Calcium modified lead titanate/poly-ether-ether-ketone composite for acoustic emission sensors

Composites made of calcium modified lead titanate ceramic powder and poly (ether-ether-ketone) high performance polymer matrix were prepared in the film form using a hot press. The acoustic and electromechanical properties of the composites have been determined using the ultrasonic immersion technique and piezoelectric spectroscopy, respectively. The composite film with 60 - 40 vol.% PTCa/PEEK was tested as acoustic emission detector. Preliminary results shown that the piezo composite can be used as sensor to evaluate the behavior of materials.

Observation of piezoelectric response on tungsten doped barium zirconium titanate ceramics

This study describes observation of piezoelectric response of Ba(Zr 0.10Ti 0.90.O3 ceramics modified with tungsten (BZT:2W) by the mixed oxide method. According to X ray diffraction analysis, the ceramics are free of secondary phases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses reveals the absence of segregates in the grain boundaries indicates the high solubility of WO3 in the BZT matrix. The dielectric permittivity measured at a frequency of 10 KHz was equal to 6500 with dieletric loss of 0.15. A typical hysteresis loop was observed at room temperature. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) analyses reveals that substitution of W6+ by Ti4+ causes distortion in the crystal structure changing lattice parameter. Polarization reversal was investigated by applying dc voltage through a conductive tip during the area scanning. Piezoelectric force microscopy images reveals that in-plane response may not change its sign upon polarization switching, while the out-of-plane response does. Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers.

Rietveld analyses and piezoelectric properties of niobium doped bismuth titanate systems

Bi 4Ti 3- xNbxO 12 (BITNb) samples, with × ranging from 0 to 0.40 were obtained using a polymeric precursor solution. Rietveld analyses confirmed that the powders crystallize in an orthorhombic structure free of secondary phases with space group Fmmm. Raman analysis evidenced a sharp increase in the bands intensity located at 129 cm -1 and 190 cm -1 due the lattice distortion in BIT02Nb and BIT04Nb compositions. UV-vis spectra indicated that addition of niobium causes a reduction of defects in the BIT lattice due the suppression of oxygen vacancies located at BO-6 octahedral. Size and morphology of particles as well as electrical behavior of BIT ceramics were affected by addition of donor dopant. Polarization reversal was investigated by applying dc voltage through a conductive tip during the area scanning and was investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). PFM measurements revealed a decrease in piezoelectric response with increasing Nb concentration originating from a reduced polarizability along the a-axis. High spontaneous polarization is noted for the less doped sample due the reduction of strain energy and pin charged defects after niobium addition. Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers.

Microscopic and dielectric analyses of vanadium and tungsten modified barium zirconium titanate ceramics

Dielectric spectroscopy was used in this study to examine polycrystalline vanadium and tungstendoped BaZr 0.1Ti 0.90O 3 (BZT10:2V and BZT10:2W) ceramics obtained by the mixed oxide method. According to X-ray diffraction analyses, addition of vanadium and tungsten lead to ceramics free of secondary phases. SEM analyses reveal that both dopants result in slower oxygen ion motion and consequently lower grain growth rate. Temperature dependence dielectric study showed normal ferroelectric to paraelectric transition well above the room temperature for the BZT10 and BZT10:2V ceramics. However, BZT10:2W ceramic showed a relaxor-like behavior near phase transition characterized by the empirical parameter γ. Piezoelectric force microscopy images reveals that the piezoelectric coefficient is strongly influenced by type of donor dopant suggesting promising applications for dynamic random access memories and data-storage media. Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

Intense photoluminescence emission at room temperature in calcium copper titanate powders

A study was undertaken about the structural and photoluminescent properties at room temperature of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) powders synthesized by a soft chemical method and heat treated between 300 and 800 °C. The decomposition of precursor powder was followed by thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD analyses revealed that the powders annealed at 800 °C are becoming ordered and crystallize in the cubic structure. The most intense PL emission was obtained for the sample calcined at 700 °C, which is not highly disordered (300-500 °C) and neither completely ordered (800 °C). From the spectrum it is clearly visible that the lowest wavelength peak is placed around 480 nm and the highest wavelength peak at about 590 nm. The UV/vis absorption spectroscopy measurements showed the presence of intermediate energy levels in the band gap of structurally disordered powders. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.

Thickness dependence of structure and piezoelectric properties at nanoscale of polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate thin films

Lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr0.50Ti0.50)O3 (PZT) thin films were deposited by a polymeric chemical method on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates to understand the mechanisms of phase transformations and the effect of film thickness on the structure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties in these films. PZT films pyrolyzed at temperatures higher than 350 °C present a coexistence of pyrochlore and perovskite phases, while only perovskite phase grows in films pyrolyzed at temperatures lower than 300 °C. For pyrochlore-free PZT thin films, a small (100)-orientation tendency near the film-substrate interface was observed. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of a self-polarization effect in the studied PZT thin films. The increase of self-polarization with the film thickness increasing from 200 nm to 710 nm suggests that Schottky barriers and/or mechanical coupling near the film-substrate interface are not primarily responsible for the observed self-polarization effect in our films. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Structural and dielectric properties of polyvinyl alcohol/barium zirconium titanate polymer-ceramic composite

The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/barium zirconium titanate Ba[Zr0.1Ti0.9]O3 (BZT) polymer-ceramic composites with different volume percentage are obtained from solution mixing and hot-pressing method. Their structural and electrical properties are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, cluster modeling, scanning electron microscope and dielectric study. XRD patterns of PVA/BZT polymer-ceramics composite (with 50% volume fractions) indicate no obvious differences than the XRD patterns of pure BZT which shows that the crystal structure is still stable in the composite. The scanning electron micrograph indicates that the BZT ceramic is dispersed homogeneously in the polymer matrix without agglomeration. The dielectric permittivity (ε r) and the dielectric loss (tan δ) of the composites increase with the increase of the volume fraction of BZT ceramic. Theoretical models are employed to rationalize the dielectric behavior of the polymer composites. The dielectric properties of the composites display good stability within a wide range of temperature and frequency. The excellent dielectric properties of these polymer-ceramic composites indicate that the BZT/PVA composites can be a candidate for embedded capacitors. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Synthesis and characterization of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) obtained by two chemical methods

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) was synthesized at the ratio of Zr/Ti=52/48 using two synthesis methods: the polymeric precursor method (PPM) and the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method (MAHM). The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution by sedimentation, hysteresis measurements and photoluminescence (PL). The results showed that PZT powders are composed of tetragonal and rhombohedral phases. Different particle sizes and morphologies were obtained depending upon the synthesis method. From the hysteresis loop verified that PZT powders synthesized by the PPM have a typical loop of ferroelectric material and are more influenced by spatial charges while particles synthesized by the MAHM have a hysteresis loop similar to paraelectric material and are less influenced by spatial charges. Both samples showed PL behavior in the green region (525 nm) whereas the sample synthesized by the PPM showed higher intensity in spectra. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.

Effect of yttrium doping in barium zirconium titanate ceramics: A structural, impedance, modulus spectroscopy study

In the current article, we studied the effect of yttrium [Y3+] ions' substitution on the structure and electric behavior of barium zirconate titanate (BZT) ceramics with a general formula [Ba1-x Y 2x/3](Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3 (BYZT) with [x = 0, 0.025, 0.05] which were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that these ceramics have a single phase with a perovskite-type cubic structure. Rietveld refinement data confirmed [BaO 12], [ZrO6], [TiO6], [YO6] clusters in the cubic lattice. The Y3+ ions' effects on the electric conductivity behavior of BZT ceramics as a function of temperature and frequency are described, which are based on impedance spectroscopy analyses. The complex impedance plots display a double semicircle which highlights the influences of grain and grain boundary on the ceramics. Impedance analyses showed that the resistance decreased with the increasing temperature and resulted in a negative temperature coefficient of the resistance property in all compositions. Modulus plots represent a non-Debye-type dielectric relaxation which is related to the grain and grain boundary as well as temperature-dependent electric relaxation phenomenon and an enhancement in the mobility barrier by Y3+ ions. Moreover, the electric conductivity increases with the replacement of Ba 2+ by Y3+ ions may be due to the rise in oxygen vacancies. © 2013 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.

Syntheses of bismuth titanate templates obtained by the molten salt method

Bismuth titanate templates (Bi4Ti3O12) were synthesized by the molten salt method in Na2SO4 and K2SO4 fluxes, using an amorphous Bi4Ti 3O12 precursor and a mechanically mixed Bi 2O3+TiO2 mixture as the starting materials. The templates were characterized by means of X-Ray Diffraction, FT-IR, FT-Raman, FEG-SEM and TEM. The templates are free of secondary phases and present orthorhombic structure with orientation in the c-plane. FT-IR suggests no traces of sulfate groups revealing that the molten salt synthesis was beneficial for elimination of inorganic species and for the arrangement of individual nanocrystals into ordered lattices. FEG-SEM analyses of BIT templates revealed that most of the grains were homogeneous with a length of 3.1 μm and a width of 0.3 μm and had plate-like morphology. TEM investigations show that the c-axis of the perovskite units is parallel to the thickness direction of the grains and no liquid-phase was formed during BIT phase formation. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.

Synthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanate with different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sodium titanate as basic catalyst in transesterification reactions

Sodium titanate was synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and nitrogen physisorption. The non-calcined material was active as a catalyst in transesterification reactions and showed high stability. An appreciable loss of activity on the fourth reuse was accompanied by the appearance of a new species of oxygen and segregated sodium, identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS spectrum showed that the basic nature of the framework oxygen was inferior to the original basicity, which explained the decline in catalytic activity. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Europium-doped calcium titanate: Optical and structural evaluations

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Titanate nanotubes produced from microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis: Photocatalytic and structural properties

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)