O Programa Bolsa Família: contexto, propostas e seus resultados sobre a educação nos municípios brasileiros entre 2010 e 2012

Pós-graduação em Economia - FCLAR

Os professores e os projetos nas escolas públicas estaduais paulistas: um trabalho possível?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Intraoral fluoride levels after use of conventional and high-fluoride dentifrices

This study aimed to evaluate saliva and plaque as indicators of intraoral fluoride (F) levels after the use of conventional and high-fluoride dentifrices.Subjects were randomly assigned to brush their teeth with conventional (1000 ppm F), high-fluoride (5000 ppm F), and placebo dentifrices (fluoride free) for 10 days, following a double-blind, crossover protocol. Saliva and plaque samples were collected on the morning of the 5(th) and 10th days, respectively at 1 and 12 h after brushing, and analyzed with an ion-selective electrode after HMDS-facilitated diffusion. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey's test and Spearman's correlation coefficient (p < 0.05).Plaque and salivary F levels were significantly increased after the use of conventional and high-fluoride dentifrices when compared to values obtained for placebo, except plaque 12 h after the use of conventional dentifrice. A positive and significant correlation was found between fluoride concentrations in plaque and saliva for both times of sample collection.Both indicators assessed were able to detect significant differences among treatments and between times after brushing. The use of a high-fluoride dentifrice is able to significantly increase intraoral fluoride levels throughout the day, being therefore a useful therapy for patients at high caries risk.A dentifrice with high fluoride concentration could be regarded as a useful therapy of F delivery for high caries-risk patients, since intraoral F levels were sustained throughout most of the day after using this formulation.

Differences in acoustic and perceptual parameters of the voice between elderly and young women at habitual and high intensity

The present study aimed to compare elderly and young female voices in habitual and high intensity. The effect of increased intensity on the acoustic and perceptual parameters was assessed. Sound pressure level, fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and harmonic to noise ratio were obtained at habitual and high intensity voice in a group of 30 elderly women and 30 young women. Perceptual assessment was also performed. Both groups demonstrated an increase in sound pressure level and fundamental frequency from habitual voice to high intensity voice. No differences were found between groups in any acoustic variables on samples recorded with habitual intensity level. No significant differences between groups were found in habitual intensity level for pitch, hoarseness, roughness, and breathiness. Asthenia and instability obtained significant higher values in elderly than young participants, whereas, the elderly demonstrated lower values for perceived tension and loudness than young subjects. Acoustic and perceptual measures do not demonstrate evident differences between elderly and young speakers in habitual intensity level. The parameters analyzed may lack the sensitivity necessary to detect differences in subjects with normal voices. Phonation with high intensity highlights differences between groups, especially in perceptual parameters. Therefore, high intensity should be included to compare elderly and young voice.

Anesthesia-related and perioperative cardiac arrest in low- and high-income countries: a systematic review with meta-regression and proportional meta-analysis

The anesthesia-related cardiac arrest (CA) rate is a quality indicator to improve patient safety in the perioperative period. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the worldwide literature related to anesthesia-related CA rate has not yet been performed.This study aimed to analyze global data on anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates according to country's Human Development Index (HDI) and by time. In addition, we compared the anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates in low- and high-income countries in 2 time periods.A systematic review was performed using electronic databases to identify studies in which patients underwent anesthesia with anesthesia-related and/or perioperative CA rates. Meta-regression and proportional meta-analysis were performed with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate global data on anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates according to country's HDI and by time, and to compare the anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates by country's HDI status (low HDI vs high HDI) and by time period (pre-1990s vs 1990s-2010s), respectively.Fifty-three studies from 21 countries assessing 11.9 million anesthetic administrations were included. Meta-regression showed that anesthesia-related (slope: -3.5729; 95% CI: -6.6306 to -0.5152; P = 0.024) and perioperative (slope: -2.4071; 95% CI: -4.0482 to -0.7659; P = 0.005) CA rates decreased with increasing HDI, but not with time. Meta-analysis showed per 10,000 anesthetics that anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates declined in high HDI (2.3 [95% CI: 1.2-3.7] before the 1990s to 0.7 [95% CI: 0.5-1.0] in the 1990s-2010s, P < 0.001; and 8.1 [95% CI: 5.1-11.9] before the 1990s to 6.2 [95% CI: 5.1-7.4] in the 1990s-2010s, P < 0.001, respectively). In low-HDI countries, anesthesia-related CA rates did not alter significantly (9.2 [95% CI: 2.0-21.7] before the 1990s to 4.5 [95% CI: 2.4-7.2] in the 1990s-2010s, P = 0.14), whereas perioperative CA rates increased significantly (16.4 [95% CI: 1.5-47.1] before the 1990s to 19.9 [95% CI: 10.9-31.7] in the 1990s-2010s, P = 0.03).Both anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates decrease with increasing HDI but not with time. There is a clear and consistent reduction in anesthesia-related and perioperative CA rates in high-HDI countries, but an increase in perioperative CA rates without significant alteration in the anesthesia-related CA rates in low-HDI countries comparing the 2 time periods.

Large distribution and high sequence identity of a Copia-type retrotransposon in angiosperm families

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Teaching elliptical excision skills to novice medical students: a randomized controlled study comparing low- and high-fidelity bench models

Background: The search for alternative and effective forms of training simulation is needed due to ethical and medico-legal aspects involved in training surgical skills on living patients, human cadavers and living animals. Aims : To evaluate if the bench model fidelity interferes in the acquisition of elliptical excision skills by novice medical students. Materials and Methods: Forty novice medical students were randomly assigned to 5 practice conditions with instructor-directed elliptical excision skills' training (n = 8): didactic materials (control); organic bench model (low-fidelity); ethylene-vinyl acetate bench model (low-fidelity); chicken legs' skin bench model (high-fidelity); or pig foot skin bench model (high-fidelity). Pre- and post-tests were applied. Global rating scale, effect size, and self-perceived confidence based on Likert scale were used to evaluate all elliptical excision performances. Results : The analysis showed that after training, the students practicing on bench models had better performance based on Global rating scale (all P < 0.0000) and felt more confident to perform elliptical excision skills (all P < 0.0000) when compared to the control. There was no significant difference (all P > 0.05) between the groups that trained on bench models. The magnitude of the effect (basic cutaneous surgery skills' training) was considered large (>0.80) in all measurements. Conclusion : The acquisition of elliptical excision skills after instructor-directed training on low-fidelity bench models was similar to the training on high-fidelity bench models; and there was a more substantial increase in elliptical excision performances of students that trained on all simulators compared to the learning on didactic materials.

Effects of chronic stress and high-fat diet on metabolic and nutritional parameters in Wistar rats

Objective: The aim of this study was assess the role of chronic stress on the metabolic and nutritional profile of rats exposed to a high-fat diet. Materials and methods: Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats (70-100 g) were distributed into four groups: normal-diet (NC), chronic stress (St), high-fat diet (HD), and chronic stress/high-fat diet (HD/St). Stress consisted at immobilization during 15 weeks, 5 times per week, 1h per day; and exposure to the high-fat diet lasted 15 weeks. Nutritional and metabolic parameters were assessed. The level of significance was 5%. Results: The HD group had final body weight, total fat, as well as insulin and leptin increased, and they were insulin resistant. The St and HD/St had arterial hypertension and increased levels of corticosterone. Stress blocked the effects of the high-fat diet. Conclusion: Chronic stress prevented the appearance of obesity. Our results help to clarify the mechanisms involved in metabolic and nutritional dysfunction, and contribute to clinical cases linked to stress and high-fat diet.

Orientação sexual:concepções sobre sexo em pré-adolescentes

Sexual Orientation is present in the curriculum of many schools for elementary and high school. This subject generates controversy in the school community. This a fact that leads many teachers postpone the start of this topic. Fifty students participated in this study, 24 boys and 26 girls with average age of eleven years. The study aimed to investigate conceptions on sex in adolescents using the cartoon. The analyzed results suggest that students understand sex as intercourse only. However, there are a multitude of features mentioned by students. These are issues that require further reflection about issues not always discussed in class: pregnancy and abortion, condom use, sexual desire, anal sex, becoming a single mom, group sex, AIDS, prostitution, size of genitals, masturbation, among others.

Corpo, comunicação e educação

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as dificuldades de comunicação de conteúdos relacionados ao corpo humano, no contexto dos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem na escola fundamental e média. Através da exposição das necessidades dos alunos e das reticências dos professores, apresenta-se algumas teorias sociais como estratégia mediadora e viabilizadora do melhor desempenho da ação pedagógica e da contribuição escolar para a constituição do educando enquanto sujeito social.

Um estudo sobre formação de conceitos algébricos

Neste artigo relatamos uma investigação sobre a formação dos conceitos algébricos iniciais realizada com estudantes de uma classe de 7ª série de uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental e médio. Como suporte teórico para esta investigação, foi empregada a teoria de formação de conceitos elaborada por Lev Semenovich Vygotsky e descrita no seu livro Pensamento e Linguagem.

A sistemática incompreensão da teoria quântica e as dificuldades dos professores na introdução da Física Moderna e Contemporânea no Ensino Médio

O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar a proposta de introdução da Física Moderna e Contemporânea no Nível Médio da Educação Básica. Parte-se do pressuposto de que os professores assumem, às vezes até subconscientemente, que a teoria base da FMC é incompreensível. Investigamos, em 2007, os discursos de cinco professores de Física de um município da região Nordeste, visando compreender as possibilidades desses professores introduzirem a FMC em suas aulas de Física e em que medida estas possibilidades estão associadas às suas formações profissionais. Para a construção e análises dos discursos pautamo-nos na Análise de Discurso Francesa e em referenciais da Teoria Crítica da Educação. Constatamos que apesar de atribuírem papel relevante à introdução da FMC no Nível Médio, os professores não estão encarando este desafio.

Giardíase e helmintíases em crianças de creches e escolas de 1° e 2° graus (públicas e privadas) da cidade de Mirassol (SP, Brasil)

O presente trabalho mostrou freqüências diferentes de parasitoses intestinais (giardíase e helmintíases) entre crianças de pré-escolas e de escolas de 1 e 2 Graus, públicas e privadas. Pesquisou-se 199 indivíduos, sendo 96 pertencentes às instituições públicas e 103 pertencentes às instituições particulares. Nas instituições públicas as freqüências de giardíase foram maiores que nas instituições privadas. Para as helmintíases, as freqüências foram semelhantes entre as creches, porém maiores na escola pública em relação à particular. Indicadores do nível sócio-econômico, de escolaridade, de saneamento básico, como determinantes de parasitose intestinal, evidenciaram que as maiores freqüências de parasitoses ocorreram tanto entre as crianças de baixa renda quanto entre as que tinham pais com nível de escolaridade mais baixo. Também a origem das hortaliças foi um fator significativo para determinação destas parasitoses.

Processo educativo: sociedade e natureza. As Geociencias como vetor no processo educativo

This paper presents methodological questions and new ideas related to the Geosciences concepts and its development in association to the Natural Sciences study for Elementary and Basic Schools. Special attention has been focused to the NIMEC', a project responsible for programs to the Natural Sciences progress and global information in the Environmental Education. The geologic environment relationships constitute the demarcator that includes some Environmental Education matter. Interdisciplinary focus seems to be the most adequate way to the necessary community participation. -English summary

Importancia da Geologia na formacao cientifica dos estudantes de Primeiro e Segundo Graus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)