%) cases of intraductal carcinoma, and in 63 (74.2%) cases of invasive carcinoma. All cases of intraductal hyperplasia without atypia were euploid and none expressed c-erb B-2. Among the carcinomas (intraductal and invasive) there was a strong relationship between aneuploidy and c-erb B-2 expression. In most instances, the intraductal and invasive components of the 30 invasive carcinomas with extensive intraductal component displayed similar DNA content and c-erb B-2 immunoreactivity; whenever there was a difference, the intraductal component tended to be aneuploid (five out of six cases) and c-erb B-2 positive (one case), in contrast to the respective invasive component.Conclusions.-The higher frequency of aneuploidy and c-erb B-2 expression in intraductal carcinomas in comparison with invasive carcinomas suggests there is not a linear relationship between DNA content abnormalities and neoplastic progression and that some invasive breast carcinomas evolve without an identifiable intraductal phase or are unrelated to disturbances at the c-erb B-2 locus.

Molecular characterization of hemoglobin alpha-D chains from Geochelone carbonaria and Geochelone denticulata land turtles

In order to help elucidate the evolution of alpha-globins, the complete cDNA and amino acid sequences of Geochelone carbonaria and Geochelone denticulata land turtles alpha-D chains have been described. In G. carbonaria, the cDNA is 539 bp with ATG start codon located at position 46, TGA stop codon at position 469 and AATAAA polyadenylation signal at position 520. In G. denticulata, the cDNA is 536 bp with ATG start codon located at position 46, TGA stop codon at position 469 and AATAAA polyadenylation signal at position 517. Both cDNAs codify 141 amino acid residues, differing from each other in only four amino acid residues. When comparing with human Hb alpha-chain, alterations in important regions can be noted: alpha110 Ala-Gly, alpha114 Pro-Gly, alpha117 Phe-Tyr and alpha122 His-Gln. There is a high homology between the amino acids of these turtles when compared with chicken alpha-D chains, progressively decreasing when compared with human, crocodile, snake, frog and fish alpha-chains. Phylogenetic analysis of alpha-D chains shows that those of turtles are closer to those of birds than to snakes and lizards. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A molecular mechanism for Lys(49)-phospholipase A(2) activity based on ligand-induced conformational change

Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus myotoxin is a Lys(49)- phospholipase A(2) (EC 3.1.1.4) isolated from the venom of the serpent A contortrix laticinctus (broad-banded copperhead). We present here three monomeric crystal structures of the myotoxin, obtained under different crystallization conditions. The three forms present notable structural differences and reveal that the presence of a ligand in the active site (naturally presumed to be a fatty acid) induces the exposure of a hydrophobic surface (the hydrophobic knuckle) toward the C terminus. The knuckle in A contortrix laticinctus myotoxin involves the side chains of Phe(121) and Phe(124) and is a consequence of the formation of a canonical structure for the main chain within the region of residues 118-125. Comparison with other Lys(49)-phospholipase A(2) myotoxins shows that although the knuckle is a generic structural motif common to all members of the family, it is not readily recognizable by simple sequence analyses. An activation mechanism is proposed that relates fatty acid retention at the active site to conformational changes within the C-terminal region, a part of the molecule that has long been associated with Ca2+-independent membrane damaging activity and myotoxicity. This provides, for the first time, a direct structural connection between the phospholipase active site and the C-terminal myotoxic site, justifying the otherwise enigmatic conservation of the residues of the former in supposedly catalytically inactive molecules.

Correlation between the mobility of spin-labeled peptide chains and resin solvation: An approach to optimize the synthesis of aggregating sequences

Resin solvation properties affect the efficiency of the coupling reactions in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Here we report a novel approach to evaluate resin solvation properties, making use of spin label electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The aggregating VVLGAAIV and ING sequences were assembled in benzhydrylamine-resin with different amino group contents (up to 2.6 mmol/g) to examine the extent of chain association within the beads. These model peptidyl-resins were first labeled at their N-terminus with the amino acid spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid (Toac). Their solvation properties in different solvents were estimated, either by bead swelling measurement or by assessing the dynamics of their polymeric matrixes through the analysis of Toac EPR spectra, and were correlated with the yield of the acylation reaction. In most cases the coupling rate was found to depend on bead swelling. Comparatively, the EPR approach was more effective. Line shape analysis allowed the detection of more than one peptide chain population, which influenced the reaction. The results demonstrated the unique potential of EPR spectroscopy not only for improving the yield of peptide synthesis, even in challenging conditions, but also for other relevant polymer-supported methodologies in chemistry and biology.

On linear combinations of L-orthogonal polynomials associated with distributions belonging to symmetric classes

This paper deals with the classes S-3(omega, beta, b) of strong distribution functions defined on the interval [beta(2)/b, b], 0 < beta < b <= infinity, where 2 omega epsilon Z. The classification is such that the distribution function psi epsilon S-3(omega, beta, b) has a (reciprocal) symmetry, depending on omega, about the point beta. We consider properties of the L-orthogonal polynomials associated with psi epsilon S-3(omega, beta, b). Through linear combination of these polynomials we relate them to the L-orthogonal polynomials associated with some omega epsilon S-3(1/2, beta, b). (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.